晋西昕水河径流变化特征及其成因分析

本文以晋西昕水河为研究对象,综合利用累积距平分析、Kendall秩次相关检验法、有序聚类法等分析方法对其径流和径流系数的变化特征进行了分析研究,初步估算了人类活动对径流的影响.结果表明:流域径流年内分配不均,年际变化大,并存在一个5～6年左右的变化周期;20世纪60年代中期,随着水土保持措施的实施,流域下垫面在人类活动影响下发生显著变化,流域径流变异显著;年径流量下降趋势显著,相对于降水量变化,人类活动是径流量减少的主要原因.     

水土保持地区人类活动对汛期径流影响的估算

人类活动对于流域水文要素时变过程的影响显著,确定人类活动影响下水文要素时序的显著转折点、选出相对"天然"的序列,对于开展水土保持效益评价研究具有重要意义。以延河流域为例,采用数理统计方法推估获取人类活动影响下汛期径流时序的显著转折点,以显著转折点前的数据建立预测模型,对比分析汛期径流量的实测值与预测值,其差值即为人类活动对汛期径流的影响程度。较之传统研究方法,本文以汛期水文数据取代年均数据,以汛期降水径流综合系数代替年径流系数,从而减弱了黄土高原地区降水、径流变化幅度巨大的干扰影响。结果表明,从20世纪50年代末至80年代末,1970年为人类活动下延河流域径流时序的显著转折点,1970年以后人类活动对流域水文的影响更显著,1981年达到最大值,为72.04%。20世纪70、80年代人类活动对延河汛期径流量的影响一直处于负面减流状态。人为因素是延河径流量演变的主要驱动因子。     

1956-2016年渭河支流葫芦河流域径流及降水的年际变化特征

研究河流径流量和流域降水量的变化特征,对区域水资源规划与开发利用具有重要意义。基于葫芦河干流上下游的两个主要控制水文站实测年径流量及其流域年降水量资料,运用标准距平累计曲线法、小波分析法和Mann-Kendall等方法,研究了葫芦河干流年径流量和年降水量的年际变化趋势、周期性和突变性。结果表明：葫芦河上下游年径流量变化趋势一致性较好,流域年降水量变化趋势与径流量变化趋势基本对应,均呈下降趋势,但径流减少的速率远大于降水减少速率,且下游径流量的减少速率比上游更快。葫芦河上下游径流量变化的大周期一致,但下游径流小周期的转换要比上游径流和流域降水更频繁,上下游径流量与其流域降水量变化周期的年份对应关系不好,径流变化的主周期和次周期均小于降水的变化周期。葫芦河下游年径流量在1988年发生了突变,而上游径流量和流域降水量均无明显的突变点。     

“降水——水土保持——径流”统计模型在辽宁大凌河流域水土保持效应分析中的应用研究

水土保持措施的实施会对流域河床径流量产生较大影响,会导致土地利用、覆盖范围和水文效应产生明显改变。"降水"、"区域径流"和"水土保持"三个变量之间存在线性关联性,本文以辽宁省大凌河流域为研究对象,通过对该研究区1972-2016年的年降水量、径流量和水土保持面积数据进行多元线性回归分析,构建"降水—水土保持—径流"三个变量之间的统计模型,对大凌河流域水土保持行为对该流域年径流量的影响程度展开定性描述与定量评估。通过综合区域内降水、水土保持和径流之间的关系,发现流域水土保持面积、降水量与还原径流量之间的线性关系为-0.021,水土保持面积变量与降水量之间相互独立,与径流量之间具有较强关联性。年径流量随着区域降水量不断减少而减少,而随着水土保持措施的增多而增加,研究结果对区域水资源管理与保护提供参考。     

