大连水师营地下水初始水位的计算及地下水流场的预测

利用对偏微分方程逆问题的数值求解,给出了由一组抽水产测水位值计算地下水初始水位以及由二组抽水井实测水位值估算总补给量的方法。在此基础上建立了对地下水流场进行预测的数值方法。并对水师营地下水流场进行了预测,其预测结果与实测值基本吻合。此方法可在类似地下水资源评估和地下水流场计算中推广应用。     

大汶河流域地下水位动态预测

对大汶河流域地下水位动态变化进行概述,利用77眼测井实测资料,分析了大汶河流域六年的水位变化情况。对观测井1978～2003年的地下水位年变差系列值和相应的年降水量进行一元回归分析,建立一元线性回归方程式,进行了年降水量影响预测;对东平县大清河以南的地区进行了典型区回归预测;对典型区建立了数学模型,利用三维地下水有限差分计算软件MODFLOW进行地下水数值模拟,对实测与模拟水位过程线进行对比,进行了典型区模型预测。结果表明：率定参数正确、所建模型可靠,能基本反映该地区的地下水运动规律。     

改进的遗传算法在地下水数值模拟中的应用

地下水流数值模拟中的模型识别问题，可以转化为函数的最优化问题。鉴于遗传算法的特点，将之引入到地下水流数值法中，用以解决地下水数学模型的识别问题。在建立地下水数值模拟中模型识别问题的是优化模型后，采取将最优化模型中的目标函数嵌入到遗传算法适应度函数中的方法，实现遗传算法与地下水流数值法的耦合。基于优化模型和遗传算法的运算过程，编写计算程序，实现地下水数学模型的自动识别。根据在珲春盆地地下水资源评价实例中应用得到的结果，信纸证了改进的遗传算法在地下水数值模拟中应用的可行性与有效性。     

哈密盆地多层含水系统地下水流数值模拟

对具有多层含水结构的哈密盆地地下水系统 ,提出了一类考虑弱透水层弹性释水作用的地下水流耦合数学模型。利用实际资料的数值模拟结果表明 ,与忽略弱透水层弹性释水作用的数学模型相比 ,其精度提高、更符合实际的水文地质条件 ,为定量评价多层越流系统地下水资源提供了一种实用可靠的数值方法     

哈密盆地多层含水系统地下水数值模拟

对具有多层含水结构的哈密盆地地下水系统，提出了一类考虑弱透水层弹性释水作用的地下水流耦合数学模型。利用实际资料的数值模拟结果表明，与忽略弱透水层弹性释水作用的数学模型相比，其精度提高、更符合实际的水文地质条件，为定量评价多层越流系统地下水资源提供了一种实用可靠的数值方法。     

峰峰五矿底板突水数值模拟及涌水量预测

利用峰峰五矿的突水资料进行了矿区地下水数值模拟和矿井涌水量预测。首先,根据水文地质条件,建立矿区地下水渗流的数学模型。然后,运用突水资料对模型进行检验,模型检验中各观测孔的实测水位与模拟水位拟合较好。最后,利用所建模型进行矿坑涌水量预测,结果表明,-100m水平以下煤层的开采,矿坑涌水量大,开采成本较高。     

条件平差法水量平衡计算研究

针对河流上、下游水文站实测径流量水量不平衡问题,提出利用最小二乘法条件平差模型进行平差计算,并论述了最小二乘法的平差原理、条件平差法计算年径流量的数学模型及推导计算过程。通过对黄河下游花园口~利津6个水文站8年年径流量及区间水量变化量的实际观测数据进行实算,证明利用条件平差法可以消除各水文测站实测年径流量及相邻测站区间水量变化量之间的矛盾,使各站实测年径流量与区间水量变化量在空间和年际分布上达到水量平衡,并给出科学的精度评定,使平差后的年径流数值更可靠、实用。     

基于改进White方法的地下水蒸散发研究

在依赖地下水的植被广泛分布的干旱半干旱地区,蒸散发是地下水排泄的主要方式,因而准确计算地下水蒸散发量,对地下水资源评价具有重要意义。目前水量残差法、地下水极限埋深法和地下水水位日动态法可以用于计算地下水蒸散发量,由于地下水动态信息容易获取,长期以来得到广泛关注。分析了利用地下水动态信息的White方法在计算地下水净补给量方面的不足之处,提出了改进的White方法,即利用相邻两天地下水位上升段的平均斜率计算地下水的净补给量,并利用数值模拟方法对改进的White方法的计算精度进行了评价,表明改进后的方法较原始方法精度提高了16%。最后利用苏贝淖流域实测的地下水动态数据,采用改进的White方法计算了地下水蒸散发量。研究成果对干旱区水资源可持续开发利用具有一定的科学意义和应用价值。     

