岩石压入硬度及其在坑探工程中的应用

为了探讨压入硬度与点载荷强度之间的关系及利用压人硬度预估冲击钻凿岩石可钻性的可能性，采用2种不同直径的压模，在39种岩石中进行了史氏压入硬度试验，同时还进行了不规则岩样的点载荷试验及风动凿岩机的钻速测定。     

煤系钻探岩石可钻性分级方法的研究

研究了煤系中采用硬质合金钻进工艺时岩石可钻性分级的指标体系及测试方法;研制了一套能在野外流动条件下进行岩石可钻性分级测试的轻便仪器及工具。在7项分级指标体系中,压入强度、研磨性、塑性系数和用微型针状硬质合金钻头测试“微钻钻速”是首次应用,尤以用小试样测试“压入强度”及用微型针状硬质合金钻头测试“微钻钻进速度”两项指标能有效地反映煤系软岩石分级档次,可以弥补用微型孕镶金刚石钻头在6级以下较软岩石中无法钻进或达不到钻进指标的不足。     

施密特锤试验数据处理方法及其在预估岩石可钻性中的应用

本文目的在于寻求一种可靠的施密特锤数据处理方法,并探讨其用于岩石可钻性预估中的可能性。试验选择了HT100和HT225两种施密特锤,配3种冲杆(R25,R6.0和R4.5)组成了4种测定方案,在多种岩石中进行了测试。利用数理统计方法和灰色系统理论对数据的分布特征进行了分析,并提出:施密特锤试验的合理冲击点数是15点,每点至少冲击5次,舍去前两次回弹值,取15个冲击点后3次回弹平均值作为试验结果。 同时,还对回弹值和风动凿岩帆钻速V进行了回归分析,结果表明两者之间存在着良好的相关关系(在α=0.01水平上通过了F检验),据此提出了以回弹值预估凤动凿岩机钻速的计算公式。     

厦门花岗石风化壳工程地质带及风化岩石的工程地质特征

本文对厦门花岗岩风化壳进行了系统地分带，共分为新鲜岩石带、微风化带、强风化带、不均匀风化岩土带及残积土带。阐述了各带工程地质特征，并进行了定量分带的探讨。本文用点荷载强度、弹性波速度及回弹锤试验结果进行了单指标和多指标的综合评判。根据大量现场和室内测试的研究资料，作者详细论述了各风化带的组构、物理力学性质及其变化规律。并建立了风化岩石点荷载强度指数Is（50）与弹性波纵波速度Vp、弹性波纵速度Vp与极限抗压强度R及点荷载强度指数Is（50）与极限抗压强度R之间的关系式。     

钻探岩石分级方法的回顾和建议

回顾探矿工程发展的历史，最早提出工程技术方面岩石分级表的当推苏联M.M.普罗托吉可诺夫（Протдъяконов）教授，时间为1926年。他第一次提出以“岩石坚固性系数”分级，这就是根据岩石物理力学性质进行岩石分级的开端。1927年，B.F.蒂尔森（Tillson）在美国采矿工程学会哥伦比亚大学会议上提出了“可钻性”术语。E.D.加登纳（Gardner）赞成应用这个术语，同时指出：岩石的硬度和韧性与实际的钻进速度没有一定的内在联系。测定钻进速度的唯一可靠方法就是实际钻进试验。这就是根据实际测定岩石的“可钻     

MDES2000型微钻实验装置的研制

MDES2000型微钻实验装置可模拟真实钻进情况,可开展岩石研磨性与可钻性试验、金刚石钻头性能参数及寿命试验、优化钻进规程参数试验等室内的各种微钻实验研究工作。该实验装置可通过手动或程序控制完成模拟钻进工作,能够实现钻进过程中各项钻进参数（钻压、钻速、扭矩、转速及进尺）的监测、采集、处理及存储功能,还可建立钻进参数报表文件数据库。该实验装置对岩心钻探研究工作具有很好的实际指导意义。     