祖厉河流域水沙演变规律及其成因分析

应用祖厉河流域1956~2016年实测水文资料,采用水文统计法、差积曲线法、突变检验法等方法,分析了流域水沙时空分布规律及水沙关系。结果表明:祖厉河流域年降水量、年径流深从上游向下游减小;支流关川河巉口以上年输沙模数相对较小,中游会宁-郭城驿最大。4个代表站历年降水量、径流量、输沙量均呈显著减少趋势,降水量年内分配主要集中在5~9月,径流量和输沙量主要集中在6~9月;水沙变化的突变年份为1999年,基准期1956~1999到措施期2000~2016年多年平均年径流量和输沙量分别减少了39.6%、72.9%。流域降水量年均减少0.53~1.23mm,气温年均升高0.029~0.042℃/a,植被覆盖度年均增加0.85%/a,降水减少、水土保持措施面积增加和植被覆盖度大幅提高是流域水沙持续减少的主要原因。     

长江源区1956-2000年径流量变化分析

利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对长江源区直门达水文站的资料进行分析,揭示长江源区年径流量在1956-2000年间呈微弱的减少趋势。结合流域气象资料分析,该时段流域内升温明显,最大可能蒸发量呈增加趋势,降水也呈微弱减少趋势。径流变化与降水变化基本一致,降雨-径流关系没有发生明显变化,表明1980-2000年降水量减少是该时段径流量减少的直接原因,温度升高有利于融冰融雪和降水形式的变化,但由于融冰融雪占径流补给的比率相对较小,该时段温度升高导致融冰融雪的增加不足以抵消降水量的减少对径流的影响。径流量季节变化分析,揭示长江源区春季径流呈增加的趋势,这可能与融雪过程提前以及融雪量增加有关。     

变化环境下石羊河流域年径流频率计算

受气候变化与人类活动的影响,水文序列一致性遭到破坏,传统的频率计算方法受到挑战。针对石羊河流域8条河流年径流量序列,在基于水文变异诊断系统进行变异分析的基础上,采用条件概率分布法和混合分布法进行了变化环境下的年径流频率计算。结果表明,石羊河流域年径流量序列以向下跳跃变异为主,变异年份多集中在1960年附近;变异序列的两种分布均通过K-S检验,最优分布的拟合效率系数均大于0.97;对比由考虑变异的理论分布与不考虑变异的一致性P-III型分布确定的设计年径流量,当设计频率高于90%时,大靖河与西营河的设计年径流量值相差较大。因此,石羊河流域新建水利工程的规划设计,应适当考虑水文资料的变异特性,选择合理的频率分析方法确定设计年径流量。     

渭河源区典型小流域水沙演变规律分析

根据渭河源区清源河典型小流域实测水文资料,分析了流域水文要素的年内和年际变化规律,流域降水、径流和泥沙主要集中在汛期,5-9月降水量占全年的78.5%,5-10月径流占全年的78.7%,5-8月输沙量占全年的88.9%。受上游修建水库、水土保持等人类活动的影响,流域汛期径流和泥沙1997-2013年比1980-1996年均减少了5.9%。流域面平均降水量、平均流量、平均输沙量年际变化不稳定,总体呈减少趋势,序列最大可能变异点分别为1995年、1994年和1997年。建立了流域年降水量与年径流深、次降水量P+Pa与次径流深相关模型,相关系数达到0.902和0.860。以年最大洪峰流量为参数,分别建立了流域年径流量与年输沙量、次径流量与次输沙量关系模型,相关系数达到0.835和0.917,公式模拟值与实测值接近,误差较小,可以作为以径流推算泥沙的重要依据。通过定性定量分析人类活动对流域径流、泥沙的影响程度,对区域抗旱防洪减灾、水资源管理、小流域治理及生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

马颊河上游南乐站径流变化分析

实测径流是自然与人类活动双重作用的结果。通过对1956～2000年马颊河上游南乐水文站的实测水文资料、流域降水资料以及通过控制断面以上流域的用水和引水资料进行还原的径流序列的分析，揭示了天然径流的变化敏感地反映了气候的变化，人类活动已远远超过气候变化对径流的影响。通过分析2个时段降雨径流关系，揭示了近20年来与1956～1979年相比，同样降水量条件下径流量的增大，反映了产汇流条件的明显变化。     

