辽宁永宁地区含金刚石闪长质岩石显微特征及金刚石来源探讨

辽宁永宁地区发育一套闪长质火山岩，该岩石中曾选获金刚石及其指示矿物，因此成为辽宁省金刚石第Ⅳ成矿带。通过对该岩石矿物组成及其显微结构构造特征研究，表明：(1)闪长质岩石中的斑晶斜长石具有环带结构；(2)橄榄石及金云母具有多世代性，且目估橄榄石+金云母含量在10%以上，局部更为富集；(3)出现“橄榄石+金云母+石榴石”与“斜长石+辉石+角闪石”不平衡的矿物组合；(4)发现橄榄石有碎斑结构和金伯利岩角砾。初步认为，永宁地区的闪长质岩浆在上升过程中捕获了早先已形成的金伯利岩并与之发生熔融混合作用，金刚石来自于深部的金伯利岩。这一认识对该地区寻找金刚石原生矿具有启示意义。     

金伯利岩:地球深部探测的重要探针

金伯利岩是一种偏碱性的超基性岩,来源于地幔深部,富含挥发份和钾质,属于火成岩类,金伯利岩中主要含有镁铝榴石、金刚石、橄榄石、铬铁矿、铬透辉石、镁钛铁矿,锆石、碳硅石等造岩矿物.同时金伯利岩也被认为是含金刚石最主要的岩石.本文通过文献调研方法,野外现场表明金伯利岩中含有深源包裹体;全球金伯利岩主要分布在俄罗斯、博茨瓦纳、加拿大、安哥拉、南非、刚果民主和纳米比亚;中国金伯利岩主要分布在华北地台,在山东、辽宁、吉林、山西、河南和新疆等地.这些金伯利岩常常与深大断裂甚至地幔深部地质作用关系密切,常出现标志性矿物橄榄石、石榴石、高铬磁铁矿,伴有烃类或氢气.但含金刚石金伯利岩主要沿郯庐断裂带分布,如辽宁瓦房店、山东蒙阴等地.从时代上看,以往认为的早古生代的金伯利岩,更可能都是在早期形成于华北地台之岩石圈底部,而在中生代白垩纪时期才在大规模岩石圈拆沉的地质背景下的以快速上升的,尤其是那些含金刚石的金伯利岩岩管更是快速上升的典型代表,其标型矿物是镁铝榴石、高铬磁铁矿、钙钛矿等.国内辽宁瓦房店含金刚石金伯利岩产于郯庐断裂带东侧,有着与同期金伯利岩相同的岩石矿物学特征,其中的以50号岩管为代表的金刚石矿床是我国重要的战略矿产.金伯利岩及其中的金刚石带来众多直接的深部地幔信息,中国瓦房店、蒙阴一带的金刚石来自上地幔,而一些含硼蓝色金刚石则来自下地幔,不同层圈的金刚石携带不同的标志矿物,以橄榄石为例:来自上地幔金刚石携带的橄榄石为橄榄石;过渡带金刚石携带的主要为瓦兹利石和林伍德石;下地幔的金刚石则为布里奇曼石,它们是深部探测的重要探针.     