北京市平谷电厂王都庄水源地资源计算与评价研究

平谷电厂王都庄水源地先后经历了普查、说查及勘探阶段。资源计算与评价建立在多项长系列实测资料的基础上,多种上方法相互验证。在利用多年地下水动态、溢出量测流以及大型群孔抽水试验资料进行地下水资源计算上具有特色。     

纳林河矿区某大型矿井地下水环境影响数值模拟研究

矿井采煤对地下水环境的影响主要为对具有供水意义的含水层水位及水量产生影响,确定采煤引起地下水水位降及漏失量是煤矿地下水环境影响评价的关键。以纳林河矿区某大型矿井为例,运用Visual MODFLOW建立模拟区地下水流数值模型,利用实测流场和长观孔的动态观测资料识别和验证数值模型,利用模型来预测采煤对第四系-白垩系含水层水位及水量的影响。模拟结果显示:前25年采煤引起地下水最大水位降为3.6 m,引起地下水的漏失量最大为141.87万m~3/a,占矿井涌水量的29.88%;利用矿化度法确定的越流量占矿井涌水量的6.39%～34.89%,模拟结果基本合理,可作为矿井采煤对地下水环境影响的研究依据。     

进化策略算法在地面沉降量计算参数反演中的应用

多数情况下,评估的研究区缺乏多年积累的地下水位及开采量资料。因此,通常采用土力学模型,根据太沙基固结理论,进行地面沉降量预测。在地面沉降量计算中,土层变形参数值的选取直接影响计算结果的精确性。深层含水层埋深通常大于100m。通过现场勘探,采取土样进行岩土物理力学性质试验获取参数值,成本过于昂贵。通过参考区域土层物理力学性质资料,结合工程经验获取参数值,预测结果的精度得不到保证。针对上述情况,作者提出用非线性优化算法-进化策略算法,根据实测地面沉降量反演土层变形参数值。通过这种方法确定参数值,既节约成本,又保证了计算结果的可靠性。进化策略算法通过模拟生物遗传及进化过程,利用转移概率来帮助指导搜索。搜索结果不依赖于初始点的选择,对于求解全局最优解有很强的鲁棒性。作者将进化策略算法用于某一工程实例土层变形参数的反演,结果表明了该算法的可行性及稳健性,值得在工程实践中推广应用。     

Three-dimensional numerical modeling of land subsidence in Shanghai,China

Shanghai, in China, has experienced two periods of rapid land subsidence mainly caused by groundwater exploitation related to economic and population growth. The first period occurred during 1956–1965 and was characterized by an average land subsidence rate of 83 mm/yr, and the second period occurred during 1990–1998 with an average subsidence rate of 16 mm/yr. Owing to the establishment of monitoring networks for groundwater levels and land subsidence, a valuable dataset has been collected since the 1960s and used to develop regional land subsidence models applied to manage groundwater resources and mitigate land subsidence. The previous geomechanical modeling approaches to simulate land subsidence were based on one-dimensional (1D) vertical stress and deformation. In this study, a numerical model of land subsidence is developed to simulate explicitly coupled three-dimensional (3D) groundwater flow and 3D aquifer-system displacements in downtown Shanghai from 30 December 1979 to 30 December 1995. The model is calibrated using piezometric, geodetic-leveling, and borehole extensometer measurements made during the 16-year simulation period. The 3D model satisfactorily reproduces the measured piezometric and deformation observations. For the first time, the capability exists to provide some preliminary estimations on the horizontal displacement field associated with the well-known land subsidence in Shanghai and for which no measurements are available. The simulated horizontal displacements peak at 11 mm, i.e. less than 10 % of the simulated maximum land subsidence, and seems too small to seriously damage infrastructure such as the subways (metro lines) in the center area of Shanghai.     

