辽西山地缺水地区储水构造的特征和供水示范工程的建立

为了缓解辽西山区缺水村镇居民的饮水疾苦,中国地质调查局从2004年开始在该区实施了地下水勘查与供水示范项目。依据项目的勘查数据、取水示范工程并结合前人已有的成果,重点探讨了示范区储水构造的类型、典型储水构造的水文地质特征和供水工程建设。     

滇中红层浅层地下水的特征和农村供水示范工程的建立

为了缓解滇中红层区村镇居民生活用水的困难,中国地质调查局在该区实施了地下水勘查与供水示范项目。依据项目的勘查数据、供水示范工程并结合前人已有的成果,重点探讨了示范区不同类型地下水的分布、赋存特点和多种类型钻井取水、多种供水模式供水的地下水开发利用方式。     

湖南省保靖县城供水水文地质条件及建井

湖南省湘西地区山高谷深、碳酸盐岩广布，干旱缺水问题十分突出，如何解决是个难点。在典型岩溶地区保靖县城附近开展勘查工作，查明了该地水文地质条件，找到了单井涌水量5000m^3／d的优质地下水，并建井2口，一举解决了保靖县城的现状供水问题。这项勘查成果不仅解决了当地的实际问题，而且对岩溶石山地区的水文地质研究、勘查和找水建井等奠定了基础。     

贵州省水文地质工作思考

贵州省特殊的岩溶地质环境导致了严重的工程性缺水、频繁的极端气候引起了大范围的干旱灾害,强烈的人为工程活动导致了突发性的水源干涸和污染、工业强省和城镇化带动战略实施对水资源提出了更高的要求。尽管近年省内地下水勘查和应急找水打井取得了较大的进展,但是岩溶山区农村饮水安全问题仍旧严重、城镇应急水源亟待建设、工业园区和城镇建设需要大量的水源支撑、供水水源污染的形势仍然严峻。虽然省内丰富的岩溶地下水资源可以成为地表水供水的重要补充,但目前地下水勘查程度、找水和开发关键技术的相关研究尚难以支撑地下水有效开发。本文通过对上述问题的分析,提出了未来一段时期水文地质工作的方向,可供未来我省地下水勘查、缺水区找水以及相关研究工作部署的借鉴。     

平安县洪水泉乡地下水分布规律及水文特征研究

以青海省平安县洪水泉乡地下水勘查为例,对该区域地下水赋存条件及分布规律、含水岩组划分及富水性、地下水补给、径流与排泄条件、地下水水化学特征进行研究,将区内地下水类型划分为第四系松散岩类孔隙水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水、碳酸岩夹碎屑岩裂隙溶隙水、基岩裂隙水和冻结层水五大类,富水性分级与区域地下水一致。根据区内水文地质条件,离基岩山区近的村庄可以采用引泉方式解决供水,而远离基岩山区的低山丘陵村庄人畜饮水集中供水水源可采用大口井廊道取水工程来解决。通过合理开发利用地下水来解决当地供水需求。     

甘肃山丹县水源地水文地质条件及地下水动态特征研究

山丹县位于河西走廊中段,随着县城建设及经济社会的快速发展,受地下水位埋深、含水层富水性、和水文地质条件的制约,县城现有城市水源地供水能力远不能满足城区现状和发展对水资源的需求,亟待勘查和建设新的供水水源。针对目前山丹县城区市政供水水源地供水难以满足城市现状与可持续发展要求的情况,运用水文地质测绘、地面物探、水文地质钻探及试验等工作手段,在掌握研究区水文地质的基础上,查明地下水的分布、埋藏规律、补径排条件、水位动态及水化学特征。为最终选择适宜地点建设集中供水水源地提供有力理论依据,也是为山丹县城现状及后续发展提供地下水资源支撑。     

新时代北京地下水可持续发展工作探究

新中国成立后,系统的水文地质工作为首都社会经济发展提供了基础资源保障,但进入高质量发展的新时代后,如何满足新发展理念需求,成为当下面临的重要任务.回顾70年来北京水文地质普查、供水勘查、地下水资源环境调查评价、动态监测等成果,分析地下水位下降、地面沉降、地下水质超标等环境地质问题,以及未来可能的供水安全隐患和基础水文地质工作程度与新时代发展要求的差距,结合北京具体情况,提出未来几年实现地下水可持续发展的工作思路,以及建设地下水资源保障工程;构建地下水环境保护预警体系;开展地下水对生态环境保护支撑研究;创新和提升基础水文地质工作;推进新技术、新方法、新设备应用和研制;推动复杂条件地下水模拟模型;构建地下水资源空间信息系统等建议.     

