甘肃灵台新近纪红粘土磁组构特征的沉积学意义

对第四纪典型风成马兰黄土、受成壤作用影响较大的第五层古土壤、新近纪红粘土、埋藏化石的红粘土围岩层的磁组构分析表明:新近纪红粘土的磁组构参数P、F值界于马兰黄土—第五层古土壤与经流水改造的化石围岩之间,L均值与风成黄土相当, Q均值接近于水成红粘土化石围岩,而在事件性沉积方面又类似于风成马兰黄土、第五层古土壤;磁组构参数F-L、P-Q组合图位于马兰黄土—第五层古土壤与经流水改造的化石围岩过渡带。反映红粘土沉积物既具有风成原地堆积物的磁组构参数特征,又有经历了后期流水改造的化石围岩的特点,是风成原地堆积与风动力搬运而来的母质颗粒经后期流水改造共同作用的产物。     

巫山黄土的磁组构特征及成因

为了探讨\"巫山黄土\"的成因类型, 对新近发现的\"巫山黄土\"进行了磁组构测试和磁化率主轴特征分析, 并与长江现代沉积物以及长江中游一带分布的风积黄土和\"砂山\"的磁组构特征进行了对比.结果表明: (1)\"巫山黄土\"的κ、P、F、L、E值与风积黄土和\"砂山\"接近, 却明显低于长江现代沉积物的相应值; (2)在磁组构参数F-L关系图上, \"巫山黄土\"的数据点多集中于坐标原点附近, 与长江中游一带风积黄土和\"砂山\"的特征也类似, 均指示了沉积动力相对比较弱的沉积环境.而长江现代河流沉积物的数据点却主要分布于F轴附近, 反映长江现代河流沉积物的F较L发育; (3)\"巫山黄土\"的磁化率最大主轴特点也与长江中游风积黄土和\"砂山\"的接近, 偏角的方向比较分散, 长轴的倾角为36°~38°, 短轴的倾角为37°~39°, 而长江现代河流沉积物的磁化率最大主轴偏角的方向比较稳定, 并且长轴的倾角一般小于10°, 短轴的倾角大于80°; (4)\"巫山黄土\"样品的T值介于-1~1之间, 而长江现代河流沉积物的T值却主要以大于1为主.综合看来, \"巫山黄土\"的磁组构特征与长江中游一带的风积黄土和\"砂山\"接近, 指示了其风积成因的特点.      

喀喇昆仑断裂带磁组构特征及其构造意义

本文讨论了喀喇昆仑断裂带的磁组组构特征。磁化率几何平均值随岩石所含矿物不同而有很大改变,校正磁各向异性度ＰＪ在变形强弱不同的岩石中有较大区别。大多数磁化率椭球体有良好的磁面理和最短轴方位,表现出强烈的压扁型应变型式;最短轴方位被视为最大主应力方向,在工作区呈ＮＥ－Ｓ工有低至中等大小的倾角,由于喀喇昆仑断裂走向ＮＮＷ＝ＳＳＥ,表明其走滑运动为右旋,在不同地区断裂两盘则有不同的垂向差异运动。同位素测年     

辽河盆地新生代岩石磁组构特征及其地质意义

针对不定向的岩芯样品,笔者利用了岩石的古地磁测试结果,通过旋转变换,恢复了样品的原始磁化率方位.磁组构测试结果显示辽河盆地新生代岩石变形微弱,岩石以压扁变形为主.多种筛选分析结果揭示出辽河盆地在沙三、沙二沙一与东营期所受的区域应力方向分别为:NE-SW(40°~50°)、NWW-SEE(100°~120°)和NE-SW(60°~70°).     

黄河源地区磁组构特征及其地质意义

黄河源区位于青藏高原东北部,区内主要为三叠系沉积地层,发育一系列由北向南的推覆构造带,间有早期近直立的韧性剪切带。笔者对黄河源地区巴颜喀拉山群沉积岩进行了磁组构分析,结果显示岩石磁化率各向异性度P值和磁化率百分率各向异性度H值均不大,反映该地区总体韧性变形较弱,较强韧性变形仅发育于局部地段;岩石磁组构具有磁面理发育、磁线理不发育、磁化率椭球呈压扁形椭球体的特点,反映在挤压应力作用下,岩石发生了压扁变形,主应力方位主要为NNE-SSW(近SN)向,其次为NE-SW向。根据岩石磁组构分析认为黄河源地区存在两条韧性剪切带,韧性剪切带与现今湖泊水体的展布有一定的耦合关系;北部韧性剪切带沿现今黄河河谷分布,控制着扎陵湖、鄂陵湖和玛多\"四姐妹湖\"的展布;南部韧性剪切带沿岗纳格玛错—野牛沟一线展布,控制着岗纳格玛错和尕拉拉错等残余湖泊的分布。     

柴达木盆地西部新生界磁组构特征及其构造意义

柴达木盆地西部狮子沟一带新生代沉积岩磁组构分析结果显示, 岩石磁组构具有磁面理发育、磁线理不发育、磁化率量值椭球呈压扁状的特点; 磁化率各向异性度P值不大, 反映总体构造变形相对较弱。岩石磁组构反映的应力状态总体为以NE向挤压为主, 与轴向NW的背斜构造发育相一致。该区岩石磁组构大多具有原始沉积磁组构特征, 磁面理产状大体上反映沉积岩层的层理, 同时也记录了受NE向挤压作用的痕迹。根据岩石磁组构与地层层理之间的关系分析, 柴西地区两翼不对称的狮子沟背斜具有断展褶皱性质, 其形成与下部的花土沟逆冲断层向南西方向的仰冲有关。      

红色粘土型金矿成因矿物学特征

红色粘土型金矿是表生湿热气候条件下含金基岩经不彻底的红土化作用而形成的一种新类型金矿床。以云南上芒岗、贵州老万场和湖北蛇屋山金矿为例 ,对红色粘土型金矿的成因矿物学特征进行了研究。结果表明 ,表生成因的高岭石 +伊利石 +针铁矿 +自然金组合可作为该类型金矿的标型矿物组合 ;高岭石的 ( 0 0 1 ) X射线衍射峰半高宽可作为标型特征反映介质的酸性程度和硅、铝的饱和程度 ,进而指示金的富集部位 ;针铁矿中的铝置换率可反映红土化程度和粘土中的含水量 ,进而指示古潜水面的位置 ;金的粒度、形态和赋存状态可反映金的迁移富集程度和富集机制。     

崔召花岗岩岩体的磁组构特征及其构造侵位意义

侵入岩体的磁组构形成于岩浆运移侵位、固化的过程中,必然保留了岩体的构造侵位过程的信息.以玲珑复式花岗岩岩基南部的崔召岩体为例,对岩体磁组构的详细研究,可以揭示岩浆运移,就位和变形等一系列特征.崔召岩体的磁线理不发育,反映岩体侵位速度慢,岩体边部磁面理比内部发育,并且岩体边缘磁各向异性度P值明显大于岩体内部,磁线理倾角小,反映岩体侵位过程中侧向挤压作用比较强烈,具有类似于气球膨胀作用的侵位机制.并且此磁组构特征再没有受到后期构造热事件的影响.     

山东长山列岛黄土沉积磁组构特征及意义

本文对长山列岛的砣矾岛离石黄土和马兰黄土,及其以北大钛岛和以南南长山岛的马兰黄土等的沉积磁组构作了对比和分析,证明研究区离石黄土不是纯风尘沉积,至少本文所研究的剖面段不是风尘沉积,而是洪坡积,其沉积物质可能主要是当地红土风化壳物质被流水搬运来的;马兰黄土虽是风尘沉积,但物源与我国内陆黄土有明显区别,前者主要是低海面时期被风从附近搬运来的。     