华北克拉通金伯利岩型金刚石矿床含矿性判别

金伯利岩型金刚石原生矿床含矿性评价是了解金刚石成矿规律和指导区域性找矿的重要依据。华北克拉通是我国重要的金刚石成矿远景区,目前已发现了两个重要的含金刚石金伯利岩岩区（山东蒙阴和辽宁瓦房店）。近年来,对岩区内不同品位金刚石典型矿床的研究表明金伯利岩中的金刚石品位取决于以下两个重要的地质过程：金伯利岩岩浆对金刚石的捕获作用和金伯利岩岩浆对金刚石的熔蚀作用。在华北克拉通下方存在一个金刚石稳定区,温度为950~1200 ℃,压力为4. 4~6. 1 GPa。山东蒙阴和辽宁瓦房店金伯利岩岩浆在上升过程中穿过该区域并捕获其中的金刚石,成为含矿岩浆;而铁岭和鹤县等金伯利岩岩浆在上升过程中不穿过该区域,成为不含矿岩浆。在穿过金刚石稳定区时,富矿的金伯利岩捕获了更多的金刚石以及金刚石的伴生指示矿物（如镁铝榴石,镁铬铁矿）;而贫矿的金伯利岩则相对捕获了少量的金刚石和指示矿物。这些指示矿物往往参加了金刚石的形成过程,有些作为缓冲剂控制了反应（岩浆或熔体）的氧化还原状态,有些则作为反应物或者生成物参与到反应中。部分指示矿物（如镁铝榴石）还进一步地记录了金刚石形成后金伯利岩岩浆对金刚石的交代作用。金伯利岩岩浆温度（T）,氧逸度（fO2）和挥发份(H2O和CO2)均会对金刚石的熔蚀作用产生影响,其中氧逸度作用最大,温度次之,而挥发份作用最弱。在华北克拉通,金伯利岩中指示矿物（镁铝榴石、镁铬铁矿）和金伯利岩岩浆特征（温度,氧逸度和挥发份）共同组成了金伯利岩型金刚石原生矿的评价指标。     

新疆巴楚瓦吉尔塔格“金伯利岩”岩石矿物特征及与某些相关地区对比

新疆瓦吉尔塔格“金伯利岩”是一种特殊类型的岩石,与国外已知典型的金伯利岩有所不同。岩石的角砾成分以异源角砾为主,有岩屑,亦有晶屑,岩球构造不发育,岩石中橄榄石卵斑不多见,两个世代斑晶区分不明显,矿物组台除以橄榄石、金云母为主外,尚有相当数量单斜辉石和普通角闪石,但可能是捕晶成因;副矿物镁铝榴石,尤其是含铬高的镁铝榴石缺乏;岩石化学成分投点在金伯利岩区间,但 MgO,K_2O 均偏低,部分样品 K_2O相似文献   

鲁西蒙阴地区含金刚石金伯利岩的岩浆侵入序列及成矿模式

鲁西蒙阴地区是我国金刚石原生矿重要产地之一,其含金刚石金伯利岩命名为常马庄单元。本文对该区金伯利岩地质特征进行了梳理,按岩石命名原则对该地区含金刚石金伯利岩不同岩石类型进行了重新划分和命名,共划分了细斑微粒金伯利玢岩类、粗斑细微粒金伯利玢岩类和含碎屑细斑或中细斑微粒金伯利玢岩类3个岩石类型和13个亚类型,同时首次从早至晚划分了细斑微粒金伯利玢岩类→含围岩角砾中细斑微粒金伯利玢岩类→粗斑细微粒金伯利玢岩类的侵入序列。通过对前人研究资料的综合分析并结合野外实地考察认为:以前套用南非金伯利岩型金刚石原生矿中心式火山喷发型成矿模式作为蒙阴地区含金刚石金伯利岩的成矿模式不符合该区实际地质特征。提出了该区金刚石金伯利岩新的成矿模式为中心式—裂隙式复合潜火山隐爆岩浆序次侵入充填型岩浆侵入角砾岩筒及其伴生的岩脉、岩床模型。     

中国金伯利岩中的单斜辉石

本文对我国金伯利岩中,作为巨晶、粗晶、基质相矿物、与镁铝榴石和钛铁矿的连生体、深源岩石包体矿物及金刚石中包体矿物产出的单斜辉石的粒度、形态、颜色及蚀变壳、矿物种属、化学成分特征、端员组分、红外光谱等进行了研究。并与玄武岩中的巨晶及其深源岩石包体矿物、钾镁煌斑岩和云煌岩中的单斜辉石作了对比。研究了单斜辉石和镁铝榴石共生对。探讨了金伯利岩中单斜辉石的成因,形成的温、压条件及所反映出的金伯利岩体形成的构造环境,指出了该矿物在找寻金刚石矿工作中的指示标志。     

共生于同一金刚石中的超镁铁岩与榴辉岩矿物包裹体

辽南５０号金伯利管金刚石的包裹体类型一直被认为是以超镁铁岩组合为主。最近，在同一岩管中发现颗金刚石中有两种组合类型矿物共生：橄榄石，为超镁铁岩型；石榴石，绿辉石，为榴辉岩型组合。化学成分分析还表明，同一矿物的不同颗粒化学成分没有明显变化。     

