云南中甸普朗斑岩铜矿硫、铅同位素组成

1矿床基本特征概述普朗铜矿位于义敦岛弧南段的格咱火山-岩浆弧,其东部和南部为甘孜-理塘板块结合带,西部是近NS向展布的格咱断裂带,铜矿产于普朗-红山铜多金属成矿亚带,受系列NW向构造和印支期普朗复式中酸性岩体控制。含矿岩体为石英闪长玢岩、石英二长斑岩等,而且主矿     

福建省上杭县罗卜岭斑岩铜钼矿床构造控矿规律研究

罗卜岭铜(钼)矿区位于紫金山矿田的东北部,是与晚中生代花岗闪长斑岩体有关的隐伏斑岩型铜钼矿床;主要斑岩矿体产于绿泥石化-绢英岩化和(弱)钾化-绢英岩化带中,矿石矿物组合为黄铜矿+辉钼矿;少量过渡类型矿体产于高级泥化带中,矿石矿物组合为蓝辉铜矿+铜蓝+辉钼矿。罗卜岭矿区地表露头含矿裂隙的统计结果显示,罗卜岭成矿晚期的含矿裂隙具有明显的方向性。远离斑岩体的含矿裂隙与其附近的区域构造方位或侵入体走向相近,表明受到北东向区域构造活动控制;而斑岩体西侧露头附近的含矿裂隙呈放射状,主要受到斑岩体侵入作用的影响。深部隐伏矿体则受到区域断裂和花岗闪长(斑)岩侵入体的共同控制,具体表现为:垂向上,以隐伏似斑状花岗闪长岩为中心,由深至浅,矿体铜钼品位比值依次变大,显示了Mo\Cu-Mo\Cu(Mo)的元素垂向分带;平面上,铜、钼元素沿着北东向、北西向断裂和岩体接触带附近有明显富集;斑岩型铜钼矿体主要产于似斑状花岗闪长岩外接触带的花岗闪长斑岩中,形态和产状受到区域北东向断裂或岩体接触带构造影响;蓝辉铜矿体主要产于罗卜岭花岗闪长斑岩外接触带的花岗闪长岩体内,形态和产状受接触带控制。区域构造和斑岩侵入体对斑岩型铜钼矿化有不同的影响,浅部铜、钼矿化受区域断裂构造控制作用明显,而深部矿体主要受花岗闪长(斑)岩体和断裂构造共同控制。区域上北东向背斜构造和北东、北西向断裂构造控制了花岗闪长质侵入岩体的侵位,矿区尺度的断裂构造对斑岩体的就位和成矿作用有一定的影响,罗卜岭花岗闪长斑岩体及其接触带则直接控制了斑岩型矿体的产出,这一规律对紫金山矿田深部和外围隐伏斑岩型矿体的勘查工作具有重要的参考意义。     

云南普朗斑岩铜矿晚三叠世构造控矿条件

普朗铜矿是义敦岛弧东多金属矿带的超大型斑岩型铜矿床.成矿带内岩浆构造活动频繁,裂隙构造叠加成矿-控矿作用显著,但研究程度薄弱.在对普朗铜矿区巷道进行构造岩相学综合调查研究的基础上,结合区域成矿构造背景,厘定矿区褶皱、断裂宏观特征,对典型中段进行节理（裂隙）测量分析.研究表明：1）古特提斯洋闭合过程斑岩铜矿成矿作用与晚三叠世构造演化、岩浆活动关系密切,普朗铜矿形成于俯冲造山阶段;2）区域深大断裂控制着矿区沉积建造和岩浆岩分布,矿床总体产于普朗背形核部,次级NEE及NE向断裂控制着含矿斑岩体和节理（裂隙）的发育,矿（化）体赋存于两组断裂交汇部位;3）矿区以张节理为主的复合型节理系统,为含矿热液的运移、扩散和富集提供导矿、储矿空间,裂隙发育程度与铜矿化呈正相关.通过对矿区岩浆侵入-构造裂隙系统特征与控矿规律的研究,认为热液脉状矿（化）体严格受控于构造-裂隙系统改造富集作用,裂隙构造发育部位是探寻富"脉状矿"的有利靶区.     