The soils on the calcareous sand dunes southeast of South Australia

 The properties of soils on previously dated sand dunes from Robe to Naracoorte in South Australia were examined. In these areas younger sand dunes are composed of fresh sand, but older sand dunes are composed of calcarenited sand. The soils on the sand dunes developed successionally by the age of sand dunes. The soil properties of these sand dunes differ depending on the ages of the sand dunes. The properties of sand particles in soils are as follows: (1) On the sand dunes of 4300 years B.P., A/C profile developed (Rendzina). On the sand dunes older than 125 000 years B.P. and on the plateau of Tertiary limestone, soil profiles of A₁/AB/B/C on the sand dunes of 83 000 years B.P. and A₁/A₃/B₁/B₂/C (Terra rossa) are well developed. (2) Within the sand of A/C horizons of the sand dunes with the age of 4300 year B.P., the calcite grain content is about 64%, and the quartz content is about 35%. Within the B horizons of soils on the dunes from 83 000 years B.P. to 347 000 years B.P., the calcite grain content is only 1–2%; however, the quartz grain content is about 92%. In the B₂ horizons of soils on the dune of 690 000 years B.P. and on the Tertiary plateau, there are some calcite grains but the quartz grain content is about 96%. (3) The average size of quartz grains in the soils on the sand dunes from 4300 B.P. to 347 000 years B.P. is generally smaller, but the average size of quartz on the sand dunes of 690 000 year B.P. becomes larger and the grains are well rounded. On the Tertiary limestone plateau, the average quartz size becomes again smaller, and the grains are more rounded. (4) Fe_t in B₂ horizon of the soil profiles increases clearly corresponding to the age. Iron activity expressed by Fe_o/Fe_d also shows a close relation to the chronological sequence. The B horizon of the soil profiles shows a drastic decrease of Fe_o/Fe_d according to the age. Iron crystalinity, (Fe_d-Fe_o)/Fe_t, has a tendency for a positive relation with increasing age. Received: 1 June 1995 · Accepted: 4 December 1995     

云贵高原碳酸盐岩风化壳的古地磁定年探讨

云贵高原乃至中国残积型红土及红土性风化壳的形成年代是一个长期以来悬而未决的问题.本文以云贵高原厚度分别为9.47m和5.4m的两个碳酸盐岩风化剖面为例,探讨了古地磁方法在碳酸盐岩风化剖面定年中的应用.古地磁定年结果初步表明,其发育时间在布容正极性世内,即两个风化壳剖面的发育年龄不会大于0.78Ma B.P..此外,对古地磁方法应用于碳酸盐岩风化剖面定年中可能存在的问题进行了讨论,其中包括风化壳的成因、风化过程中的体积变化、母岩的岩石磁性、磁性载体矿物及其记录磁信号的稳定性等问题.     

Trace elements in ferromanganese concretions,gibbsite spots,and the surrounding terra rossa overlying dolomite: Their mobilization,redistribution and fractionation

The mobilization, redistribution and fractionation of trace elements during chemical weathering processes have been investigated on a 4.05 m thick terra rossa profile overlying dolomite on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, in Southwest China. In this in situ weathering profile, the ferromanganese concretions and the gibbsite spots coexist in the terra rossa saprolite. The mass-balance evaluation reveals that titanium, Nb and Hf in the terra rossa matrix are conservative elements during chemical weathering compared to Zr. The elements of Li, Sc, V, Cr, Fe, Ga, As, Mo, Cs, Ce, Ta, Tl, Pb and Th in the terra rossa matrix include additions from external sources. Beryllium, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Rb, Ba and La are depleted in the shallow parts of the terra rossa profile and enriched in the deep parts. The elements of Zn, Sr, Y, Cd, Sn and U in the terra rossa profile are lost during weathering. Compared to the terra rossa matrix, the ferromanganese concretions are significantly enriched in most trace elements, especially Mn, Co, Cd, Ce, Tl and Pb. In contrast, the gibbsite spots are depleted in all trace elements, except for U. The results regarding specific inter-element relationships indicate that most trace elements have different inter-element relationships in the ferromanganese concretions, the gibbsite spots and the terra rossa matrix. This suggests that the behavior of many trace elements during mobilization and redistribution differs from their behavior during incorporation into secondary mineral phases, especially the Mn and Fe oxides and/or oxyhydroxides in the ferromanganese concretions. It is worthy to note that the fractionation between Ce and Mn occurs under intensive chemical weathering conditions. Correspondingly, beryllium exhibits a similar geochemical behavior as that of rare earth elements (except for Ce) and Y during surface weathering.     

