汾阳地区不同类型地下水SO_4~(2-)、δ~(34)S的特征及影响因素

本文对山西晋中盆地西南汾阳地区北侧裸露岩溶区的岩溶泉和浅井、南侧覆盖岩溶区的深井和第四系孔隙水井及石膏矿水的水化学成分、硫同位素组成进行了测试分析。结果显示:北侧裸露岩溶区的岩溶泉水和浅井δ~(34)S值的范围为4.53%0~6.42%0,SO_4~(2-)含量范围为0.12~0.62mmol/L,表明SO_4~(2-)主要来源于大气降水,受石膏溶解和居民活动影响小;南侧覆盖岩溶区的深井δ~(34)S值的范围为8.73‰~19.35‰,SO_4~(2-)含量范围为0.20~2.35mmol/L,SO_4~(2-)主要来源于石膏夹层的溶解和FeS_2的氧化。第四系孔隙水δ~(34)S值的范围为9.46‰~11.05‰,SO_4~(2-)含量范围为0.19~1.96mmoL/L,SO_4~(2-)主要来源于人为污染;石膏矿水δ~(34)S值为19.28‰,SO_4~(2-)含量为5.62mmol/L,SO_4~(2-)主要来源于石膏层的溶解。因此,应用SO_4~(2-)和δ~(34)S值可以很好的分析地下水中硫酸盐的来源,这为北方岩溶地下水资源的开发与保护研究提供了重要的手段。     

黔中茶店桥地下河流域不同水体硫酸盐浓度特征及来源识别

茶店桥地下河位于西南岩溶区,流域内"三水"转换迅速,地下水是当地的重要饮用水源。本文对流域内雨水、地表水、地下水中的SO_4~(2-)浓度进行了测试,利用氘(δD_(H_2O))、氧(δ~(18) O_(H_2O))同位素示踪地表水、地下水补给来源,用硫酸盐硫(δ~(34)S_(SO4))、氧(δ~(18) O_(SO4))同位素探讨了地表水、地下水中SO_4~(2-)的来源,并计算了地下河出口河水中不同SO_4~(2-)来源的贡献比例。结果表明:1不同水体中SO_4~(2-)浓度大小顺序为地表水地下水雨水,与邻近区域相比,茶店桥地下河流域雨水、地表水、地下水呈现富集SO_4~(2-)的特征。2地表水、地下水的主要补给来源为大气降水,硫酸不仅和HCO_3~-共同参与了流域内碳酸盐岩的溶解,也参与了雨水中含钙镁颗粒物的溶解。3地表水δ~(34)S_(SO4)、δ~(18) O_(SO4)值分别介于-12.98‰~-10.19‰和-0.54‰~+9.13‰之间,地下水δ~(34)S_(SO4)、δ~(18) O_(SO4)值分别介于-14.32‰~+16.58‰和+2.81‰~+14.35‰之间,SW02的SO_4~(2-)主要来源于大气降水,SW01、SW03、GW02、GW03、GW06主要来源于煤层,GW05主要来源于石膏,GW01、GW04为混合输入源。4地下河出口河水中大气降水带来的SO_4~(2-)贡献比例为13%,煤层硫化物氧化的贡献比例为40%,石膏溶解的贡献比例为47%。     

Distribution of δ~(34)S and δ~(18)O in SO_4~(2-) in Groundwater from the Ordos Cretaceous Groundwater Basin and Geological Implications

<正>The Ordos Cretaceous Groundwater Basin,located in an arid-semiarid area in northwestern China,is a large-style groundwater basin.SO_4~(2-) is one of the major harmful components in groundwater.Dissolved SO_4~(2-) concentrations,andδ~(34)S-SO_4~(2-) andδ~(18)O-SO_4~(2-) in groundwater from 14 boreholes and in gypsum from aquifer were analyzed.Results show that SO_4~(2-) in shallow groundwaters originates from precipitation,sulfide oxidation,and dissolution of stratum sulphate,with a big range ofδ~(34)S values,from-10.7‰to 9.2‰,and addition of SO_4~(2-) in deep groundwater results from dissolution of stratum sulphate,with biggerδ~(34)S values,from 7.8‰to 18.5‰,compared with those in shallow groundwater.This research also indicates that three types of sulphate are present in the strata,and characterized by highδ~(34)S values and highδ~(18)O values-style,highδ~(34)S values and middleδ~(18)O valuesstyle, middleδ~(34)S values and lowδ~(18)O values-style,respectively.Theδ~(34)S-SO_4~(2-) andδ~(18)O-SO_4~(2-) in groundwater have a good perspective for application in distinguishing different groundwater systems and determining groundwater circulation and evolution in this area.     