雅鲁藏布江流域径流变化特征及趋势分析

采用Mann-Kendall秩次相关检验法等分析方法对雅鲁藏布江流域径流变化特征及年降水量、年蒸发量观测系列进行了详细研究。雅鲁藏布江上中下游控制站径流20世纪60年代最丰,80年代最枯,年平均流量过程总体上呈略有下降趋势,但不显著。1960～1981年,中水年和丰水年份较多;1982～1997年,中水年和枯水年份较多;1998年以来,丰水年份较多。径流量主要集中在汛期(7～9月),其中,8月份径流量最大,2～3月份径流量最小,径流量月最大值是月最小值的12倍左右;径流年内分配不均匀系数和7～9月占全年比例年际间较稳定。雅鲁藏布江流域降水量和径流变化不显著,气温和蒸发呈明显增加趋势。     

Effects of different soil and water conservation measures on hydrological extremes and flood processes in the Yanhe River,Loess Plateau,China

The runoff and sediment load of the Loess Plateau have changed significantly due to the implementation of soil and water conservation measures since the 1970s. However, the effects of soil and water conservation measures on hydrological extremes have rarely been considered. In this study, we investigated the variations in hydrological extremes and flood processes during different periods in the Yanhe River Basin (a tributary of the Loess Plateau) based on the daily mean runoff and 117 flood event data from 1956 to 2013. The study periods were divided into reference period (1956–1969), engineering measures period (1970–1995), and biological control measures period (1996–2013) according to the change points of the annual streamflow and the actual human activity in the basin. The results of the hydrological high extremes (HF1_max, HF3_max, HF7_max) exhibit a decreasing trend (P?<?0.01), whereas the hydrological low extremes (HBF1_min, HBF3_min, HBF7_min) show an increasing trend during 1956–2013. Compared with the hydrological extremes during the reference period, the hydrological high extremes increased during the engineering measures period at low (<?15%) and high frequency (>?80%), whereas decreased during the biological control measures period at almost all frequencies. The hydrological low extremes generally increased during both the engineering measures and biological control measures periods, particularly during the latter period. At the flood event scale, most flood event indices in connection with the runoff and sediment during the engineering measures period were significantly higher than those during the biological control measures period. The above results indicate that the ability to withstand hydrological extremes for the biological control measures was greater than that for the engineering measures in the studied basin. This work reveals the effects of different soil and water conservation measures on hydrological extremes in a typical basin of the Loess Plateau and hence can provide a useful reference for regional soil erosion control and disaster prevention policy-making.

     

Soil conservation and sustainable eco-environment in the Loess Plateau of China

The Loess Plateau is well known to the world because of its thick loess and severe soil erosion. Loess is a highly erosion-prone soil that is considerably susceptible to water erosion. The Loess Plateau also has a long cultivation history, hence population growth, vegetation degeneration serious soil and water loss were obviously problems on Loess Plateau. This article analyzes several strategies of soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau, such as terracing, planting trees, natural vegetation rehabilitation and construction of warp land dams. Different periods had different strategies of soil and water conservation and each strategy had its characteristics and effects. Finally, the research directions and future perspectives of the Loess Plateau were discussed, including the strategies of sustainable eco-environment of Loess Plateau in China.     

Soil erosion processes in the loess plateau of Northwestern China

The soil erosion processes in the Loess Plateau may be divided into three types: namely, waterflow erosion; gravitational erosion; wind erosion. The waterflow erosion is most widely distributed and is the main erosion action in the Loess Plateau. The main factors dominating the occurrence and development of the soil erosion in the Loess Plateau are: 1. rainfall; 2. topography; 3. vegetation; 4. soil character. The energy of erosion action depends upon the rainfall and topography, but erodiblity depends upon the vegetation and soil properties. The degree of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau changes with variations of interaction of erosion and anti-erosion measures.     