江苏徐州西村金伯利岩管地质特征及其找矿意义

西村岩管是在苏北地区发现的第一个金伯利岩管,颠覆了苏北地区无金伯利岩的历史。从岩石学、地球化学和伴生矿物等方面分析了西村岩管的地质特征,并进一步探讨其金刚石找矿意义。从区域背景和金刚石形成条件看,西村地区具备了金伯利岩侵位和金刚石矿形成的基本地质条件,而西村岩管为金刚石矿就位提供了母岩条件;西村金伯利岩与山东、辽宁金伯利岩具有相似的地球化学特征,是幔源岩浆低程度部分熔融的产物,且在岩浆上升过程中普遍遭受了壳源物质的混染,后期碳酸盐化现象普遍发育;其相容元素含量与山东金伯利角砾岩相似,均为典型的金伯利岩型配分模式,稀土元素表现为轻、重稀土元素强烈分馏的特征;伴生指示矿物主要为榴辉岩型含铬镁铝榴石、富铬透辉石和富镁铬尖晶石,其特征均表现出含矿金伯利岩的特点。     

蒙阴金伯利岩中橄榄石的含水性研究及其意义

<正>橄榄石是金伯利岩中最为重要的组成矿物之一,也是金刚石的共生矿物之一。金伯利岩中的橄榄石斑晶/捕虏晶的红外光谱图中具有复杂多样的OH吸收峰,这反映了它们的幔源化学组成、最终平衡条件以及来源的差异性。由此看来,这似乎暗示着,利用橄榄石的OH红外光谱特征,可有效用于判断金伯利岩的金刚石含矿性等。作为一种探索性实验,笔者测量了山东蒙阴金伯利岩中的38粒橄榄石样品,旨在寻找金伯利岩中橄榄石的     

辽宁瓦房店金刚石矿床50号岩管地质特征及找矿预测

以辽宁瓦房店金刚石矿床50号岩管为例,系统分析了该矿床的地质特征。通过对斑状富金云母金伯利岩、含围岩角砾斑状金伯利岩和金伯利凝灰角砾岩进行岩石地球化学分析发现: 碳酸盐化金伯利凝灰角砾岩超基性成分较少,滑石化、蛇纹石化及碳酸盐化混合金伯利凝灰角砾岩超基性成分较多; 铬、镍、钛在金伯利凝灰角砾岩中的含量较低,在含围岩角砾斑状金云母金伯利岩中的含量略高,在斑状富金云母金伯利岩和斑状金伯利岩中的含量最高。该矿床主要为含围岩角砾斑状金伯利岩和斑状富金云母金伯利岩,其次为金伯利凝灰角砾岩、含围岩角砾斑状金云母金伯利岩和含金伯利物质角砾岩。含铬镁铝榴石、铬铁矿和碳硅石是金刚石的伴生矿物。水平方向上,金伯利岩含矿品位西部较富,东部较贫; 垂直方向上,金伯利岩含矿品位变化较小。通过三维建模,推测50号岩管不是根部相,而是受EW向推覆构造作用影响发生的断层错位,在其东侧600 m深处存在50-1号金伯利岩体。     

Neoproterozoic ‘anomalous’ kimberlites of Guaniamo, Venezuela: Mica kimberlites of ‘isotopic transitional’ type

In Venezuela, kimberlites have so far only been found in the Guaniamo region, where they occur as high diamond grade sheets in massive to steeply foliated Paleoproterozoic granitoid rocks. The emplacement age of the Guaniamo kimberlites is 712±6 Ma, i.e., Neoproterozoic. The Guaniamo kimberlites contain a high abundance of mantle minerals, with greater than 30% olivine macrocrysts. The principal kimberlite indicator minerals found are pyrope garnet and chromian spinel, with the overwhelming majority of the garnets being of the peridotite association. Chrome-diopside is rare, and picroilmenite is uncommon. Chemically, the Guaniamo kimberlites are characterized by high MgO contents, with low Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ contents and higher than average FeO and K₂O contents. These rocks have above average Ni, Cr, Co, Th, Nb, Ta, Sr and LREE concentrations and very low P, Y and, particularly, Zr and Hf contents. The Nb/Zr ratio is very distinctive and is similar to that of the Aries, Australia kimberlite. The Guaniamo kimberlites are similar in petrography, mineralogy and mantle mineral content to ilmenite-free Group 2 mica kimberlites of South Africa. The Nd-Sr isotopic characteristics of Guaniamo kimberlites are distinct from both kimberlite Group 1 and Group 2, being more similar to transitional type kimberlites, and in particular to diamondiferous kimberlites of the Arkhangelsk Diamond Province, Russia. The Guaniamo kimberlites form part of a compositional spectrum between other standard kimberlite reference groups. They formed from metasomatised subcontinental lithospheric mantle and it is likely that subduction of oceanic crust was the source of this metasomatised material, and also of the eclogitic component, which is dominant in Guaniamo diamonds.     

辽宁瓦房店金刚石矿田金伯利岩侵位机制分析

辽宁省瓦房店金刚石矿田位于华北陆块辽东新元古代- 古生代坳陷带。区内各时代地层均有出露,其中新元古界出露面积最大。区内断裂构造发育,较大的有北北东向的金州断裂,已发现的金伯利岩体基本上分布在该断裂以西。矿田内金刚石矿均为金伯利岩型,已发现100多个金伯利岩体,划分成4条矿带,已提交4个大型原生金刚石矿床和3个近源小型金刚石砂矿床,资源量占全国的一半以上,是我国重要的金刚石矿集区,其中50号金伯利岩管因其出产的金刚石质量优越而在宝石界享有盛誉。但本区的金伯利岩绝大部分是20世纪70年代、80年代发现的,为了更好地开展金刚石勘查工作,对本区金伯利岩的成矿条件和控矿因素进行了研究,金伯利岩体的平面分布位置表明,瓦房店地区的金伯利岩体成群、成带分布,既有岩管也有岩脉,以岩脉为主,岩管约占20%左右,岩体大小不等、形态各异,钻孔控制的岩管、岩脉大多具有向下延伸突然中断的特征,钻孔中见到的金伯利岩显示,很多金伯利岩管底界平直或具有多个水平标高上出现平移错动的现象,典型岩管、岩脉与等轴或近等轴状构造盆地的关系密切。通过对区内金伯利体岩空间分布特征、岩体形态特征进行分析,并探讨了本区金伯利岩的侵位过程和就位机制后认为,瓦房店地区的金伯利岩在侵位的浅成阶段,由于岩浆携带大量挥发分,在上升通道不顺畅的地段使上覆地层隆起,当挥发分泄漏掉以后隆起的地层塌陷形成浅碟子状的构造盆地,挥发分泄漏的通道就是金伯利岩体的产出位置,也有部分岩浆沿次级断裂运移固结成岩;由于被晚期推覆构造改造,使岩管、岩脉出现水平错动,造成了钻孔中所见的平底岩管或岩脉向下延伸不大的现象,这一认识为合理部署勘查工作提供了新的思路。     

Geology of the Victor Kimberlite, Attawapiskat, Northern Ontario, Canada: cross-cutting and nested craters

The pipe shapes, infill and emplacement processes of the Attawapiskat kimberlites, including Victor, contrast with most of the southern African kimberlite pipes. The Attawapiskat kimberlite pipes are formed by an overall two-stage process of (1) pipe excavation without the development of a diatreme (sensu stricto) and (2) subsequent pipe infilling. The Victor kimberlite comprises two adjacent but separate pipes, Victor South and Victor North. The pipes are infilled with two contrasting textural types of kimberlite: pyroclastic and hypabyssal-like kimberlite. Victor South and much of Victor North are composed of pyroclastic spinel carbonate kimberlites, the main features of which are similar: clast-supported, discrete macrocrystal and phenocrystal olivine grains, pyroclastic juvenile lapilli, mantle-derived xenocrysts and minor country rock xenoliths are set in serpentine and carbonate matrices. These partly bedded, juvenile lapilli-bearing olivine tuffs appear to have been formed by subaerial fire-fountaining airfall processes.

The Victor South pipe has a simple bowl-like shape that flares from just below the basal sandstone of the sediments that overlie the basement. The sandstone is a known aquifer, suggesting that the crater excavation process was possibly phreatomagmatic. In contrast, the pipe shape and internal geology of Victor North are more complex. The northwestern part of the pipe is dominated by dark competent rocks, which resemble fresh hypabyssal kimberlite, but have unusual textures and are closely associated with pyroclastic juvenile lapilli tuffs and country rock breccias±volcaniclastic kimberlite. Current evidence suggests that the hypabyssal-like kimberlite is, in fact, not intrusive and that the northwestern part of Victor North represents an early-formed crater infilled with contrasting extrusive kimberlites and associated breccias. The remaining, main part of Victor North consists of two macroscopically similar, but petrographically distinct, pyroclastic kimberlites that have contrasting macrodiamond sample grades. The juvenile lapilli of each pyroclastic kimberlite can be distinguished only microscopically. The nature and relative modal proportion of primary olivine phenocrysts in the juvenile lapilli are different, indicating that they derive from different magma pulses, or phases of kimberlite, and thus represent separate eruptions. The initial excavation of a crater cross-cutting the earlier northwestern crater was followed by emplacement of phase (i), a low-grade olivine phenocryst-rich pyroclastic kimberlite, and the subsequent eruption of phase (ii), a high-grade olivine phenocryst-poor pyroclastic kimberlite, as two separate vents nested within the original phase (i) crater. The second eruption was accompanied by the formation of an intermediate mixed zone with moderate grade. Thus, the final pyroclastic pipe infill of the main part of the Victor North pipe appears to consist of at least three geological/macrodiamond grade zones.

In conclusion, the Victor kimberlite was formed by several eruptive events resulting in adjacent and cross-cutting craters that were infilled with either pyroclastic kimberlite or hypabyssal-like kimberlite, which is now interpreted to be of probable extrusive origin. Within the pyroclastic kimberlites of Victor North, there are two nested vents, a feature seldom documented in kimberlites elsewhere. This study highlights the meaningful role of kimberlite petrography in the evaluation of diamond deposits and provides further insight into kimberlite emplacement and volcanism.     

Olivine: a monitor of magma evolutionary paths in kimberlites and olivine melilitites

Petrographic and chemical criteria indicate that the overwhelming majority of olivines in kimberlites are probably cognate phenocrysts. The implied low volume of xenocryst olivines requires that primitive kimberlite magmas are highly ultrabasic liquids. Two chemically distinctive olivine populations are present in all of the kimberlites studied. The dominant olivine population, which includes large rounded olivines and smaller euhedral crystals, is Mg-rich relative to late-stage rim compositions. It is characterized by a range in 100 Mg/(Mg + Fe) and uniform Ni concentration, reflecting Rayleigh-type crystallization during magma evolution. The most Mg-rich of these olivines are considered to be similiar to those in the mantle source rocks. The second compositional population, generally very subordinate, though markedly more abundant in the megacrystrich Monastery kimberlite, is Fe-rich relative to rim compositions. This group of olivines crystallized from evolved liquids in equilibrium with iron-rich megacrysts, both entrained by the kimberlite magma during ascent. Differences between the chemical fields of Fe-rich olivines in Group I and Group II kimberlites point to relatively deeper derivation of the latter suite. Olivine chemistry can be used to characterize kimberlite magma sub-types, and may prove to be a useful tool for evaluating the diamond potential of kimberlites.     

