Effect of watershed partitioning on hydrologic parameters and estimation of hydrograph of an ungauged basin: a case study in Gokirmak and Kocanaz,Turkey

The main goal of this study is to investigate the effect of the size of the subbasins of a watershed on the hydrologic parameters and their spatial variability in an estimation of the hydrologic parameters and hydrograph of a neighbouring ungauged basin. In this paper, Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS), a semi-distributed hydrologic model, is used to calibrate and cross-validate two flood events occurred in 1998 and then validate four other flood events occurred in 1991, 1994, 2002, and 2009 in Gokirmak Basin in Western Black Sea Region, Turkey. The basin is divided into seven different subbasins to investigate the effect of watershed partitioning on calibrated hydrologic parameters of each subbasin using the peak-weighted root mean square error method as an objective function and the hydrograph at the outlet of the whole basin. It is found out that as the geometric magnitudes of the subbasins changed, the calibrated values of the hydrologic parameters of those subbasins changed as well. Then, a neighbouring basin, Kocanaz, is considered as an assumed neighbouring ungauged basin to investigate the effect of watershed partitioning of a gauged basin on the estimation of hydrograph of a neighbouring ungauged basin. Hydrologic parameters and direct runoff hydrograph of assumed ungauged neighbouring basin are estimated from the hydrologic parameters of the HEC-HMS calibration results of Gokirmak. Statistical indicators of the simulation results for each basin partitioning were graded with respect to the boundary values of the simulation outputs to find the best alternative. The grading results show that the simulation results with a single basin gave better representation among all other partitioning except two flood events.     

Spatiotemporal characteristics of earthquake disaster losses in China from 1993 to 2016

The present study analyzes the runoff response during extreme rain events over the basin of Subarnarekha River in India using soil and water assessment tool (SWAT). The SWAT model is configured for the Subarnarekha River basin with 32 sub-basins. Three gauging stations in the basin (viz., Adityapur, Jamshedpur and Ghatshila) were selected to assess the model performance. Daily stream flow data are taken from Central Water Commission, India—Water Resources Information System. Calibration and validation of the model were performed using the soil and water assessment tool-calibration uncertainty programs (SWAT-CUPs) with sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI-2) algorithm. The model was run for the period from 1982 to 2011 with a calibration period from 1982 to 1997 and a validation period from 1998 to 2011. The sensitivity of basin parameters has been analyzed in order to improve the runoff simulation efficiency of the model. The study concluded that the model performed well in Ghatshila gauging station with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.68 during calibration and 0.62 during validation at daily scale. The model, thus calibrated and validated, was then applied to evaluate the extreme monsoon rain events in recent years. Five extreme events were identified in Jamshedpur and Ghatshila sub-basins of Subarnarekha River basin. The simulation results were found to be good for the extreme events with the NSE of 0.89 at Jamshedpur and 0.96 at Ghatshila gauging stations. The findings of this study can be useful in runoff simulation and flood forecasting for extreme rainfall events in Subarnarekha River basin.     

水文巡测后流量测验资料对小流域产汇流参数的影响分析

水文巡测是当前水文资料采集的手段和方式之一，是传统水文向现代水文转变的重要标志。水文巡测技术方案的制定对小流域产汇流参数是否存在影响，影响有多大，同样具有一定的研究价值。采用流量巡测资料前、后平行对比分析和随机生成技术的方法对湖南省株洲水文巡测队3个小河站产汇流参数的影响进行了研究，其结果有一定的代表性。     

Use of oxygen-18 isotope to quantify flows in the upriver and middle reaches of the Heihe River,Northwestern China

In recharge areas, the Heihe River flow was separated into components of ice-snowmelt and precipitation according to 14 gauging stations and to monthly hydrograph using oxygen-18. As shown by the result of the two-component mixing model, on average, 19.8% of the runoff comes from ice-snowmelt. At three stations which are closer to glaciers and with headstream of ice-snow melted water, the ice-snowmelt runoff is larger than 28% of stream water. In addition, because most of the ice-snowmelt infiltrates the groundwater, which later discharges into the river at mountain outlets, the ice-snowmelt percentage in runoff is lower than average at these stations with the elevation higher than 3,600 m. According to monthly hydrograph, the lowest percentage of ice-snowmelt in runoff is in July (6.46%), whereas during November it is the largest (26.1%). In the middle basin, the fraction of groundwater in runoff had a marked increase from 23.57% near Zhangye City to 60.28% near Gaotai City, and then a dramatic drop to 13.61% near Zhengyixia Station because of agricultural flood irrigation in Zhangye Basin.     

东北半干旱地区流域分布式水文模拟——以洮儿河流域为例

以东北半干旱地区典型流域-洮儿河流域为研究对象,应用SWAT模型对流域水文过程进行了模拟研究;选择流域上游子流域和中下游子流域分别进行参数敏感性分析,识别出影响模拟结果的敏感参数,研究发现部分参数敏感性存在空间变异性,分析主要原因在于气候和下垫面的空间异质性导致了流域上下游产流模式存在差异。采用1988-1997年水文气象数据进行模型率定和验证,结果表明：干流水文站月流量过程率定期Nash-Sutcliffe 效率系数平均值为0.78,验证期为0.72,相关系数都达到0.86以上,水量误差大多在20%以内,对日过程的模拟也有较高的精度;枯水年模拟结果较差,主要是因为流域降水站数量不够,难以反映降水的时空分布。对于水文、气象等资料相对缺乏的东北半干旱地区,SWAT模型的模拟结果总体令人满意,可以应用于与流域径流相关的各种模拟分析,研究成果对进一步加强洮儿河流域水资源综合管理提供了依据和手段。     

水库拦沙对长江水沙态势变化的影响

为探讨水库建设对水沙变化态势的影响,通过引入来沙系数、输沙模数和流域水库调控系数,深入分析了长江水库拦沙对水沙态势变异的作用。长江干支流水沙参数与流域水库库容参数之间有重要关系,主要水文站年输沙量随流域累积库容增加而逐渐减少,来沙系数和输沙模数随流域水库调控系数成指数关系衰减,表明水库蓄水拦沙是长江水沙态势变异的主要因素。长江干支流输沙量衰减规律有一定差异,支流来沙系数和输沙模数衰减规律相对独立,而干流上游站衰减幅度大于下游水文站,且干流各站输沙模数的衰减规律比较接近。     

分项调查与水文模型相结合的九龙江流域 天然径流量计算

由于人类活动影响,水文站的实测径流过程普遍发生显著变化,而大量水资源分析计算工作必须以天然径流量为基础。以九龙江流域为例,提出将分项调查法与水文模型法相结合的流域天然径流量综合还原法,即采用分项调查法对主要水文站控制集水区的实测径流数据做还原计算,利用还原后的径流数据构建以子流域为单元的SWAT降雨径流模型,进而通过参数移用,利用该模型模拟得到全研究区不同子流域的天然径流数据。利用该方法得到的主要控制站及无径流观测子流域的天然径流数据均具有较高准确性。该方法既可以充分利用有资料流域的详实观测数据,又可以解决无资料区对天然径流数据的需求,可以为水资源评价、水量分配等工作提供依据。     

Rainfall-runoff modeling of ungauged Wadis in arid environments (case study Wadi Rabigh—Saudi Arabia)