重庆北温泉地热水碳硫同位素特征研究

重庆市北碚区北温泉景区分布有多处自然出露温泉点,选取其中流量大于2000m3/d的北温泉(BWQ)和水文站(SWZ)两处泉点进行监测,结果显示:泉水水化学类型为SO4-Ca型,pH呈中性,其阳离子主要为Ca2+和Mg2+,阴离子主要为SO42-和HCO3-,阳离子当量变化范围为31.74～40.12 meq/L,阴离子当量变化范围为29.05 ～35.08meq/L.温泉水中δ13CHCO3-的值为-4.84‰ ～-9.73‰,计算得出CO2的δ13CCO2值集中在-11.91‰～-16.81‰之间,其参与水-岩反应的CO2为幔源和土壤混合成因.δ34SSO42-值为30.29‰～32.19‰,与四川盆地下三叠统嘉陵江组石膏中的δ34SSO2-值(28.3‰ ～ 35.4‰)一致.联系温泉水中阴阳离子含量、δ34SSO42-值与δ13CHCO3-的值认为地表雨水补给进入的是下三叠统嘉陵江组碳酸盐岩地层,发生水-岩反应且水-岩反应主要为石膏的溶解,其次是CO2进入储水层与围岩发生水化学作用生成HCO3-.     

非岩溶水和硫酸参与溶蚀对湘南地区地下河流域岩溶碳汇通量的影响

研究非岩溶水和硫酸参与溶蚀对地下河流域岩溶碳汇通量的影响,有助于提高岩石风化碳汇通量估算精度,对于推进地质作用与全球气候变化研究意义重大。选取湘南北江上游武水河流域内4条典型地下河为对象,通过水化学对比分析,揭示硅酸盐岩风化对流域地下水化学的重要影响。运用Galy方法计算流域非岩溶地层中的硅酸盐岩风化消耗大气/土壤CO_2对岩石风化碳汇的重要贡献,并评价了H_2SO_4参与下碳汇通量的扣除比例。结果显示:(1)流域内有非岩溶地层的L01,L02地下河,Na~+,K~+和SiO_2浓度明显高于纯碳酸盐L03和L04地下河,非岩溶地层中的硅酸盐的风化对地下河水中K~+,Na~+,SiO_2浓度有一定贡献;(2)4条地下河的[Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)]/[HCO_3~-]当量比值为1.05~1.15,[Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)]/[HCO_3~-+SO_4~(2-)]的当量比值为0.99~1.08,Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)相对于HCO_3~-过量,过量的Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)与SO_4~(2-)相平衡,证实硫酸参与流域碳酸盐岩的溶蚀;(3)L01和L02地下河岩石风化消耗的CO_2通量中非岩溶地层中的硅酸盐风化消耗所占比例分别为3.36%和2.22%,而L03和L04地下河中硅酸盐风化消耗比例小于0.50%,表明有非岩溶地层存在的地下河流域,其岩石风化消耗的CO_2通量中硅酸盐风化消耗占有一定比例;(4)在考虑硫酸参与碳酸盐岩溶蚀时,4条地下河的碳汇通量分别扣除4.84%,4.52%,6.20%和9.36%。     