Groundwater resources management under environmental constraints in Shiroishi of Saga plain, Japan

A sinking of the land surface due to the pumping of groundwater has long been recognized as an environmental issue in the Shiroishi plain of Saga, Japan. Land subsidence can have several negative economic and social implications such as changes in groundwater and surface water flow patterns, restrictions on pumping in land subsidence prone areas, localized flooding, failure of well casings as well as shearing of structures. To minimize such an environmental effect, groundwater management should be considered in this area. In this study, a new integrated numerical model that integrates a three-dimensional numerical groundwater flow model coupled with a one-dimensional soil consolidation model and a groundwater optimization model was developed to simulate groundwater movement, to predict ground settlement and to search for optimal safe yield of groundwater without violating physical, environmental and socio-economic constraints. It is found that groundwater levels in the aquifers greatly vary from season to season in response to the varying climatic and pumping conditions. Consequently, land subsidence has occurred rapidly throughout the area with the Shiroishi plain being the most prone. The predicted optimal safe yield of the pumping amount is about 5 million m³. The study also suggests that pumping with this optimal amount will minimize the rate of land subsidence over the entire area. An erratum to this article can be found at     

天津市地下水流-地面沉降耦合模型

天津市平原区地面沉降主要由地下水大量开采引起,影响范围广、危害大,已成为天津市主要的环境地质问题。分析了研究区的水文地质条件,结合地下水开发利用状况,将研究区概化为6个含水层组,地下水流考虑三维非稳定流,地面沉降选用一维固结压缩模型,运用地下水流模型Modflow 2005和地面沉降模拟模块Sub,建立了天津市平原区地下水流-地面沉降数值耦合模型,模型面积为1.1×104 km2,利用1998—2008年地下水位等值线、过程线、地面沉降过程线等资料对模型进行了识别。模拟期的地下水均衡分析表明,在多年开采条件下,越流补给、压缩释水、侧向边界流入分别占深层含水层补给量的41.84%、32.15%和24.17%。将调试后的模型应用于南水北调实施后地下水控采条件下的地面沉降趋势预测,显示出停采或减少地下水的开采,有利于减缓地面沉降下降速度,且表现出开采层位越往下,地面沉降恢复难度越大的变化趋势。     

采水地面沉降时空预测模型研究

地下水开采引起的地面沉降对地面建（构）筑物的正常使用和结构安全构成了严重威胁，深入研究采水地面沉降预测理论对于沉降灾害防治具有重要意义。针对本构模型和土体参数确定上的困难，采用力学推理和数学统计相结合的方法，建立了新的采水地面沉降时空预测模型。首先，利用太沙基固结微分方程，建立了反映地面沉降时间效应的半经验计算模型；其次，在分析采水地面沉降空间分布规律的基础上，利用随机介质理论研究了采水地面沉降空间分布特征；再次，综合考虑采水地面沉降的时间效应和空间分布形态，建立了采水地面沉降的时空预测模型。利用该模型计算地面沉降共需4个计算参数，介绍了参数求解方法。最后，利用时空计算模型预测了某地单井采水引起地面沉降的时空规律。研究表明，所建立的采水地面沉降预测模型能准确地反映采水地面沉降的时空规律，能方便、快捷地预测地下水开采引起的地面沉降。     

Sustainable development and utilization of groundwater resources considering land subsidence in Suzhou,China

Suzhou is located at the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in southeastern Jiangsu, China. It is part of the Su-Xi-Chang area including Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou. As one of the most developed areas in China, this region has suffered from severe land subsidence caused by extensive groundwater exploitation since 1980s. The land subsidence was controlled by prohibition of groundwater exploration in the past several years. However, the surface water pollution prompted a new task of how to sustainably utilize the groundwater resource, especially to satisfy the emergency demands of water supply. In this paper, we took Suzhou as a representative case to discuss how to develop groundwater resources while controlling the land subsidence. The relationship between the deformation and the groundwater level was analyzed, with focus on the deformation features after the period of groundwater exploitation ban. The results confirmed the conclusion by Shi et al. (2007, 2008a): even in the period of rising groundwater level, same units may manifest different deformation characteristics, such as elasticity, elasto-plasticity, and visco-elasto-plasticity, at different locations of the cone of depression. A land subsidence model that couples a 3-D groundwater model and a 1-D deformation model was developed to simulate the groundwater level and deformation. A high-resolution local grid (child model) for Suzhou was built based on the regional land subsidence model of Su-Xi-Chang area by Wu et al. (2009). The model was used for a number of predictive scenarios up to the year of 2012 to examine how to develop sustainable use of groundwater resources under the conditions of land subsidence control. Our results indicated that about 3.08 × 10⁷ m³/a groundwater could be provided as emergency and standby water source while meeting the land subsidence control target of 10 mm/a.     