贵池铜山铜矿床成因探讨

铜山铜矿床矿化类型可划分为层状含铜黄铁矿型，含铜角砾岩型，含铜夕卡岩型和含铜班岩型，控矿因素为地层，岩浆岩及构造，其中层间断裂与接触带构造是主要的容矿构造，铅，硫，氢，氧同位素特征及成矿温度研究表明矿物质和热液主要来源于铜山岩体，矿床成因为层控夕卡岩型铜矿床。     

新疆伊吾县下马崖东山铜(金)矿床地质地球化学特征

东山铜(金)矿位于新疆准噶尔盆地东南部,哈尔里克古生代复合岛弧带东段,带内矿床成因类型研究程度较低,南北两侧岛弧带内近年均发现较大规模斑岩型铜矿。东山铜金矿体呈脉状、网脉状产于花岗斑岩体边部花岗闪长岩节理裂隙中,矿石矿物主要有黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿等,与典型斑岩型铜矿类似。主要含矿岩体花岗闪长岩SiO_2、Al_2O_3、MgO含量分别为64.3%~68.15%,15.6%~16.6%,1.29%~1.69%。岩体Y和Yb含量低但具较高的Sr值,具埃达克岩特征;岩体大离子亲石元素Rb,Ba,U,K等元素相对富集,高场强元素Nb,Ta,Zr等相对亏损,具明显的Nb,Ta,Ti负异常特征,表明其形成于岛弧环境。埃达克岩和岛弧环境是新疆北部斑岩型铜矿的两个典型特征,本文通过矿床地质特征及含矿岩体地球化学特征研究,对比东山铜(金)矿与新疆北部斑岩型铜矿的成矿特征及构造环境,认为东山铜(金)矿的矿床成因类型应为斑岩型铜金矿床且区内具斑岩型铜矿的成矿潜力。     

西藏冈底斯中东段夕卡岩铅锌矿控矿构造特征及模式初探

冈底斯成矿带东段夕卡岩型铅锌矿的控矿条件包括:①地层条件:主要呈层状、似层状产于黑色碎屑岩系与碳酸盐岩的层间构造带内,或呈透镜状产于碳酸盐岩中;②岩浆岩条件:夕卡岩铅锌矿通常与斑岩型铜钼矿在时间上、空间上以及矿床成因上有紧密联系,与成矿有关的岩体主要为二长花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩、石英闪长玢     

西藏羌堆斑岩-夕卡岩复合型铜矿地质特征及找矿前景

羌堆铜矿位于冈底斯斑岩型铜(钼)成矿带中东段的拉抗俄-吹败子铜(钼)矿集区内,是斑岩-夕卡岩复合型矿床,含矿斑岩体为花岗斑岩及石英斑岩,具全岩矿化特征,斑岩体与白垩系门中组灰岩的接触带形成夕卡岩型矿床.研究表明,地表和浅部出露的含矿斑岩体只是其岩枝,矿床剥蚀程度低,主斑岩体尚未出露,深部找矿潜力巨大.     

云南澜沧老厂多金属矿床矿石类型及其成因探讨

云南澜沧老厂是三江成矿带南段最重要的铅锌铜钼多金属矿床之一.根据不同的赋矿特征、含矿岩性、矿石构造及成矿元素将澜沧老厂多金属矿床矿石类型系统地划分为铅锌硫化矿石、铅锌氧化矿石、颗粒状含铜黄铁矿石、块状含铜黄铁矿石、夕卡岩型矿石及斑岩型钼矿石6种类型.矿体产状、微量元素地球化学、年代学证据均表明铅锌硫化矿石、颗粒状含铜黄铁矿石及块状含铜黄铁矿石为火山喷流沉积型成因（VMS型）,而铅锌氧化矿石、夕卡岩型矿石及斑岩型钼矿石为斑岩热液型成因.其中,铅锌硫化矿石、颗粒状含铜黄铁矿石及块状含铜黄铁矿石的主控矿因素为地层;铅锌氧化矿石为构造;夕卡岩型矿石为岩性;斑岩型钼矿石为岩体.     