Flash flood forecasting of catchment systems is one of the challenges especially in the arid ungauged basins. This study is attempted to estimate the relationship between rainfall and runoff and also to provide flash flood hazard warnings for ungauged basins based on the hydrological characteristics using geographic information system (GIS). Morphometric characteristics of drainage basins provide a means for describing the hydrological behavior of a basin. The study examined the morphometric parameters of Wadi Rabigh with emphasis on its implication for hydrologic processes through the integration analysis between morphometric parameters and GIS techniques. Data for this study were obtained from ASTER data for digital elevation model (DEM) with 30-m resolution, topographic map (1:50,000), and geological maps (1,250,000) which were subject to field confirmation. About 36 morphometric parameters were measured and calculated, and interlinked to produce nine effective parameters for the evaluation of the flash flood hazard degree of the study area. Based on nine effective morphometric parameters that directly influence on the hydrologic behavior of the Wadi through time of concentration, the flash flood hazard of the Rabigh basin and its subbasins was identified and classified into three groups (High, medium, and low hazard degree). The present work proved that the physiographic features of drainage basin contribute to the possibility of a flash flood hazard evaluation for any particular drainage area. The study provides details on the flash flood prone subbasins and the mitigation measures. This study also helps to plan rainwater harvesting and watershed management in the flash flood alert zones. Based on two historical data events of rainfall and the corresponding maximum flow rate, morphometric parameters and Stormwater Management and Design Aid software (SMADA 6), it could be to generate the hydrograph of Wadi Rabigh basin. As a result of the model applied to Wadi Rabigh basin, a rainfall event of a total of 22 mm with a duration of 5 h at the station nearby the study area, which has an exceedance probability of 50 % and return period around 2 years, produces a discharge volume of 15.2?×?10⁶ m³ at the delta, outlet of the basin, as 12.5 mm of the rainfall infiltrates (recharge).     

水文响应单元空间离散化及SWAT模型改进

水文响应单元(Hydrological Response Units,HRU)是SWAT模型模拟的基本单元,传统方法划分的水文响应单元在空间分布上不连续且难以确定其明确的空间位置,不能反映HRU间的相互作用和进行精确空间分析。利用GIS工具对土地利用和土壤类型数据进行概化处理,提出了HRU空间离散化的方法,实现了水文响应单元在空间上的准确定位。在此基础上,针对SWAT模型中同一子流域所有HRU采取相同延迟的弱点进行改进,并选择太湖地区西苕溪流域对改进的SWAT模型进行水文模拟验证。改进后,校正期港口站Nash效率系数E_NS(Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency)从0.64提高到0.67,验证期E_NS系数从0.70提高到0.76。研究表明:修正后的SWAT模型更能反映流域的水文特征,可以达到非常好的效果,考虑到HRU距离因素的径流延迟更为准确地刻画径流过程。实现HRU空间离散化将为模型改进和更小尺度的空间分析提供数据基础。     

基于分布式水文模型的雅鲁藏布江径流水源组成解析

为开展河川径流的水源解析，构建过程描述和本构参数两方面均有较强物理性的分布式水文模型。以雅鲁藏布江为对象，利用水文分区曲线对降雨、融雪和融冰等不同水源主导的流量过程进行划分，以划分的流量过程线子集对相应水文过程参数进行分步率定，提高了水文模型参数的物理性，以此构建了雅鲁藏布江流域分布式水文模型及参数集，内部多个水文站点和流域雪水当量的验证表明模型具有良好的性能。基于模型解析了2001—2015年间雅鲁藏布江的径流水源组成，降雨、融雪、融冰水源对总径流量贡献的比例分别为66%、20%和14%。本文方法对高山寒区径流的水源解析有普遍意义，结果对理解气候变化下雅鲁藏布江径流变化趋势有参考价值。     

基于分布式水文模型的雅鲁藏布江径流水源组成解析

为开展河川径流的水源解析,构建过程描述和本构参数两方面均有较强物理性的分布式水文模型。以雅鲁藏布江为对象,利用水文分区曲线对降雨、融雪和融冰等不同水源主导的流量过程进行划分,以划分的流量过程线子集对相应水文过程参数进行分步率定,提高了水文模型参数的物理性,以此构建了雅鲁藏布江流域分布式水文模型及参数集,内部多个水文站点和流域雪水当量的验证表明模型具有良好的性能。基于模型解析了2001-2015年间雅鲁藏布江的径流水源组成,降雨、融雪、融冰水源对总径流量贡献的比例分别为66%、20%和14%。本文方法对高山寒区径流的水源解析有普遍意义,结果对理解气候变化下雅鲁藏布江径流变化趋势有参考价值。     

提孜那甫河流域融雪径流模拟及不确定性分析

为了开展寒旱山区典型流域融雪径流过程的研究,提高融雪径流模型（SRM）在山区融雪地区的水文过程模拟精度,本文选取新疆提孜那甫河流域作为典型研究区,在SRM径流计算基础上,加入合适的基流数据并进行不确定性分析。考虑4种常见的基流分割方法（数字滤波法、加里宁法、BFI法（滑动最小值法）和HYSEP（hydrograph separation program）法）,基于贝叶斯理论,采用马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛（MCMC）模拟进行参数不确定性分析,对使用不同基流数据SRM的融雪径流模拟表现进行综合评价。分析结果表明,基于加里宁基流分割方法的模型（SRM_K）能够最佳地模拟研究区融雪径流过程（纳什系数NSE在识别期和验证期分别为0.866和0.721,大于其他对比模型）。MCMC模拟能够较好地识别SRM参数,获得可靠的参数后验概率分布。当实测降水资料缺乏或其代表性较差时,TRMM（tropical rainfall measuring mission）卫星数据能够描述研究区的降水过程特征。     

基于SWAT模型的辽西走廊海岸带无观测资料流域地表径流模拟

基于SWAT模型和流域水文相似性原理,采用模型参数移植法对辽西走廊海岸带无观测资料流域-狗河流域进行地表径流模拟,取得了良好的效果.该方法不仅有效地解决了水文模型在模型参数移植过程中的不确定性问题,而且为其他无观测资料流域的径流模拟提供了方法借鉴.     

干旱区资料稀缺流域日径流过程模拟

选取具有物理基础的分布式水文模型MIKE SHE来模拟大尺度资料稀缺地区水文过程。以塔里木河主要源区之一开都河流域为研究区域,将流域内气象水文站点观测数据与遥感数据相结合,运用GIS空间分析方法修正数据输入。利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程和降雨等资料,研究大气、陆面、地表水和地下水的相互作用机理,通过模型敏感性分析确定了5个"自由"参数,并依据出山口水文站数据对模型进行率定和验证。结果表明,MIKE SHE能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,模型效率系数达到0.7以上,率定期与验证期水量平衡误差均小于3%,模拟径流与实测径流高度相关。     

Flash flood hazard mapping based on quantitative hydrology,geomorphology and GIS techniques (case study of Wadi Al Lith,Saudi Arabia)

Flash floods are considered as catastrophic phenomena possessing major hazardous threat to the coastal cities, towns, villages and infrastructures. This study deals with the evaluation of flash flood hazard in the ungauged Wadi Al Lith basin depending on detailed morphometric characteristics of Al Lith basin and its sub-basins. For the detailed study, ASTER data were used for preparing digital elevation model (DEM), and geographical information system (GIS) was used in the evaluation of linear, areal and relief aspects of morphometric parameters. The major parameters such as watershed boundary, flow accumulation, flow direction, flow length and stream ordering are prepared using the ArcHydro Tool. Surface Tool in ArcGIS-10 software, and ASTER (DEM) was used to create different thematic maps such as DEM, contour, slope aspect and hill shade maps. Twenty-five morphometric parameters were measured, calculated and interlinked to produce nine effective parameters for evaluation of the flash flood hazard degree of the study area. Based on nine morphometric parameters which affect the hydrologic behaviour of the Wadi, by influence on time of concentration which has a direct influence on flooding prone area. The flash flood hazard of the Al Lith basin and its sub-basins was identified and classified into three groups (high, medium and low hazard degree). The study provides details on the flash flood-prone area (Wadi Al Lith) and the mitigation measures. This study also helps to plan rainwater harvesting and watershed management in the flash flood alert zones.     

一种时变分布式单位线计算方法

为了解决由降雨强度引起的径流汇流的非线性问题,提出一种基于SCS(United States Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service)流速公式的时变分布式单位线计算方法。引入参考雨强表征SCS公式中流速系数对应的水力条件。由降雨过程的时段雨强与参考雨强的比值构成一个量纲一因子,将该因子加入SCS公式后使其能够考虑降雨对流速的影响。改进后的流速公式用于计算一次降雨过程中不同降雨时段对应的时变分布式单位线,时变分布式单位线与新安江模型的产流模块构成降雨径流模型,将模型用于裴河流域率定参考雨强。率定后的模型用于谭家河流域进行应用检验,结果显示,确定性系数大于等于0.9的洪水场次,由时不变单位线的42%增大为83%。提出的方法能够显著提高流域水文模型的降雨径流模拟能力。     