地下水渗流与地面沉降耦合模拟

为了准确模拟由地下水开采导致渗流场和应力场发生变化而引起的地面沉降问题,根据Terzaghi有效应力原理,建立了地下水三维渗流与一维垂向固结的地下水渗流与地面沉降耦合数值模拟模型和以比奥固结理论为基础,并结合土体非线性流变理论,将土体本构关系推广到粘弹塑性,同时考虑土体力学参数及水力参数的动态变化关系的地下水渗流与地面沉降三维全耦合数值模拟模型.通过对比分析,结果表明:基于Terzaghi有效应力原理建立的地下水三维渗流与一维垂向固结地下水渗流与地面沉降耦合数值模拟模型模拟所得地面沉降与地下水位呈现出同步变化的趋势,并且当地下水位逐步回升至初始水位时,地面沉降也逐步回升到初始的零沉降状态.而以比奥固结为基础建立的地下水渗流与地面沉降三维全耦合数值模拟模型模拟所得的地面沉降变化趋势滞后于地下水位的变化趋势,并且当地下水位逐步回升至初始水位时,地面沉降虽也逐步得到回升,但回不到初始的零沉降状态,存在一个永久的残余沉降量.在土体参数变化方面,土体的孔隙度、渗透系数及泊松比均呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势,而弹性模量则呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,与地面沉降的变化相对应.      

Land subsidence and earth fissures in south-central and southern Arizona,USA

Land subsidence due to groundwater overdraft has been an ongoing problem in south-central and southern Arizona (USA) since the 1940s. The first earth fissure attributed to excessive groundwater withdrawal was discovered in the early 1950s near Picacho. In some areas of the state, groundwater-level declines of more than 150 m have resulted in extensive land subsidence and earth fissuring. Land subsidence in excess of 5.7 m has been documented in both western metropolitan Phoenix and Eloy. The Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR) has been monitoring land subsidence since 2002 using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and since 1998 using a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). The ADWR InSAR program has identified more than 25 individual land subsidence features that cover an area of more than 7,300 km². Using InSAR data in conjunction with groundwater-level datasets, ADWR is able to monitor land subsidence areas as well as identify areas that may require additional monitoring. One area of particular concern is the Willcox groundwater basin in southeastern Arizona, which is the focus of this paper. The area is experiencing rapid groundwater declines, as much as 32.1 m during 2005–2014 (the largest land subsidence rate in Arizona State—up to 12 cm/year), and a large number of earth fissures. The declining groundwater levels in Arizona are a challenge for both future groundwater availability and mitigating land subsidence associated with these declines. ADWR’s InSAR program will continue to be a critical tool for monitoring land subsidence due to excessive groundwater withdrawal.     

济宁市地下水与地面沉降三维有限元模拟

在分析济宁市水文地质条件的基础上 ,对引起地面沉降诸因素进行了分析 ,并建立了地面沉降量与地下水位变幅之间的相关关系。集中过量开采地下水是引起济宁市地面沉降的主要原因。在此基础上 ,建立了准三维地下水流模型和一维地面沉降模型。通过水力联系建立地下水与地面沉降耦合数值模型 ,运用有限元法对地下水渗流场和地面沉降量进行模拟 ,并对 2 0 0 0年和 2 0 10年地面沉降进行了预测     

天津市地面沉降数值模拟研究

地面沉降是天津市的主要环境地质问题。造成天津市地面沉降的原因很多,但主要原因是大量开采地下水。本文重点研究开采地下水条件下的地面沉降数学模型及模拟,为控制地面沉降提供科学依据。通过对第四系的水文地质条件分析,建立第四系的水文地质概念模型和地层压缩概念模型,并建立相应的准三维水流数学模型和一维地层压缩数学模型,两者通过含水层水头和弱透水层粘性土中孔隙水头的内在联系耦合在一起。利用以往系列水位数据和沉降数据对模型进行标定,模型基本上反映了天津市地面沉降的实际情况。