桂西大型岩溶地下河系统离子来源及碳稳定同位素信息——以坡心地下河流域为例

为探讨坡心地下河系统内地表和地下水体的水化学离子特征、来源及其控制因素,无机碳来源及其稳定性。运用水化学计量法和同位素法对采自坡心地下河流域的38个采样点的水化学和碳稳定同位素样品数据进行分析。结果表明,地下河干流沿程受到局部岩性和支流稀释作用的影响明显,各水化学离子均有所变化。化学离子比例分析发现:大气降水对部分泉水的Cl~-和Na~+影响较大;碳酸盐岩溶解类型主要以灰岩溶解为主,地表水和地下河天窗的Mg~(2+)/Ca~(2+)摩尔比值与HCO_3~-呈负相关,说明在宏观上灰岩溶解程度越强烈,HCO_3~-值就越高,并且H_2SO_4和HNO_3积极参与流域内碳酸盐岩风化。硅酸盐岩的风化对地表和地下水体的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+有一定的贡献。此外,人为采矿活动和农业活动对SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-的产生有较大的影响。质量平衡正推模型结果显示:受到区域岩性和水文条件的影响,地表和地下河天窗水体主要受碳酸盐岩溶解影响,硅酸盐岩溶解和大气输入也有一定的贡献,三大来源的相对比例在空间上变化较大。水体内的可溶性无机碳(DIC)主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解和土壤内CO_2的贡献。地表水和地下水的DIC浓度和δ~(13)C_(DIC)值差别较大,DIC值与δ~(13)C_(DIC)呈反相关关系,这说明来自土壤CO_2贡献的DIC越多,其对碳酸盐岩矿物的溶解能力越强。根据本研究区的数据与前人在西江干流的上、中、下游进行对比,结果表明碳酸盐岩风化产生的DIC可以被西江干流的水生植物利用,从而形成稳定的碳汇。     

娘子关泉域岩溶水SO42-、δ34S特征及其环境意义

在分析区域地质、水文地质条件及水化学同位素的基础上,研究了山西娘子关泉域岩溶水的SO42-、硫同位素分布特征。研究表明:（1）泉域西北、西南地区岩溶水的SO42-主要来源于石膏的溶解;（2）泉域中部汇流区岩溶水的SO42-含量高而δ34S值低,其中的SO42-主要来源于煤系矿坑水,这是因为温河、桃河及南川河沿岸的岩溶水接受了被矿坑水污染的河水的渗漏补给以及部分地区受到钻孔串层污染;（3）娘子关泉群中城西泉水中的SO42-主要来源于煤系矿坑水,而五龙泉和集泉站水中的SO42-主要来源于石膏的溶解;（4）泉域东北部及东部河流沿岸以外的地区,岩溶水中的SO42-主要来源于大气降水、石膏溶解,并受到所处地层岩性的影响。      

重庆市青木关地下河水化学及其δ13C DIC变化特征

为了确定地下水中溶解无机碳和地下水中物质的来源,于2010年4月至2011年1月对重庆市青木关地下河流域系统进行了连续监测,分析其常规水化学组成、溶解无机碳含量及其同位素(δ13CDIC)组成变化特征及影响因素,2010年农耕期间(5-6月)又对部分观测点进行了加密取样分析.分析结果表明:(1)地下河水为HCO3-Ca型,其变化受水岩作用和降水作用的影响;(2)地下水中(Ca2++ Mg2+)/HCO3-的摩尔比值为0.6～0.72,平均为0.67,表明碳酸盐岩溶解受C3植被下土壤CO2、HNO3和H2SO4的共同作用的影响;(3)地下河水中由碳酸溶解碳酸盐岩产生的[HCO3-]的贡献率为56.16％～81.25％,平均为66.96％,硝酸和硫酸溶解碳酸盐岩产生的[HCO3-]的贡献率为18.75 ％～43.84％,平均为33.04％;(4)青木关地下河出口地下水的δ13 CDIC变化范围为-8.17‰～-13.68‰,平均值为-10.53 ‰.农耕期和枯水期地下河水的δ13 CDIC平均值分别为-9.25‰ 和-12.29‰,农耕期较枯水期偏正,偏正幅度达3‰,表明人类农业活动物质输入对地下河水δ13 CDIC有较大的影响.     

四川屏山灯盏窝温泉地球化学特征及成因

对屏山灯盏窝地热水和地下水的化学和同位素分析表明:灯盏窝地热井揭露的两个热储层,三叠系雷口坡组热储埋深623~1 111m,水温39.4℃,TDS含量为15 800mg/l,水化学类型为Cl·SO4-Na型;二叠系栖霞茅口组热储埋深2 040~2 618m,水温78.3℃,TDS含量为450mg/l,水化学类型HCO_3~--Cl·Ca-Na型。雷口坡地热水的δD为-47.5‰,δ~(18)O为-7.7‰,是大气降水与沉积水混合形成;栖霞茅口组热水δD为-64.8‰,δ~(18)O为-10.9‰,来源于大气降水。热水与地下冷水水化学、同位素组成有较大差异,说明经历了比冷水更长的循环深度和不同的成因,深部热水的补给与附近泉水、地表水和金沙江水关系不大,灯盏窝热水发育受五角堡-楼东背斜核、糖房湾穹隆构造控制,该区地热水具有较高的开采利用潜力。     

济南泉域浅层地下水水化学同位素研究

文章系统地分析了济南泉域浅层地下水(第四系孔隙水)和地表水的水化学成分和氢氧稳定同位素,并结合当地地形和水文条件,研究了不同地段浅层地下水和地表水的不同补给来源,揭示了浅层地下水与岩溶水的水力联系,得出浅层地下水在市区和东郊以降水入渗补给为主;在西郊和平安店则以岩溶水顶托补给和地表水(河水和水库水)入渗补给为主、当地降水入渗为辅的结论。为保护泉水、优化泉域内地下水开采方案提供了重要依据。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

A catastrophic rockslide-debris flow in Wulong, Chongqing, China in 2009: background, characterization, and causes

On June 5, 2009, a catastrophic rockslide-debris flow occurred at the crest of the Jiweishan Mountain in Wulong, Chongqing, China. Approximately five million cubic meters of limestone blocks slid along a weak interlayer of bituminous and carbonaceous shale. The source mass descended from the upper part of the slope rapidly, crossing a 200-m wide and 50-m deep creek in front of it. Blocked by the opposite steep creek wall, the sliding mass changed its direction and traveled a further 2.2 km along the creek in debris-flow mode, finally forming a large accumulation zone with an average depth of 30 m. This is one of the most catastrophic rockslide events in recent years in China. It buried 12 houses and the entrance of an iron mining tunnel where some 27 miners were working inside. Ten people died, 64 missing, and eight wounded. Immediately after this disaster happened, the government organized an expert team to assist the rescue work. As one of the geological experts, the author did a lot of field investigations and collected first-hand information. Multi-methods including the remote sensing, 3D laser scanning, geophysical exploration, and numerical modeling were used for analyzing the characteristics and the triggering mechanism of the Wulong rockslide. The preliminary investigation results reveal that this rockslide with poor geological conditions was mainly induced by the gravitation and the karst effect and also affected by the previous mining activities. The research in this paper is meaningful and useful for further research on such kind of rockslides that are geologically similar to the Wulong rockslide.     

Shock-induced amorphous textures in plagioclase,Manicouagan, Quebec,Canada

The textural relationships and structural states of optically isotropic labradorite from the Manicouagan, Quebec, impact structure have been examined by light (optical) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. Two distinct diaplectic glasses have been recognized based on their contrasting morphology, timing and the inferred modes of formation. The earliest isotropic bands and grain-scale isotropism (maskelynite) optically exhibit a gradational,in situ transformation from crystalline plagioclase with preservation of relict textures (twins, grain boundaries). The same transformation from crystalline to amorphous structure is observed in TEM to occur heterogeneously at scales on the order of the unit cell. The progressive transformation of optical properties reflects an increase in the volume fraction and eventual coalescence of these amorphous units. This maskelynite-type diaplectic glass is interpreted to form in the solid-state directly from crystalline material during the compressional phase of the shock wave. The other isotropic material occurs in spatially discrete tensiongashes and planar deformation features (PDFs) that overprint the maskelynite-type glass. This second type of diaplectic glass (PDF-type) is developed homogeneously within a given glass band and exhibits sharp crystal-glass boundaries, in contrast to the gradational boundaries of the maskelynite-type glass. PDF-type glass is interpreted to form by melting in tensional release zones during passage of the rarefaction wave. These observations emphasize the ability of naturally shocked rocks to preserve subtle evidence of variations in the shock process from highly transient events.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Analysis of F, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ca and Mg concentrations in brick teas from main producing areas in China

Brick-tea-type fluorosis is a peculiar endemic disease in China, which had been discovered in minority areas of western China since 1980, and distributed mainly in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and parts of Sichuan Province. The prevalence rate of fluorosis in Tibetan and Mongolian nationality people was higher. Epidemiological investigation showed that fluorosis morbidity and degrees were different in different brick-tea drinking areas, and it was probably caused by drinking various kinds of brick tea from different regions. Therefore, we collected 33 samples of brick tea from six provinces where minority nationalities were accustomed to drinking a large quantity of brick tea. F concentrations were determined by the combustion hydrolysis-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that among the brick teas, the F concentrations ranged from the minimum 74.1 mg/kg in Yunnan Province to the maximum 991.2 mg/kg in Sichuan Province. Besides, there was a great difference among the various kinds of brick tea, and F concentrations decreased in the order of Kang brick tea, Green brick tea, Black brick tea, Mi brick tea, Fu brick tea, Chitsu ping tea, Puerh tea, and Tuo tea. The average F concentration in brick teas was 431.92 mg/kg.     