In-situ experimental research on water scouring of loess slopes

Frequent occurrence of landslides in the Chinese Loess Plateau has been influenced by the changes of water conditions. This paper, based on in-situ water scouring experiments under various slope gradients, cross-sectional discharge shapes and flow quantities, analyzed the rill flow information characteristics on a loess slope and its driving factors for anti-scourability of the loess stratum. The results show that the critical erosion slope gradient for the loess stratum (Q₃) is about 24° and the mean erosion rate under half-round cross-sectional discharge is smaller than that under rectangular discharge. The relationship between flow quantity and mean erosion rate is linear and is positively correlated. Mechanical subsurface erosion was the primary condition responsible for water scouring on loess slopes because of stronger runoff channels such as vertical joints and large amounts of macro void caused by plants and animals. Loess anti-scourability is a significant issue to advance the research for soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau of China.     

Advances in Researches of the Effects of Grassland Vegetation on Soil Erosion in Loess Plateau

Soil erosion is a serious global environmental problem which limits the survival and development of human beings. In our country, due to the special physical geography and socio-economic conditions, soil erosion intensity is great, which is particularly prominent in Loess Plateau region. Therefore, preventing and controlling soil erosion, as well as reducing soil erosion in Loess Plateau have become the key to solving environmental problems in the region. Soil erosion on Loess Plateau is serious, and grassland vegetation has good effects on soil and water conservation, which can improve ecological environment well. After the implementation of the project about returning farmland to grassland on Loess Plateau, the ecological benefits mainly focused on soil and water conservation benefits, soil improvement benefits, water conservation benefits and species diversity benefits, etc. Grassland vegetation has an irreplaceable role in the construction of the ecological environment on Loess Plateau. Therefore, the role of grassland in preventing soil erosion has received more and more attention. Scholars have done lots of research involved in the relationship between grassland coverage and soil erosion, impacts of grassland on hydrodynamic parameters, effects of grassland on soil properties, reduction effects of grassland on runoff and sediment, and soil erosion process on grassland slope. However, there is little research on erosion effect induced by grassland cover. This paper mainly pointed out the following questions: First, grassland cover is influenced by many factors, but the relationship with soil erosion from the dynamic mechanism is rarely discussed; Second, there is no well-developed theory of overland flow erosion at present, which limits the study of hydrodynamic parameters on grassland slope; Third, establishment of mathematical model between grassland cover and soil resistance can accelerate the quantitative analysis of grassland influence on erosion; Fourth, comprehensive analysis of influencing factors on water reduction and sediment reduction effect on grassland are insufficient; Fifth, there are not many mechanisms to analyze the erosion process of grassland slope by using the hydrodynamic characteristics of slope; sixth, research results on grassland-induced erosion are mainly focused on leading to soil dry layer and we should continue to strengthen in the future. This paper summarized the previous results, and supplemented some studies about erosion caused by grassland, then pointed out the existing problems in current research and the areas that need to be strengthened in the future, aiming at reducing soil erosion on the Loess Plateau.     

甘肃黄土高原40a来土壤水分蒸散量变化特征

用Penman公式计算了甘肃黄土高原20世纪60-90年代40 a来的潜在蒸散值,分析了潜在蒸散的时空变化特征并与蒸发皿所测值进行比较.结果表明:甘肃黄土高原潜在蒸散值的分布与纬度关系比较密切,随纬度的升高,潜在蒸散值增多,变化范围为1 600-2 200 mm·a^-1;潜在蒸散值受气温、降水的支配比较大,80年代最小,其次为70、60年代,90年代最大.60-90年代各地潜在蒸散值比实测值高30%-40%,其中夏、秋季潜在蒸散均大于蒸发器所测值,以夏季相差最大,达40%-100%;冬季则小于蒸发器所测值.潜在蒸散量与蒸发器所测值虽在数值上有所差别,但趋势基本一致,蒸发器所测值的峰值变化落后于理论计算值0.5月.90年代以来,各地土壤水分亏缺值增多,植被生长季节,作物水分利用都未及最适宜状态.     

Suitability of transport equations in modelling soil erosion for a small Loess Plateau catchment

Erosion models have not often been applied to very steep terrain such as the gully catchments of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the suitability of a number of transport equations for use in erosion modelling under Loess Plateau conditions. To do this the equations were programmed into the LISEM model, which was applied to the 3.5 km² Danangou catchment in the rolling hills region of the Loess Plateau. Previous evaluations of transport equations used either flume tests or river sections, and did no spatial modelling. The results show that some equations predicted physically impossible concentrations (defined as above 1060 g/l). The results were evaluated by using two methods: 1) by comparing predicted and measured sedigraphs and sediment yield at the catchment outlet, and 2) by comparing the fraction of the catchment in which physically impossible transport capacities occurred. The results indicated that for the small grain sizes, high density flows and steep slopes of the gully catchments on the Loess Plateau the Shields parameter attained very high values. Furthermore, the transport threshold can usually be neglected in the equations. Most of the resulting equations were too sensitive to slope angle (Abrahams, Schoklitsch, Yalin, Bagnold, Low and Rickenmann), so that transport rates were overpredicted for steep slopes and underpredicted for gentle slopes. The Yang equation appeared to be too sensitive to grainsize. The Govers equation performed best, mainly because of its low slope dependency, and is therefore recommended for erosion models that simulate sediment transport by flowing water in conditions with small grain sizes and steep slopes.     

黄土高原关键带全剖面土壤水分空间变异性

土壤水分是黄土高原关键带水循环、地下水补给和植被恢复的关键因素。为揭示黄土高原关键带黄土整个剖面的土壤水分空间变化特征,通过土芯钻探的方式获取了黄土高原关键带5个典型样点（杨凌、长武、富县、安塞和神木）从地表到基岩的土壤水分样品,采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法分析了剖面土壤水分的分布规律、变异特征及空间结构。结果表明:黄土高原关键带剖面土壤水分从南往北,土壤平均含水量由高变低;5个样点的土壤水分均为中等变异,随着深度由40 m增加到200 m,土壤水分变异性变弱,且样点之间的土壤含水量差异降低;地统计学分析表明样点的半方差函数能被理论模型较好地拟合（杨凌除外）,指数模型能够描述大部分样点深剖面的空间变异结构。相关结果有助于了解黄土高原深层土壤水分状况及分布规律,对于黄土高原土壤水资源估算和区域植被恢复具有重要价值。     

Impact of climate change and human activity on flow and sediment of the rivers — the Yellow River (China) example

The Yellow River, China is known for its extremely heavy sediment load, about 8 times that of the Mississippi and very small flow, only 8% of that of the Mississippi.As to the prediction of climate change at regional level precision is subject to great uncertainty, human activities will have more significant effect on changes of flow and sediment of the river over the next 20 years. Owing to the development of irrigation and industry (particulary energy industry) and possible success of soil conservation in the Loess Plateau, it is expected that the flow of the Yellow River to the sea will be reduced to about half of the present amount and the sediment load decreased 4–5 × 10⁸ tons/yr.Project Coding: SCIEL 21193111     

基于CI指数的甘肃省黄土高原地区气象干旱的变化趋势分析

基于甘肃省黄土高原区33个气象站1962-2010年气象资料, 利用综合气象干旱指数(CI)对其近50 a的干旱频率和平均持续时间的空间分布、 干旱强度趋势变化和极端干旱事件频次进行了分析, 此基础上应用基于分型理论的R/S方法对干旱强度未来变化趋势进行了预测. 结果表明: 甘肃省黄土高原区干旱发生频率和多年平均持续天数在兰州-靖远一带和庆阳北部属于高值区, 而岷县、 渭源一带属于低值区; 106° E以西"临洮-通渭-天水"一带和庆阳东南部是干旱变幅最大的地方. 20世纪90年代以来, 干旱强度增大的较快, 四季均呈现出干旱强度变大的趋势, 其中春、 秋季干旱强度加剧的趋势明显, 夏季近10 a都处于非常严重的干旱状态, 但未通过0.01的显著性检验; 20世纪60年代至今, 极端干旱事件发生频次快速增多. 四季干旱强度Hurst指数H 均大于0.5, 同时分维数D 均小于1.5, 因此, 未来一段时间干旱强度仍然保持与过去相一致的变化趋势. 研究结果可为相关部门制定相应抗旱对策提供科学依据.