灰岩隧道掘进机隧道点荷载试验评价岩石强度方法的研究与探讨

使用隧道掘进机（TBM）开挖隧道时刀盘和盾体阻碍了对岩石状态的观察,这时可使用岩渣对岩石条件进行预测和评价。从滚刀破碎掌子面产生的岩渣中选取块状岩石进行点荷载试验可以获得岩石强度,但是受过滚刀损伤作用的岩石强度值与未受损伤的岩石强度值之间的关系尚不明确。从吉林引松供水工程TBM破岩产生的岩渣中挑选块状试样进行点荷载试验,同时在产生岩渣的相应位置钻取岩芯获取点荷载强度,与单轴抗压强度进行了对比,记录了取样地点地质状态、试样的尺寸、破碎状态以及等效断裂面积。结果表明：岩渣中的岩块受到滚刀作用产生的损伤强度值有所下降,为完整取芯试样的63.25%,原岩越完整受损程度越大;灰岩点荷载强度换算岩石单轴抗压强度系数约为25.3,直接使用岩渣时建议系数约为42.1;峰值荷载与等效断裂面积成正比;尺寸过大的试块往往与岩体原有裂隙有关,强度极低,不适宜用作点荷载试验。研究结果为TBM隧道现场快速获取岩石强度参数提供了方法和依据。     

人造金刚石与硬质合金分层钻进试验

我们进行生产试验的某铁矿区，地层软硬变化较大，闪长岩与蚀变闪长岩、大型岩交替出现。在较致密的闪长岩中（可钻性8级左右），人造孕镶金刚石钻进的性能发挥的较好，金刚石钻进效率比钢粒钻进提高两倍；比用针状合金钻进提高一点五倍；比用普通硬质合金钻进提高五点八倍。金刚石钻进回次进尺比钢粒钻进提高一点二倍；比用针状合金钻进提高一点六倍；比用普通硬质合金钻进提高七倍。但在6级左右的蚀变闪长岩中，人造金刚石钻进无论是钻进效率，还是回次进尺，仍然比其他钻进方法优越。相反，在较软的5级大理岩中，由于岩石较软，人造孕镶金刚石钻     

岩体强度对牙轮单齿作用下破碎坑的体积及形态影响研究

借助连续-非连续单元法(CDEM),对牙轮钻单齿压入破岩的机制进行了探讨,研究了加载过程中破碎体积及破碎坑的演化规律,分析了岩体凝聚力和内摩擦角对单齿破岩体积及破碎坑形态的影响。数值计算结果表明,破碎坑基本上呈半椭球体,其宽深比仅受内摩擦角控制,随着内摩擦角的增加,破碎坑的宽深比减小。破碎坑的宽度、深度及单齿破岩体积可用齿压F、钻齿半径r、凝聚力c及内摩擦角? 表征,基于数值计算结果给出了破碎坑的宽度、深度及单齿破岩体积定量表述的公式;基于相关理论公式,考虑各个同时与岩石接触的几个齿轮对岩石的损伤是相互影响的,引入单齿破岩体积的修正系数,建立了牙轮钻的工作参数（轴压、转速、进尺速度等）与岩体凝聚力及内摩擦角的函数关系。在鞍千矿南采区进行了牙轮钻随钻测试的现场试验,获得了不同岩性下的单齿破岩体积,并就近取样测试了岩体的凝聚力及内摩擦角。当修正系数取0.363时,现场测试结果与基于数值计算得到的单齿破岩体积基本一致,从而证明了数值计算及相关理论推导的正确性。研究成果可以为岩体强度的动态测试提供依据。     