考虑径流成分的雅鲁藏布江月径流模拟

通过构建雅鲁藏布江流域分布式水文模型SWAT,并以1989~1998年为率定期,1999~2005年为验证期对3个水文站(奴各沙、羊村、奴下)的月径流进行了模拟。从模型参数组里选取径流成分模拟不同的2组参数,以Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(NS)、相关系数(R~2)及相对误差(PBIAS)为评价指标,来分析模型的模拟结果好坏。结果表明:率定期内,在径流成分1下奴各沙、羊村站和奴下站的R~2值高达0.9以上,NS系数分别为0.9、0.92和0.72,PBIAS的值为7.1%、18.5%及34.2%,但径流成分与实际情况出入较大。而径流成分2下,模拟得到的评价指标虽然不是很高,但径流成分比较合理。验证期总体结论一致。因此,建议在模型率定验证中要充分考虑径流成分的作用,从而提高模型模拟的精度。     

江苏省无资料山丘区洛阳河流域径流模拟方法探讨

近年来,无资料或资料缺乏地区汇流计算成为水文研究热点。基于地形参数的地貌瞬时单位线(GIUH)方法凭借其对历史降雨径流实测资料的不依赖性,已然成为径流模拟研究中被普遍采用且效果较好的方法之一。为探讨江苏省无资料山丘区的径流模拟方法,选取具有典型地形地貌特征的镇江通胜洛阳河小流域展开研究。根据地貌特征值等数据提取出该流域的地貌单位线,采用地貌单位线计算径流过程,利用2016、2017年汛期实测的4场洪水进行方法验证,将计算径流与实测数据进行对比分析,结果表明:基于地貌特征的地貌单位线法在该流域洪水模拟中具有较高精度,又因该流域于江苏省乃代表性区域,初步判定可将该方法推广至其他无资料山丘区流域。     

Evaluation of the SWAT model for water balance study of a mountainous snowfed river basin of Nepal

In this study, a semi-distributed hydrologic model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been employed for the Karnali River basin, Nepal to test its applicability for hydrological simulation. Further, model was evaluated to carry out the water balance study of the basin and to determine the snowmelt contribution in the river flow. Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) was also used to compare the snowmelt runoff simulated from the SWAT model. The statistical results show that performance of the SWAT model in the Karnali River basin is quite good (p-factor = 0.88 and 0.88, for daily calibration and validation, respectively; r-factor = 0.76 and 0.71, for daily calibration and validation, respectively). Baseflow alpha factor (ALPHA_BF) was found most sensitive parameter for the flow simulation. The study revealed that the average annual runoff volume available at the basin outlet is about 47.16 billion cubic metre out of which about 12% of runoff volume is contributed by the snowmelt runoff. About 25% of annual precipitation seems to be lost as evapotranspiration. The results revealed that both the models, SWAT and SRM, can be efficiently applied in the mountainous river basins of Nepal for planning and management of water resources.     

Comparison between the TOPMODEL and the Xin’anjiang model and their application to rainfall runoff simulation in semi-humid regions

To study the application of the TOPMODEL and the Xin’anjiang model to rainfall runoff simulation in semi-humid regions, the Holtan excess infiltration runoff module was added to the TOPMODEL structure. The basin of the Heihe Jinpen Reservoir in Shaanxi Province, China, was selected as the study area. Rainfall and runoff data and digital elevation models were collected. The watershed topographic parameters and 21 floods that occurred from 2005 to 2013 were obtained to simulate rainfall runoff. Results show that the improved TOPMODEL and the Xin’anjiang model can effectively stimulate rainfall runoff. The average values of their Nash coefficient are 0.84 and 0.83, respectively, upon calibration, and 0.78 and 0.80, respectively, upon validation. The Xin’anjiang model performs slightly better than the improved TOPMODEL. The results of large flood peaks are better than those of ordinary floods. Both results can be used to simulate the rainfall runoff of a watershed.