云南岩溶石山区物探找水方法与实例分析

西南地区水资源短缺严重威胁到当地人民群众生活用水,也制约了本地区的经济发展。如何针对西南缺水地区水文地质特点,合理选择地球物理勘探综合技术方法寻找地下水,提高地下水勘查效率,是水文地质工作面临的十分重要问题。本文介绍了电导率成像系统和高密度电阻率法的基本原理、技术特点和适用范围,结合云南岩溶山区地下水勘查的应用实例,进行对比分析,圈定了含水岩溶带,确定了井位,有效解决了当地供水问题,说明了方法的有效性。提出西南地区地下水勘查建议,为今后的地下水资源利用工作提供借鉴。     

工程地质勘察中水文地质危害与防治探讨

工程地质勘查是施工的前提和基础,水文地质问题是地质勘查的重要内容,水文地质的稳定性直接影响到岩土工程的稳定性。本文在阐述分析地下水位下降、地下水位上升对岩土工程的危害的基础上,提出建立健全管理制度、加强地下水监测、引进新技术新设备、合理开采地下水等水文地质灾害的防治措施,避免水文地质灾害对工程的危害。     

基于地下水开发的岩溶地下水系统类型划分方案探讨

岩溶山区多年的地下水开发利用实践证明,传统的岩溶地下水系统划分不利于指导岩溶山区勘查找水和地下水资源的开发。为了更好地指导岩溶山区地下水资源的勘查和开发,文章从有利指导岩溶山区地下水勘查和开发利用的角度,在继承传统划分方法的基础上,提出了一种新的以地下水的赋存条件、富集条件,以及开发条件三个层次组合的地下水系统综合划分方法:根据岩溶地下水系统与供水目标在空间上的关系划分为“高位”和“低位”两种类型,根据控制地下水富集的水文地质结构划分为“开放”和“封闭”两个亚类,根据地下水的水动力和排泄特点划分为集中（地下河、岩溶泉）和分散排泄三类系统,并给出了“高位”型地下水系统开发成本低、“封闭型”地下水系统资源丰富,“封闭型地下水系统”是缺水区勘查找水的主要目标,合理的岩溶水系统的开发利用应按照“高位封闭型”、“高位开放型”、“低位封闭型”的顺序进行规划部署,“低位开放型”地下水系统则因富水性差、开发利用成本高可作为储备水源地的建议。      

Impacts of river recharge on groundwater level and hydrochemistry in the lower reaches of Heihe River Watershed, northwestern China

Water resources have been overexploited for agricultural irrigation and industrial production in the upper and middle reaches of the Heihe River, northwestern China. Due to inadequate water resources management, the runoff entering into the lower reaches has been continuously reduced in recent years. The Heihe River is the primary recharge source for the groundwater of the lower reaches, so the decrease in runoff has caused the groundwater level to decline. As a result, a series of ecological and environmental problems has now appeared in the lower reaches, including river-flow interruptions, drying up of associated lakes, degeneration of vegetative cover and so on. In view of these issues, the National Water Diversion Project was put into practice in July 2000. It has significantly increased the quantity and frequency of flows entering into the lower reaches of the Heihe River, and has recharged the groundwater and improved the water quality to some degree along the length of the river. The water deliveries have had obvious influences on the groundwater in the lower reaches. The groundwater level increase and groundwater quality improvement have been of great benefit in restoring the ecological environment that was destroyed in past years.     

Review: Safe and sustainable groundwater supply in China

Exploitation of groundwater has greatly increased since the 1970s to meet the increased water demand due to fast economic development in China. Correspondingly, the regional groundwater level has declined substantially in many areas of China. Water sources are scarce in northern and northwestern China, and the anthropogenic pollution of groundwater has worsened the situation. Groundwater containing high concentrations of geogenic arsenic, fluoride, iodine, and salinity is widely distributed across China, which has negatively affected safe supply of water for drinking and other purposes. In addition to anthropogenic contamination, the interactions between surface water and groundwater, including seawater intrusion, have caused deterioration of groundwater quality. The ecosystem and geo-environment have been severely affected by the depletion of groundwater resources. Land subsidence due to excessive groundwater withdrawal has been observed in more than 50 cities in China, with a maximum accumulated subsidence of 2–3 m. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems are being degraded due to changes in the water table or poor groundwater quality. This paper reviews these changes in China, which have occurred under the impact of rapid economic development. The effects of economic growth on groundwater systems should be monitored, understood and predicted to better protect and manage groundwater resources for the future.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000752

A series of environmentalegeological problems have been caused by over-exploitation of deep groundwater (i.e., confined aquifer water) in the North China Plain. In order to better understand the status of deep groundwater over-exploitation and the resultant environmentalegeological problems on a regional scale, the over-exploitation of groundwater has been assessed by way of the groundwater exploitation potential coefficient (i.e., the ratio of exploitable amount of deep groundwater to current exploitation), cumulative land subsidence, and long-term average lowering rate of the groundwater table. There is a good correlation among the results calculated by the different methods. On a regional scale, deep groundwater has been over-exploited and there is no further exploitation potential under the current conditions. The groundwater exploitation degree index takes the exploitation in 2003 as the reference for the calculations, so the results mainly reflect the degree of current groundwater exploitation. The results of over-exploitation of deep groundwater obtained by land subsidence data and long-term average rate of depression of the water table mainly reflect environmentalegeological problems caused by exploitation of deep groundwater.     