混合钻头在涪陵页岩气田的应用

涪陵页岩气田是中国第一个正式投入商业开采的海相页岩气田,历经2013年的开发评价试验阶段及2014-2015年的一期产能建设阶段,通过攻关研究与现场试验应用,创新形成了适合涪陵页岩气田勘探开发的钻完井技术系列,二期产建推进以来,由于埋深的增加、地层的不确定性,对钻井提速提效造成了巨大的阻碍,其中部分复杂层系的钻头选型显得尤为困难,主要体现在常规钻头行程钻速低、起下钻趟次多、定向困难等几个方面。通过对岩石可钻性及定向难点分析,针对平桥区块小河坝组地层研磨性强、砂泥岩交错的特点,优选了121/4 in高研磨性混合钻头;针对二开深层大三维井定向托压严重的问题,优选了121/4 in高效定向混合钻头;针对三开龙马溪组（含浊积砂岩）定向段高造斜率及研磨性强的特点,优选了81/2 in硬地层定向混合钻头。截止2019年2月,3种型号混合钻头在涪陵工区累计使用200余井次,平均减少起下钻4～5趟次,缩短钻井周期6～7 d。混合钻头的优选应用,为二期产建的钻井提速提效提供了技术保障,为下步页岩气田的高效开发提供了钻头选型方案。     

Fuzzy and Multiple Regression Modelling for Evaluation of Intact Rock Strength Based on Point Load, Schmidt Hammer and Sonic Velocity

Summary. Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), considered to be one of the most useful rock properties for mining and civil engineering applications, has been estimated from some index test results by fuzzy and multiple regression modelling. Laboratory investigations including Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), Point Load Index test (PL), Schmidt Hammer Hardness test (SHR) and Sonic velocity (V_p) test have been carried out on nine different rock types yielding to 305 tested specimens in total. Average values along with the standard deviations (Stdev) as well as Coefficients of variation (CoV) have been calculated for each rock type. Having constructed the Mamdani Fuzzy algorithm, UCS of intact rock samples was then predicted using a data driven fuzzy model. The predicted values derived from fuzzy model were compared with multi-linear statistical model. Comparison proved that the best model predictions have been achieved by fuzzy modelling in contrast to multi-linear statistical modelling. As a result, the developed fuzzy model based on point load, Schmidt hammer and sonic velocity can be used as a tool to predict UCS of intact rocks.     

Applications of NTNU/SINTEF Drillability Indices in Hard Rock Tunneling

Drillability indices, i.e., the Drilling Rate Index? (DRI), Bit Wear Index? (BWI), Cutter Life Index? (CLI), and Vickers Hardness Number Rock (VHNR), are indirect measures of rock drillability. These indices are recognized as providing practical characterization of rock properties used in the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) time and cost prediction models available for hard rock tunneling and surface excavation. The tests form the foundation of various hard rock equipment capacity and performance prediction methods. In this paper, application of the tests for tunnel boring machine (TBM) and drill and blast (D&B) tunneling is investigated and the impact of the indices on excavation time and costs is presented.     

边坡岩体力学参数对Hoek-Brown准则参数敏感性的综合性分析

针对广义Hoek-Brown准则参数敏感性分析单因素法的局限性,提出利用正交试验法来研究准则参数对岩体力学参数的影响,该方法可以对各因素的影响进行综合性分析,避免单因素法的片面性。以龙桥特大桥5#拱座所在边坡为工程背景进行了基于正交试验的准则参数敏感性分析。结果表明:地质强度指标GSI对岩体的变形参数Em的影响最显著; 岩石抗压强度ci和岩体扰动系数D对岩体的强度参数C、的影响最显著; 总体来说,岩体力学参数对地质强度指标GSI与岩石抗压强度ci最敏感,对岩体扰动系数D次之,最后为岩石的Hoek-Brown参数mi; 并且准则参数之间无交互作用,相对独立。     

Rock Mass Classification and Slope Stability Assessment of Road Cut Slopes in Garhwal Himalaya, India

There are many rock mass classification schemes which are frequently used for different purposes such as estimation of strength and deformability of rock masses, stability assessment of rock slopes, tunneling and underground mining operations etc. The rock mass classification includes some inputs obtained from intact rock and discontinuity properties which have major influence on assessment of engineering behaviour of rock mass. In the present study, detail measurements were employed on road cuts slope faces in Garhwal Himalayas to collect required data to be used for rock mass classification of Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Geological Strength Index (GSI). The stability assessment of rock slopes were also done by using Slope Mass Rating. In addition the relation between RMR and GSI were also evaluated using 50 data pairs.     