Neutron-capture elements in halo, thick-disk, and thin-disk stars. Strontium, yttrium, zirconium, cerium

We derived Sr, Y, Zr, and Ce abundances for a sample of 74 cool dwarfs and subgiants with iron abundances, [Fe/H], between 0.25 and ?2.43. These estimates were obtained using synthetic spectra, assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) for Y, Zr, and Ce, allowing for non-LTE conditions for Sr. We used high-resolution (λ/Δλ?40 000 and 60 000) spectra with signal-to-noise ratios between 50 and 200. We find that the Zr/Y, Sr/Y, and Sr/Zr ratios for the halo stars are the same in a wide metallicity range (?2.43 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ ?0.90), within the errors, indicating a common origin for these elements at the epoch of halo formation. The Zr/Y ratios for thick-disk stars quickly decrease with increasing Ba abundance, indicating a lower rate of production of Zr compared to Y during active thick-disk formation. The thick-disk and halo stars display an increase in the [Zr/Ba] ratio with decreasing Ba abundance and a correlation of the Zr and Eu overabundances relative to Ba. The evolutionary behavior of the abundance ratios found for the thick-disk and halo stars does not agree with current models for the Galaxy’s chemical evolution. The abundance ratios of Y and Zr to Fe and Ba for thin-disk stars, as well as the abundance ratios within each group, are, on average, solar, though we note a slight decrease of Zr/Ba and Zr/Y with increasing Ba abundance. These results provide evidence for a dominance of asymptotic-giant-branch stars in the enrichment of the interstellar medium in heavy elements during the thin-disk epoch, in agreement with the predictions of the nucleosynthesis theory for the main s-process component.     

Arsenic in streams,stream sediments,and ground water,fairbanks area,alaska

Arsenic concentrations of less than 5 ppb to as large as 1,260 ppb in stream waters and from 5 ppm to 4,000 ppm in stream sediments were found in the Pedro Dome-Cleary Summit area, Alaska. Waters from three of 20 wells sampled had arsenic concentrations exceeding the U.S. Public Health Service recommended limit of 50 ppb. The high arsenic levels are a consequence of arsenic enrichment in the rocks of the area. Placer and lode-gold mining may increase the arsenic content of the waters by exposing arsenic-containing rocks to surface waters and by increasing the load of arsenic-rich sediments in the streams. Finding these disturbingly large concentrations of arsenic in the waters of the Fairbanks area was the major result of this work, inasmuch as a subsequent study (to be published) revealed arsenic concentrations as large as 10 ppm in domestic wells and prompted an extensive study by Federal and State agencies of the health hazard posed by these arsenic-rich waters.     

湖北宜昌王家湾五峰组顶部Chondrites的发现及其环境意义

本文报道了湖北宜昌王家湾剖面五峰组笔石页岩段观音桥层发现的遗迹化石Chondrites的分布及其生态特点。结合生物相和同期上扬子海盆相对海平面的变化,分析了盆地水体底域在缺氧一富氧转折时期的古氧相变化特征：指出五峰组笔石页岩段上部地层沉积底域为典型的缺氧环境,在其与上覆观音桥段之间的沉积转换面附近发生了从无氧到有氧的转变,观音桥段中Hirnantia动物群繁盛于富氧的海底环境。     

Flood anticipation,reality, and uncertainty,the 2019 flood in Khuzestan,Iran

Natural Hazards - Despite the application of various methods to calculate uncertainty in flood vulnerability assessments, the challenge of uncertainty remains. The main purpose of this study was to...     

丘北普者黑岩溶地貌景观特征

通过介绍普者黑地区的岩溶地貌特征,借鉴石林和桂林的研究模式,对普者黑的岩溶地貌形成机理进行了深入研究,并针对普者黑独特的亚热带高原岩溶地貌的特征,阐述了其研究的科学价值。