青藏高原西北缘晚新生代沉积岩古流向的磁化率各向异性确定及其构造意义

古流向的确定是重建沉积物来源及沉积过程的有效方法,而磁化率各向异性作为古流向恢复的可靠信息载体在室内沉积实验和具体工作中已得到认可.本文对青藏高原西北缘柯克亚剖面晚新生代地层鸟恰群、阿图什组和西域组80块样品开展了磁组构研究,磁面理与磁线理图、磁化率各向异性度与磁化率椭球体形状因子图直观地说明研究对象均具有磁面理较磁线理发育的特点,代表了原生沉积组构特征.柯克亚剖面乌恰群、阿图什组和西域组的磁化率各向异性测量则恢复了三个时期的古流向.古流向在不同时期的变迁显示了重要的青藏高原西北缘的隆升信息.乌恰群与阿图什组、阿图什组与西域组之间的古流向的改变反映出西昆仑山北缘具有西早东晚的构造隆升过程.     

循化盆地中新世沉积物粘土矿物的特征及其古气候指示

为揭示循化盆地沉积物对古气候及青藏高原隆升过程的指示作用, 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)方法对循化盆地中新世沉积物中粘土矿物组成、微观形貌进行了深入研究.结果表明, 沉积物中粘土矿物以伊利石、蒙脱石为主, 绿泥石、高岭石和坡缕石含量较低; 粘土矿物相对含量及伊利石结晶度变化特征指示, 在23.1~21.2 Ma期间, 古气候以温暖潮湿为主; 21.2~14.3 Ma期间古气候以冷干为主, 出现短暂的相对暖湿时段; 14.3~10.6 Ma期间, 古气候以相对暖湿为主; 10.6~9.3 Ma时期, 气候以冷干为主; 9.3~5.2 Ma期间, 气候虽有冷干与暖湿波动, 但总体上以暖湿为主.在21.2 Ma和5.8 Ma时期发生的明显强降温事件, 可能与青藏高原的阶段性隆升有关.      

塔里木盆地南缘新生代沉积:对青藏高原北缘隆升和塔克拉玛干沙漠演化的指示

塔里木盆地南缘新生代沉积地层厚达万米以上。研究的叶城和阿尔塔什两个剖面分别厚4500m和7000m,基本代表了塔里木南部的新生代沉积。叶城剖面的底界年龄根据磁性地层测定约为8Ma。阿尔塔什剖面的底界年龄根据海相碳酸盐岩87Sr/86Sr的比值与全球Sr同位素曲线对比,约为30～35Ma。从岩性地层分析,剖面的下部为中新统乌恰群,主要由泥岩和粉砂岩组成,沉积相为低能环境的辫状河和曲流河。剖面的中部是上新统阿图什组,由红色泥岩、砂岩夹薄层砾岩以及埋藏风成黄土构成,沉积环境为冲-洪积扇的中远端。剖面的上部是上新统—下更新统西域组,由中粗砾岩夹块状粉砂岩透镜体(埋藏风成黄土)组成,主要是近源洪积扇沉积和风成沉积,以上地层层序可以进行很好的区域对比。塔里木盆地南缘新生代沉积由新近纪红层向上变化为逆粒序砾岩和碎屑流沉积,记录了青藏高原北缘隆升造成的沉积环境的变化,尤其是干旱化气候的阶段性演化。在约8Ma时,叶城和阿尔塔什两个剖面都发育了风成沙丘沉积。而在阿尔塔什剖面,沙丘沉积之下还发育了一套厚层的膏盐沉积,指示了塔里木盆地南缘在此前后已经相当干旱,只是仅凭这些证据还难以判断沙漠发育的规模。而上新世—更新世阿图什组和西域组中发育的埋藏风成黄土沉积,则指示了塔克拉玛干沙漠在此时已经发育到了相当规模,极度干旱的气候条件(可能类似于现在)已经形成。     

青藏高原新生代以来气候环境演化的粘土矿物学特征

为探究青藏高原的气候环境演化, 对青藏高原不同部位的盆地沉积物的粘土矿物特征进行深入系统的研究.结果表明, 古新世阶段—始新世阶段时期, 青藏高原古气候以行星风系居主导地位, 青藏高原北部以温暖和季节性干旱为特征.柴达木地区在~36 Ma的降温事件则明显早于全球降温事件(~34 Ma)近2 Ma.在渐新世(34~23 Ma)期间, 古气候以干旱炎热为特征, 但气温相对要低于始新世.在中新世—上新世(23.0~2.6 Ma)期间, 青藏高原北缘的柴达木、循化盆地均在~21.5 Ma发生气候变冷事件, 而8~7 Ma的气候变化事件遍及整个青藏高原.在藏南的吉隆盆地、青藏高原西北部的叶城盆地, ~1.8 Ma之前的盆地沉积物中仍然有相当高含量的蒙脱石, 说明这些地区在~1.8 Ma之前, 虽然总体上气候变冷、变干, 但仍然处于一种相对湿润的气候环境.      