Rock mass characterization for the underground cavern design of Khiritharn pumped storage scheme

A general approach to rock engineering designing aspects adopted at the Khiritharn Pumped Storage Scheme is described. The scheme involves excavation of three large caverns and tunnels in jointed sandstone within a suture zone in Southeast Thailand. Geological condition and engineering properties of the sandstone were investigated. Strength and modulus properties of the intact rock were determined from laboratory tests and properties of rock mass were empirically estimated for the design analysis in the de.nite study stage on the basis of three rock mass classi.cation systems namely the Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Geological Strength Index (GSI) and a Japanese system (EPDC). While the GSI gives strength and modulus of deformation values slightly higher than the RMR classi.cation, the EPDC gives a lower value of modulus of deformation but comparable rock mass strength value for the level of con.ning pressures at the depth of the cavern excavation. The results of stress analysis and loosening wedge analysis for the cavern excavations suggest favorable excavation condition.     

Environmental impacts of ground vibration induced by blasting at different rock units on the Kadikoy–Kartal metro tunnel

This paper presents the results of ground vibration analysis induced by blasting during the construction of the Istanbul Kadıköy–Kartal metro tunnel. Different rock formations in this tunnel route were encountered during the excavation with blasting. As a first stage, the test site is divided into 6 main regions with respect to lithology changes in the rock units and Hoek's Geological Strength Index value of these rock units. During the excavation, a total of 659 events were recorded in 260 shots by vibration monitors. Scaled distance and peak particle velocity data pairs belonging to these shots were carefully recorded and analyzed statistically. As a result of this analysis, empirical relationships between scaled distance and peak particle velocity were established with higher correlation coefficients specific to each region. Finally, the particle velocities and frequency values of all blast events were evaluated according to Turkish Environmental Regulation, the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) and the German DIN 4150 Norms in order to predict the influence level to the neighboring buildings and structures.     

点荷载试验在岩基强度和承载力评价中的应用

岩石点荷载试验可以求得岩石点荷载强度指数,由点荷载强度可以 计算出岩石的单轴抗压强度,进而可计算出岩基承载力。 利用点荷载试验方法对南京地区的多个人工挖孔桩工地的孔底岩基强 度和承载力进行了评价,具体指导了挖孔桩的挖进工作,取得了良好效果。     

Considerations on strength of intact sedimentary rocks

This study presents the results of laboratory testing of sedimentary rocks under point loading as well as in uniaxial and triaxial compression. From the statistical analysis of the data, different conversion factors relating uniaxial compressive and point loading strength were determined for soft to strong rocks. Additionally, the material constant m_i, an input parameter for the Hoek and Brown failure criterion, was also estimated for different limestone samples by analysing the results from a series of triaxial compression tests under different confining pressures. The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of intact rocks, as estimated from the point load index using conversion factors, together with the Hoek–Brown constant m_i, and the Geological Strength Index (GSI) constitute the parameters for the calculation of the strength and deformability of rock masses.     

基于GSI的锦屏地下厂房岩体参数研究

工程开挖卸荷后岩体参数研究一直是工程界关注的焦点,是稳定性评价的基础性工作。本文以锦屏地下厂房开挖工程为背景,通过对上下游边墙不同桩号段开挖揭露的岩体进行工程地质岩组划分,进行了开挖后岩体质量评价并对其进行分类,通过在GSI(Geological Strength Index)评价体系中引入Jv(节理数/m3),使评价体系相对合理化,经回归分析,对不同风化程度的岩体进行了力学参数求解,发现内聚力及内摩擦角的计算值与建议值吻合较好。