~(15)N Isotope Used for Study of Groundwater Nitrogen Pollution in Shijiazhuang City, China

Shijiazhuang City is the capital of Hebei province, China. Groundwater is the major water supply source for living and industry need of the city. Due to a rapid increase of population and development of industry and agriculture, a series of groundwater environmental problems are created. In the paper, the situation of groundwater pollution in Shijiazhuang city is reported. Based on the groundwater chemical data and ~(15)N measurement results both on groundwater and soils, the reason of groundwater nitrate pollution is studied.     

中国北方岩溶水系统划分与系统特征

中国北方岩溶水以相对独立单元进行循环, 构成一系列规模不等的岩溶水系统。本文重点阐述两方面的内容: 第一从基本概念出发, 划分出119个岩溶水系统, 这些系统以高度开放, 环境质量脆弱, 发育规模大, 资源要素构成多、各要素间转化关系复杂, “水煤共存”为特点; 第二从岩溶水系统地质结构与岩溶水流场的叠置关系出发, 将119个系统归结为5种系统模式, 各种模式在分布与发育规模, 岩溶地下水循环、富集, 岩溶地下水流场形态和主要岩溶水文地质环境问题等方面具有鲜明的特征。     

华北平原地下水演化及预测

华北平原近４０年来大规模地下水开采已导致一系列严重的环境问题,不利于当地经济可持续发展。本文根据地下水演化主要取决于自然因素和人类活动本着抓主要矛盾且易于操作的原理,主要研究降雨及开采地下水这一对主要供需预矛盾,利用水均衡方法并结合数理统计方法,建立地下水演化模型并预测该区主要地区和城市的水资源盈亏情况,为该区地下水合理开发利用及环境保护提供科学依据。     

Responses of groundwater system to water development in northern China

The increased demands on water resources in northern China have had a significant impact on groundwater systems in the last three to four decades, including reductions in groundwater recharge capacity and overall water quality. These changes limit the potential for groundwater uses in this area. This paper discusses the issues surrounding groundwater system use in the eight basins of northern China as water resources have been developed. The results demonstrate that the recharge zone has shifted from the piedmont to the agricultural area, and that the total recharge rate in the basins tended to decrease. This decrease in arid inland basins was mainly caused by both the excessive use of water in the watershed area and irrigated channel anti-seepage. In semi-arid basins, the decrease observed in the groundwater recharge rate is related to an overall reduction in precipitation and increasing river impoundment. In addition, intensive exploitation of groundwater resources has resulted in disturbances to the groundwater flow regime in arid and semi-arid inland basins. Arid inland basins demonstrated fast falling groundwater levels in the piedmont plains resulting in declines of spring flow rates and movement of spring sites to lower locations. In the semi-arid basins, i.e. the North China Plain and the Song-nen Plain, groundwater depression cones developed and intersected regional groundwater flow. The semi-arid basins of the North China Plain and the Song-nen Plain have experienced significant hydrochemical evolution of groundwater characterized by changing water type including increase of TDS and pollutants.     

Application of the “Accurate Control Groundwater Resources” Theory in Containment of Groundwater Resource Exhaustion Trend

The continued sustainable economic development of china depends in part, to the scientific management of China’s precious groundwater resources in the coming years. Groundwater resource scarcity is a common underlying problem across China, in addition, the large-scale groundwater exploitation for human consumption over recent decades has resulted in a series of environmental geological problems. As a result of these problems, the national economics in china have been seriously affected. In order to prevent groundwater resource exhaustion and environmental geology deterioration, “accurate control of groundwater resources (ACGR)” theory and its support system were established in this article, and the related prevention measures of the ACGR theory, such as accurate irrigation, accurate supply water, and accurate subsidies, were proposed. This paper highlights the ACGR theory as an efficient and essential way to achieve the sustainable groundwater resource management, which can be applied to countries such as China.     

中国冻土地下水研究现状与进展综述

冻土地下水系统不仅在寒区水文循环中扮演着重要的角色,同时也在寒区水文过程和地表过程及其科学研究中起到了集蓄、融冻和泄流等至关重要的作用。近几十年随着全球气候变暖及人类活动（寒区工程量）的增加,冻土退化趋势显著,这一过程改变了寒区的水文地质条件,导致地下水动态特征发生显著变化,从而引起一系列的生态环境变化。近些年,诸多学者通过构建水热耦合模型来研究冻土地下水的运动机理、分布状况和季节动态,促进了寒区地下水理论知识的发展,推动了寒区水文地质知识体系的进步。本文主要针对目前我国多年冻土区地下水的研究现状进行了分析、整理、归纳,为进一步研究气候变化下地下水系统的发展与演变,以及对生态环境的影响提供参考依据。     

西部缺水地区地下水勘查物探技术方法优化研究

西部地区水资源短缺严重制约了本地区的经济发展。如何针对西部缺水地区水文地质特点，合理选择地球物理勘探综合技术方法寻找地下水，提高地下水勘查效率，是水文地质工作面临的十分重要问题。本文针对西部缺水地区浅层孔隙水、浅层岩溶裂隙水、深层孔隙水、深层岩溶裂隙水的四种主要类型，探讨其优化的物探技术方法。