青藏高原昆仑山垭口盆地晚上新世以来沉积物磁化率与气候变化

通过对青藏高原昆仑山垭口盆地磁化率、频率磁化率环境重要参考指标的分析,并与黄土—古土壤和深海δ18O记录的气候变化进行对比,结合剖面的岩性特征和年代序列以及前人所获得的粒度和孢粉资料,揭示了3.6Ma～0.5Ma期间昆仑山垭口盆地气候变化经历了6个不同的阶段:3.6Ma～2.48Ma气候相对冷干,2.48Ma～2.14Ma气候偏凉湿,2.14Ma～2.07Ma气候相对冷干,2.07Ma～1.16Ma气候总体相对较湿润(其间有数次冷干波动),1.16Ma～0.78Ma气候偏冷干以及0.78Ma～0.5Ma气候向冷湿发展。     

青藏高原东北缘早渐新世—早中新世干旱化的粘土矿物学证据——以兰州盆地为例

为揭示青藏高原东北缘早渐新世—早中新世气候环境演化及干旱化事件,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微分析(SEM)等现代测试技术,对甘肃兰州盆地早渐新世—早中新世沉积物中粘土矿物的微观形貌、相对含量、V(Ill+Chl)/V(Sme)比值等参数进行了系统研究。结果表明,早渐新世—早中新世沉积物中粘土矿物主要有伊利石、绿泥石、蒙脱石以及少量的伊-蒙混层粘土矿物,指示该时间段气候总体以干旱为特征,局部出现相对温暖潮湿的气候。根据粘土矿物相对含量及V(Ill+Chl)/V(Sme)比值变化特征将兰州地区早渐新世—早中新世的气候环境演化划分为以下4个阶段:(Ⅰ)31.5~28.8 Ma相对温干偏湿的气候阶段;(Ⅱ)28.8~26.2 Ma相对冷干的气候阶段;(Ⅲ)26.2~22.1 Ma相对温暖潮湿的气候阶段;(Ⅳ)22.1~16.5 Ma相对温干偏湿的气候阶段。扫描电子显微分析表明,在相对温暖潮湿的时期,粘土矿物溶蚀较明显;在相对干旱的时期,粘土矿物表现显著的物理风化特征。以上粘土矿物学特征所揭示的阶段性干旱可能与青藏高原的阶段性隆升相对应。     

新疆其木干剖面新近纪沉积序列与西昆仑隆升的耦合

位于西昆仑山前塔西南地区的其木干剖面发育连续完整的新近纪地层,总厚1831.3m.从古近系—新近系的微角度不整合接触界面向上依次出现中新统乌恰群的克孜洛依组、安居安组和帕卡布拉克组,上新统的阿图什组和西域组底部.其木干剖面克孜洛依组至阿图什组整体为1个二级层序,可划分为9个三级层序.通过细致分析沉积相与层序发育特征,揭...     

浙江长兴煤山下三叠统和龙山组、南陵湖组沉积地球化学特征与古环境意义

对全球二叠系-三叠系界线层型剖面--中国浙江长兴煤山D剖面和龙山组、南陵湖组47件样品的地球化学特征(常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素)的系统分析表明,和龙山组的w(MgO)/w(CaO)及w(SiO2)、w(Al2O3)、w(K2O)等变化不大,稀土元素和微量元素丰度自下而上的变化趋势基本一致,反映其形成时的气候条件变化不大,气候主要从潮湿向略干旱转变,但其中也具有多个微小的变化旋回,反映每个小旋回的环境变化较小;从南陵湖组底部开始,w(MgO)/w(CaO)变化明显,形成的岩石中w(SiO2)、w(Al2O3)、w(K2O)急剧下降,岩石的稀土元素和微量元素总量也下降,反映南陵湖期海平面持续下降,沉积水体变浅,物源区较近,气候的变化比较大,总体向干旱转变.     

西藏南部吉隆盆地晚中新世-早更新世介形类群落研究

本文在西藏南部吉隆盆地新生代沉积中获得丰富的介形类化石,根据介形类动物群在地层剖面上的分布规律,建立了8个介形类群落,自下而上为:Leucocytherella trinoda-Ilyocypris群落;Ilyocypris pentanada-Leucocytherella hyalina群落;Candoniella zadaensis-Leucocytherella群落;Eucypris subgyrongensis-Candoniella zadaensis群落;Leucocytherella-Cadoniella zadaensis群落;Leucocythere mirabilis-Leucocytherella hyalina群落;Leucocythere mirabilis-Leucocytherella glabra群落和Leucocythere mirabilis-Leucocytherella trinoda群落。通过对介形类群落进行详细的特征分析,并结合磁性地层年代学数据,将吉隆盆地7.2～1.67Ma的古气候划分为5个期次:①7.2～6.7Ma为暖湿期;②6.7～5.8Ma为凉湿期;③5.8～3.6Ma为暖湿期;④3.6～2.6Ma为凉湿期;⑤2.6～1.67Ma为冷干期。将研究区的7.2Ma以来的气候演化特征与全球气候演变对比认为:吉隆盆地7.2～5.8Ma间的气候以暖湿为主,可能与来自印度的东南季风加强有关;5.8～3.6Ma间吉隆盆地古气候分析显示为相对暖湿期,可能与来自印度洋的东南季风再次加强有关;3.6Ma后,由于是受全球气候变冷、冬季风加强及青藏高原强烈隆升的影响,吉隆盆地气候向更寒冷干旱的环境转变。     

陕西蓝田段家坡黄土剖面地球化学元素特征及古气候效应分析

地球化学元素在剖面上的变化能够反映当时沉积时期的古气候环境。通过对陕西蓝田段家坡剖面的24件样品进行系统分析,段家坡剖面中各元素含量存在一个明显的变化点。0.57~0.37 Ma的元素含量波动较大,0.37 Ma以来的各元素含量变化较小,反映出不同时期的古气候变化趋势不同。0.57~0.37 Ma的黄土剖面总体上反映了冷暖间或的古气候特征,0.37~0.13 Ma的黄土剖面总体上反映了温暖湿润的古气候环境,0.13 Ma以来至马兰黄土沉积结束时期(10ka BP)的气候变得较为干冷。这一变化规律与深海氧同位素、古植被、古气候的变化规律具有较好的一致性,并且符合米兰科维奇旋回的变化规律。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。