塔里木盆地玉北地区蓬莱坝组白云岩类型及成因

塔里木盆地玉北地区蓬莱坝组发育粉-细晶自形白云岩、中晶自形-半自形白云岩、粗晶自形-他形白云岩三种白云岩类型。粉-细晶白云岩具纹层状构造,稀土元素配分模式、总稀土含量与同期灰岩相似,氧同位素组成与同期海水成因的白云岩相近,表明白云岩化流体为同期海水,较高的盐度指数指示了相对浓缩的海水条件,较低的有序度值反应出快速的白云岩化过程,为准同生白云岩化的产物,白云石晶间均匀充填富Fe、富Si及高~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值的陆源物质,表明玉北地区在蓬莱坝组粉-细晶白云岩沉积期由于相对海平面较低从而受到陆源物质混入的影响。中晶白云岩和粗晶白云岩的稀土元素配分模式、总稀土含量、~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值等与同期海水特征相似,表明白云岩化流体为海水,可见残余颗粒结构,成岩温度较低,埋藏较浅,为埋藏的海水以及沿原始颗粒灰岩的粒间孔及可能存在的裂缝等通道向下运移的海水提供的Mg~(2+)导致的白云岩化,后期重结晶作用破坏了粗晶白云岩中的残余颗粒结构并导致其Fe、Mn含量及成岩温度、有序度值高于中晶白云岩,Sr含量及δ~(18)O值低于中晶白云岩。部分中-粗晶白云石边缘可见加大边,表明后期存在少量他源流体导致的次生加大作用。     

冀东太古代花岗质岩石成因组构研究

我国冀东地区广泛分布着太古代各种花岗质岩石(英云闪长质—奥长花岗质—花岗质片麻岩,及微斜长石花岗岩)。在这些花岗质岩石中见有各种成因组构:残余岩浆组构、聚集重结晶组构、交代一熔蚀组构、分凝—共结组构及塑变—碎裂组构。运用这些标志性组构不仅可以研究该区花岗质岩石的成因而且可以追溯这些花岗质岩石的形成演化历史。     

Magmatic graphite in dolomite carbonatite at Pogranichnoe,North Transbaikalia,Russia

A recently discovered dolomite carbonatite at Pogranichnoe, North Transbaikalia, Russia, dated at 624 ± 3 Ma, contains xenoliths of calcite-bearing dolomite carbonatite with graphite spherulites. Apatite and aegirine are the other rock-forming minerals. Chemically the carbonatites are ferrocarbonatite and ferruginous calciocarbonatite. The graphite forms <1 mm up to 1.5 mm diameter spherulites, with Raman spectra similar to published spectra of microcrystalline, amorphous carbon and disordered graphite, with G and D bands at 1,580−1,600 cm⁻¹ and at around 1,350 cm⁻¹. Alteration has formed Fe-bearing calcite to Ca-bearing siderite compositions not previously reported in nature around the graphite along cracks and fractures. Mineral and stable isotope geothermometers and melt inclusion measurements for the carbonatite all give temperatures of 700°–900°. It is concluded that the graphite precipitated from the ferrocarbonatite magma. There are three candidates to control the precipitation of graphite (a) a redox reaction with Fe^II in the magma, (b) potential presence of organics in the magma (c) seeding of, or dissolution in, the magma of graphite/diamond from the mantle, and further work is required to identify the most important mechanism(s). Graphite in carbonatite is rare, with no substantial published accounts since the 1960s but graphite at other localities seems also to have precipitated from carbonatite magma. The precipitation of reduced carbon from carbonatite provides further evidence that diamond formation in carbonate melts at high mantle pressures is feasible.     

塔里木盆地寒武-奥陶系白云岩结构构造类型及其形成机理

塔里木盆地寒武-奥陶系白云岩度大、分布广,是重要的油气储集层.根据岩石学研究并结合地球化学特征将其分为4类,其特点如下:(1)泥晶-粉晶白云岩,白云石晶体小、晶形差,有序度在4类中最低(0.73);Na、K、Sr含量在4类中最高;δ13C值及Z值较高,分别为-0.94‰、122.3;Fe、Mn含量较低;阴极发光为亮桔红色;常呈纹层状,具暴露及成化标志.这些特征表明其结晶较快,形成环境蒸发强烈、盐度较高、氧化性较强,是在萨布哈环境中由浓缩海水发生白云石化所形成.(2)藻纹层白云岩,白云石晶体小,晶形较好,有序度较高(0.85);藻纹层基本保留了其原始微细结构;Na、K、Sr含量较低:δC值在4类中最高,平均为-0.50‰;含有较多黄铁矿.这些特征说明其可能形成于成岩作用的稍早期阶段且其成因与藻类活动密切相关,成岩环境盐度较低,可能是在藻类作用下,由富藻层浓集的镁与残留海水在浅埋藏环境中共同作用所形成.(3)雾心亮边白云岩,白云石普遍具雾心亮边结构,雾心含少量包裹体及灰质残余,亮边则少见或无;阴极发光下,雾心发亮桔黄色光,亮边发光暗或不发光;局部见此类白云石;呈星散状分布于亮晶颗粒灰岩或泥晶灰岩中;白云石晶体较大,晶形较好.此类白云岩的δ13C及Z值在4类中最低,K、Na、Sr、Fe含量相对较低,Mn含量最高;有序度较高,均值为0.83.这些特征表明此类白云岩中白云石的雾心可能是在早期浅埋藏环境中,由富镁孔隙水交代周围灰质所形成;亮边则形成于埋藏较深的环境,其所需镁可能来源于粘土矿物的转化.(4)重结晶白云岩:白云石晶体粗大且污浊,接触紧密;局部见白云石晶体具环带结构,局部见颗粒幻影结构;阴极发光较暗;Fe含量在4类中最高,Mn含量较高;有序度最高,平均为0.95;包裹体均一温度平均为110.2℃.这些特征表明其可能是在还原性较强的深埋藏环境中,由早期形成的白云岩经较强的重结晶作用所形成.     

The origin of dolomite associated with salt diapirs in central Tunisia: Preliminary investigations of field relationships and geochemistry

Black and white dolomite crystals (mm to cm width) of different isotopic composition are associated with Triassic diapirism in central Tunisia, as well as with evaporite minerals and clays. The white dolomites occur mostly in the Jabal Hadifa diapir near the contact with Cretaceous limestones, whereas the smaller black dolomites occur in the Jabal Hamra diapir. The former dolomite has a narrow range of δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values (− 3.83‰ to − 6.60‰ VPDB for δ¹⁸O; − 2.11‰ to − 2.83‰ VPDB for δ¹³C), whereas the latter dolomite has a wider range and more depleted values (− 4.92‰ to − 9.97‰ for δ¹⁸O; − 0.55‰ to − 6.08‰ for δ¹³C). However, the ⁸⁷Sr / ⁸⁶Sr ratios of most of the samples are near Triassic seawater values. Dolomite formation is due to at least two different fluids. The main fluid originated from deeper hydrothermal or basinal sources related to the Triassic saliferous rocks and ascended through faults during the diapiric intrusion. The second, less important fluid source is related to meteoric water originating from Cretaceous rocks.     

四川盆地西部中二叠统白云岩/石的主要结构类型——兼论其与川东北上二叠统—三叠系白云岩/石的差异

白云岩/石的结构在白云岩成因研究中具有重要意义。四川盆地西部中二叠统栖霞组的白云岩具有与盆地东北部上二叠统长兴组-三叠系不同的结构:盆地西部中二叠统栖霞组除存在一部分斑状晶白云岩以外,总体上缺乏原始结构保存的白云岩,白云石具有特征的非平直晶面他形晶和鞍形晶,且晶体较大;盆地东北部上二叠统长兴组-三叠系非常发育原始结构保存的白云岩,结晶白云岩也以晶体较小的平直晶面自形晶-半自形晶为主。对碳酸盐岩中白云石含量的分布模式而言,盆地西部中二叠统栖霞组出现频率最高的是白云石含量40%~60%的过渡岩石类型,这是一种非经典的分布模式,而盆地东北部上二叠统长兴组-三叠系则缺乏这样的过渡岩石类型,出现频率最高的是白云石含量大于90%和小于10%的端元岩石类型,这是一种经典的分布模式。白云岩/石的结构特征的差异反映盆地西部中二叠统栖霞组白云岩较高的结晶温度、较低的流体Mg/Ca比值、较短的白云化作用持续时间和不彻底的回头白云化作用;盆地东北部上二叠统长兴组-三叠系则主要是相对低温的,高Mg/Ca比值海源流体的彻底白云化作用。     

山间盆地中白云岩含水介质溶质弥散特征研究——以黔东北某试验区为例

为了解污染物在寒武系白云岩中的弥散特征,本文以黔东北某场地为研究区,通过对试验场小尺度模型刻画,进行实地的弥散实验,解析弥散曲线求解弥散参数,总结山间盆地白云岩弥散特征。研究成果可为同类型环境水文地质条件场区工程建设及地下水污染防治提供借鉴,也为山间盆地区开展野外弥散试验提供示范。