New data on kimberlite magmatism in southwestern Angola

First data on the geologic and geochemical compositions of kimberlites from nine kimberlite pipes of southwestern Angola are presented. In the north of the study area, there are the Chikolongo and Chicuatite kimberlite pipes; in the south, a bunch of four Galange pipes (I–IV); and in the central part, the Ochinjau, Palue, and Viniaty pipes. By geochemical parameters, these rocks are referred to as classical kimberlites: They bear mantle inclusions of ultrabasites, eclogites, various barophilic minerals (including ones of diamond facies), and diamonds. The kimberlite pipes are composed of petrographically diverse rocks: tuffstones, tuff breccias, kimberlite breccias, autolithic kimberlite breccias, and massive porphyritic kimberlites. In mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical compositions the studied kimberlites are most similar to group I kimberlites of South Africa and Fe-Ti-kimberlites of the Arkhangel’sk diamondiferous province. Comparison of the mineralogical compositions of kimberlites from southwestern Angola showed that the portion of mantle (including diamondiferous) material of depth facies in kimberlite pipes regularly increases in the S-N direction. The northern diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes are localized in large destructive zones of NE strike, and the central and southern diamond-free pipes, in faults of N-S strike.     

中国东部原生金刚石矿床成因与找矿

中国的原生金刚石矿床首先发现于山东省和辽宁省,它是规模不大而稀少的矿床类型。中国原生金刚石矿床只产于地台区,沿着郯庐断裂分布,主要矿田呈北北东—南南西向有规律的排列。金伯利岩是一种复式的混杂岩,它侵入的地区伴随有地幔的隆起或穹隆构造。侵入作用是多次的,来自深部喷发作用的金伯利岩是极少。金刚石是从岩浆中结晶沉淀的。“兰地”,“黄地”等风化产物,地球化学、磁异常、重矿物源等有助于指导找矿。     

Fast kimberlite ascent rates estimated from hydrogen diffusion profiles in xenolithic mantle olivines from southern Africa

Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) analyses of olivines from peridotite xenoliths found in southern African kimberlites indicate 0 to 80 ppm H₂O concentrations. OH absorbance profiles across olivine grains show homogeneous H contents from core to edge for most samples. In one sample the olivines are H-free, while another has olivines characterized by lower H contents at the grain edges compared to the cores, indicating H loss during transport of the xenolith to the surface. Flat or near-flat H profiles place severe constraints on the duration of H loss from olivine grains, with implications for kimberlite magma ascent rates. Diffusion equations were used to estimate times of H loss of about 4 h for the sample with heterogeneous olivine H contents. Resulting kimberlite ascent rates are calculated to be 5-37 m s⁻¹ minimum, although these estimates are highly dependent on volatile contents and degassing behavior of the host kimberlite magma. Xenolithic olivines from alkali basalts generally have lower H contents and more pronounced H diffusion profiles than do those from kimberlites. This difference is likely caused by higher magma temperatures and lower ascent rates of alkali basalts compared to kimberlites.     

A model for the origin of ilmenite in kimberlite and diamond: implications for the genesis of the discrete nodule (megacryst) suite

Mineralogical and chemical relationships indicate that the majority of ilmenites recovered from Group I kimberlites crystallized directly from the kimberlite magma in two contrasting P-T regimes: Ilmenites of the discrete nodule association formed in pegmatitic veins and apophyses surrounding the kimberlite magma at depth. Compositional ranges of the discrete nodule assemblage reflect essentially isobaric crystallization across the thermal aureole about the magma reservoir. Early crystallization of high pressure Cr-rich phases (garnet, clinopyroxene and possibly spinel) could result in later forming megacryst ilmenites being Cr-poor. During ascent of the kimberlite magma (essentially identical to the liquid injected into the pegmatitic veins), crystallization of garnet and clinopyroxene would be inhibited as a result of the expansion of the olivine phase field. The magma would not undergo Crdepletion, with the result that later crystallizing (ground-mass) ilmenites would be Cr-rich relative to associated ilmenite megacrysts.Rare ilmenite inclusions in diamonds show chemical affinities with those of the discrete nodule suite. It is proposed that large Type IIa diamonds may be late-crystallizing members of the discrete nodule assemblage. They are in other words related to the kimberlite event itself, and would represent a third diamond paragenesis, distinctly younger than those related to peridotites and eclogites.The mode of formation of rare MARID suite and metasomatized mantle xenoliths is not clearly understood, although mineralogical and chemical evidence point to a direct or indirect link to the host kimberlite.