西藏羌堆斑岩-夕卡岩复合型铜矿地质特征及找矿前景

羌堆铜矿位于冈底斯斑岩型铜（钼）成矿带中东段的拉抗俄-吹败子铜（钼）矿集区内，是斑岩-夕卡岩复合型矿床，含矿斑岩体为花岗斑岩及石英斑岩，具全岩矿化特征，斑岩体与白垩系门中组灰岩的接触带形成夕卡岩型矿床。研究表明，地表和浅部出露的含矿斑岩体只是其岩枝，矿床剥蚀程度低，主斑岩体尚未出露，深部找矿潜力巨大。     

云南普朗印支期超大型斑岩铜矿床：岩石学及年代学特征

普朗斑岩铜矿位于云南西北晚三叠世义敦岛弧南段的滇西中甸弧内。义敦岛弧北部产有著名的呷村式黑矿型块状硫化物矿床,南部大量发育斑岩型铜矿床,普朗斑岩铜矿床即是其中的典型代表。普朗矿床由南、北两个复式岩体(矿段)组成,两个矿段均由一系列NW向构造控制的石英闪长玢岩、石英二长斑岩小岩株组成,是普朗铜矿区的主体,探明铜矿石量1．6亿吨,铜平均品位0．57%,铜金属量114万吨,伴生金金属量28．80吨,金品位0．18g/t;钼6399吨,品位0．004%。普朗斑岩铜矿床远景储量400万吨以上,为一个具有超大型规模远景储量的斑岩型铜矿床。普朗斑岩体容矿围岩SiO_2＞56%,MgO 1．34%～2．73%,Sr 661×10~(-6)～909×10~(-6),Y 10．78×10~(-6)～17．92×10~(-6),Yb 1．07×10~(-6)～1．87×10~(-6),LREE富集,δEu 0．83～0．93,Sr/Y比值22～64,K_2O/Na_2O比值0．52,具有与洋壳俯冲产生的埃达克岩(Ⅰ型埃达克岩)相似的地球化学特征。普朗斑岩铜矿形成于印支期,在我国斑岩铜矿床中具有其特殊性(不同于青藏高原喜马拉雅期斑岩铜矿带,如冈底斯斑岩铜矿带、玉龙斑岩带等;也不同于古亚洲成矿域的海西期斑岩铜矿带,如土屋-延东斑岩铜矿带,以及中国东部的燕山期斑岩铜矿带,如德兴斑岩铜矿),无论对中甸岛孤带的基础地质还是矿产资源评价预测的研究,该类矿床都具有重要的意义。普朗斑岩铜矿床含矿黑云石英二长斑岩的钾硅酸盐化(黑云母化和钾长石化)的成矿热液活动时间为235．4±2．4Ma～221．5±2．0Ma之间,石英-辉钼矿阶段的辉钼矿成矿(Re-Os)年龄大致为213±3．8 Ma;对矿区主矿体的热液黑云母单矿物的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar测年,无论是含铜钼的矿化岩体,还是仅含铜的斑岩体,其成矿年龄(坪年龄)变化于为214．58±0．91Ma至216．0±1Ma之间,与辉钼矿Re-Os年龄非常接近,为晚三叠世诺利期。这表明普朗斑岩铜矿床的成矿作用在印支期完成。     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Comparative study of As,Cd, Cu,Cr, Mg,Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn concentrations between sediment and water from estuary and port

The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).     

Models,validation, and applied geochemistry: Issues in science,communication, and philosophy

Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.     

Parents,permission, and possibility: Young women,college, and imagined futures in Gujarat,India

This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.     

Pebbles,Shapes, and Equilibria

The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification (e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system, our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method.     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

Pools,riffles, and channelization

The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects. Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications. Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization, which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress. Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools, and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability.