软硬交互地层中扩孔钻具组合的创新应用

软硬交互地层是水平定向钻穿越施工中经常遇到的一种地层情况,在该地层中进行多级别大口径扩孔作业极易产生扩孔台阶。本文结合实际工程介绍了一种扩孔钻具组合的创新应用以成功应对这种扩孔台阶的产生,并通过理论计算验证该扩孔钻具组合对原有钻柱的受力情况的影响。     

介绍一种锥形合金扩孔钻头

在中硬以上岩层中,用普通合金钻头扩孔,存在如下缺点:①容易崩刃;②合金片磨损快,难于保持孔径.因而扩孔效率很低,又大量消耗钻头.原因是:合金片镶在钻头底部同一平面上,由于钻具的振动,合金片受力不均,且受冲击;合金片数量少,每颗合金片受力较大.针对这一情况,我队锡山分队在实际生产中设计了一种锥度为1∶20的锥形合金扩孔     

科学深钻扩孔钻头及钻进技术研究

阐述了科学深钻扩孔钻进的必要性,重点探讨了科学深钻的扩孔钻进工艺技术及其所用扩孔钻头、钻具的选型及结构设计,并提出了超万米深孔科学钻探扩孔钻进的工艺及钻头、钻具的设计。     

顾桥矿顶板定向长钻孔爬升段施工工艺试验

为解决顾桥矿顶板大直径高位定向钻孔爬升段成孔难度大的问题,先后进行了注浆加固钻孔、异型钻具组合透孔和大级差钻具组合扩孔等成孔工艺方法试验。根据现场施工情况,采用大级差钻具组合工艺成功施工了14个孔深500 m以上煤层顶板高位定向长钻孔。结果表明,大级差扩孔工艺可以有效解决爬升段穿越复杂地层成孔难题。指出了大级差扩孔工艺施工注意事项,形成了一套具有推广价值的相关工艺方法。      

动力头式钻机钻进过程中钻塔塔腿受力的分析

分析了动力头式钻机之钻塔在钻进过程中，所受回转钻具的反扭矩与给进架给进力而造成的翻转力矩作用下的受力情况。     

不需起拔套管的孔内扩径钻具设计

针对下套管护壁后,下部地层出现新的缩颈、垮塌问题,设计了一种不需起拔套管的孔内扩径钻具。描述了该扩径钻具的结构和工作机理,其扩孔尺寸可通过调节滑心滑块的尺寸来改变;导出了冲洗液量与金刚石切削块上的钻压之间的理论公式,为选择合理的扩孔钻进规程提供了一种参考依据。野外应用表明,该扩径钻具能够满足现场扩孔要求,减轻工人劳动强度,提高钻进时效。      

液压伸缩扩孔钻具的改进

在复杂地层中进行跟管钻进和施工大吨位预应力锚固孔,都需要采用一种能够自动伸缩的扩孔钻具。《地质与勘探》曾在1986年第8期封底上介绍了一种液压伸缩扩孔钻具,引起了笔者和许多工程钻探工作者的注意。这种钻具的工作原理是利用水泵的冲洗液挤压活塞,压迫弹簧,推动活塞杆、推盘、刀杆共同下行,通过铰链机构变活塞的轴向移动为刀杆的径向位移,完成扩孔工     

螺杆钻具转子表面磨损规律研究

转子是螺杆钻具的核心部件,与定子相配合,决定了螺杆钻具的工作效率和动力性能。主要研究不同泥浆固相含量和添加剂对螺杆钻具转子表面磨损的影响,并设计了专用试验装置以模拟近井下条件工作时螺杆钻具转子的表面磨损情况,对其磨损规律开展研究,探索了转子在不同泥浆条件下的磨损规律,并结合相关磨损机理进行了进一步分析。初步发现了对硬铬镀层损伤较大的因素是泥浆固相与盐类添加剂,进而确定了硬铬镀层磨损的主要形式是腐蚀磨损,从而形成了对转子的制造工艺及使用方法的有益建议。     

新型集土式扩底钻具的研制与试验应用

针对现有机械式扩底钻具在旋挖钻进施工过程中存在扩孔与取土、清孔分离、工序复杂、孔内沉渣难以清理干净、施工效率低等问题,研制了新型集土式扩底钻具。重点介绍了扩底桩设计理论,集土扩底钻具结构设计,关键零部件有限元数值分析和优化改进,以及样机试制和现场试验。试验结果表明：新型集土式扩底钻具集扩孔、集土功能于一体,减少了工艺步骤,提高了工作效率,满足了旋挖钻进扩底桩的施工需求。     

预应力锚索孔内扩孔工艺的研究

预应力锚索技术是进行滑坡治理、边坡锚固等地质灾害治理中的常用技术,传统锚索内锚头自由地搁置在内锚固段孔内,在无预应力状态下进行内锚固段注浆;而自承载式预应力锚索在有预应力的状态下注浆,有利于充分发挥浆体材料及岩体的力学性能。对于中硬以下碎裂岩层,采取在锚固段进行扩孔,在扩孔段安装自承载式锚索承载体,承载体扩体后,利用孔壁的摩擦力和扩孔段端部的承载力进行初张拉锁定。因此,研究了一种适用于中硬以下岩层（抗压强度＜30 MPa）且适合使用空气潜孔锤钻进工艺的扩孔钻具和钻孔工艺,通过进行扩孔钻进室内试验,结果表明,该扩孔钻具和工艺能够实现在锚固段进行分段扩孔。     

基于Drucker-Prager准则的扩孔器单齿正交切削岩土三维力学模型

扩孔器是定向穿越扩孔钻进阶段进行岩土切削的主要工具,合理的结构设计是提高扩孔时效、降低工程复杂问题出现几率的主要手段,且由于扩孔阶段是决定定向穿越工程工期的最主要阶段,因此,对扩孔器切削齿的切削效率进行深入研究是非常必要的。从单齿正交切削岩土的机制入手,综合考虑岩土与切削齿面之间的接触摩擦及岩土剪切区的剪切作用,分析了单齿正交切削岩土的力学特征,基于能够考虑中间主应力对岩土破坏影响的Drucker-Prager强度准则,推导了单齿正交切削岩土的主切削力与主切削力矩计算公式;在利用有限元计算程序对所推导公式进行验证的基础上,优选了剪切角计算模型,获得了不同岩土材料时的主切削力解析解,并分析了不同齿前角对主切削力的影响规律,从而获得单齿正交切削岩土的最优齿前角,为进一步研究扩孔器整体结构设计并针对不同岩土介质设计出适应性更强的扩孔器结构奠定基础。     

扩孔器结构设计探讨

扩孔是水平定向钻进铺管的重要工序。对大直径管道铺设,扩孔施工所需的时间和经费,常常会占到全部工程的绝大部分比例,成为最重要、也是最主要的施工工作。扩孔器的性能直接影响施工的效率、效益与安全。在研究扩孔器的功能与结构关系基础上,提出：大、小直径相异的工作空间,决定扩孔器的总体结构应当以导向一切削一扶正三段式为佳;环状台阶式的破碎工作面,决定其切削段结构应以最小切削量设计布置切削具;水路设计的流体运动方向,应向着钻机一侧的孔口;为使碎屑尽快排出切削面,应以保证高速流动为原则。对常见的软土及松散地层扩孔,建议采用带挤压护壁功能的新型扩孔器。     

三维极限平衡理论及其在块体稳定分析中的应用

岩体与土体失稳的滑稳面形状大多具有三维特征，用二维极限平衡理论难以得到与实际相应的分析结果。通过将滑动块体离散为一系列柱体，对每一条柱体，分析作用于条柱上的作用力和力矩平衡条件，提出块体稳定分析的三维极限平衡分析方法。该方法不需要对滑裂面作形状的假定，运用迭代解法，可以方便地求出可能滑动块体稳定系数。应用三维极限平衡分析方法对某电站坝基深层滑动块体的稳定性进行了分析，得到了一些有益的结论。     

Elastic analysis of laterally loaded pile in multi-layered soil

An analysis is developed to determine the response of laterally loaded piles in layered elastic media. The differential equations governing pile deflections in different layers due to a concentrated static force and/or moment acting at the pile head are obtained using the principle of minimum potential energy and calculus of variations. The differential equations are solved analytically using the method of initial parameters. Pile deflection, slope of the deformed axis of the pile, bending moment and shear force can be reliably obtained by this method for the entire pile length. The input parameters needed for the analysis are the pile geometry and the elastic constants of the soil and pile. It is observed that soil layering has a definite impact on pile response and must be taken into account for proper analysis and design. The analysis forms the basis for future formulations that can consider stress–strain nonlinearity.     

基于GIS的边坡稳定性计算方法研究

结合GIS（地理信息系统）的空间分析能力和滑动面正应力分布假定模型,建立了基于栅格单元的三维边坡极限平衡模型,提出了基于GIS的边坡稳定性计算方法。该方法首先建立了基于栅格柱体单元的三维边坡稳定性分析模型,给出了模型参数在GIS中的空间表达式;其次,在极限平衡条件下,推导出滑体在GIS中的3个力平衡方程式和1个力矩平衡方程式,形成了用于求解三维安全系数的方程组;最后,基于摩尔-库仑强度准则,以及滑动面正应力分布的假定,求解三维安全系数。同时利用COM（组件对象模型）技术开发出一个基于GIS的三维边坡稳定性分析扩展模块,该模块可实现复杂的算法计算以及多种组合荷载下的稳定性计算,并通过算例验证了该模块的正确性和便利性。     

Interpreting the behavior of laterally loaded drilled shaft from measured deflection data

The drilled shafts have been widely used to support lateral loads (active load case) or as a means to stabilize an unstable slope (passive load case) due to their large lateral load resistance and structural capacity for shear and bending moments. However, there is a need to develop an analytical procedure that can use the actual measured deflection data of a drilled shaft subject to either active or passive load case to interpret the soil‐drilled shaft interaction behavior. The mathematical formulation and the accompanied numerical procedure based on the principle of superposition were developed in this paper to allow for deducing the relevant soil‐drilled shaft interaction behavior under the applied lateral load (i.e. net soil reaction force on the drilled shaft, the shear and bending moment in the shaft) from the measured deflection data. Both compatibility and force equilibrium conditions were utilized in formulating the mathematical equations for common single drilled shaft boundary conditions (free head and fixed bottom). The current application is limited to small deformation to meet the requirement that the drilled shaft responds in a linear elastic range. A total of three theoretical cases, along with two actual field cases, were used to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method and its engineering applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Response of Euler–Bernoulli beam on spatially random elastic soil

A new method is developed for analysis of flexible foundations (beams) on spatially random elastic soil. The elastic soil underneath the beams is treated as a continuum, characterized by spatially random Young’s modulus and constant Poisson’s ratio. The randomness of the soil Young’s modulus is modeled using a two-dimensional non-Gaussian, homogeneous random field. The beam geometry and Young’s modulus are assumed to be deterministic. The total potential energy of the beam-soil system is minimized, and the governing differential equations and boundary conditions describing the equilibrium configuration of the system are obtained using the variational principles of mechanics. The differential equations are solved using the finite element and finite difference methods to obtain the beam and soil displacements. Four different beam lengths, representing moderately short, moderately long and long beams are analyzed for beam deflection, differential settlement, bending moment and beam shear force. The statistics of the beam responses are investigated using Monte Carlo simulations for different beam-soil modulus ratios and for different variances and scales of fluctuations of the soil Young’s modulus. Suggestions regarding the use of the analysis in design are made. A novelty in the analysis is that the two-dimensional random heterogeneity of soil is taken into account without the use of traditional two-dimensional numerical methods, which makes the new approach computationally efficient.     

抗滑桩应变特征与内力非线性研究

为探究抗滑桩实际内力与变形间的规律,特别是桩土相互作用下桩体受力、变形、稳定性等特征,通过抗滑桩大型物理模型试验,结合MATLAB拟合推导实现从桩表面应变散点数据到桩身挠度分布的求解。对比同桩长不同加载条件与同加载条件不同桩长两种情况下桩表面应变、桩身弯矩、剪力及挠度,分析抗滑桩的应变特征与内力变化规律。研究表明:单调与循环加载条件下抗滑桩工作阶段划分为三阶段,即未开裂阶段、混凝土开裂-钢筋屈服阶段、钢筋屈服-桩体破坏阶段。未开裂阶段一、二级荷载下由于土的压密性桩体略微回弹,桩表面应变、桩身弯矩、受荷段剪力及挠度出现较小的负值（绝对值约为破坏时的1%）。混凝土开裂-钢筋屈服阶段应变、弯矩、剪力、挠度增速明显加快。钢筋屈服-桩体破坏阶段应变、弯矩、剪力、挠度呈非线性增长,桩体的破坏模式均为弯剪破坏。随着自由端长度的增加,破坏时应变、弯矩增大,而剪力减小,破坏时应变增长约10%,弯矩增长约3%,剪力减少约20%;相对于单调加载,循环加载下最大弯矩值和最大挠度均有增大,最大弯矩增长约2%,最大挠度增长约1%。     

The fundamental solution of poroelastic plate saturated by fluid and its applications

In this paper, the numerical model of the transverse vibrations of a thin poroelastic plate saturated by a fluid was proposed. Two coupled dynamic equations of equilibrium related to the plate deflection and the equivalent moment were established for an isotropic porous medium with uniform porosity. The fundamental solutions for a porous plate were derived both in the Laplace transform domain and in the time domain. A meshless method was developed and demonstrated in the Laplace transform domain for solving two coupled dynamic equations. Numerical examples demonstrated the accuracy of the method of the fundamental solutions and comparisons were made with analytical solutions. The proposed meshless method was shown to be simple to implement and gave satisfactory results for a poroelastic plate dynamic analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of laterally loaded piles with rectangular cross sections embedded in layered soil

An analysis is developed to determine the response of laterally loaded rectangular piles in layered elastic media. The differential equations governing the displacements of the pile–soil system are derived using variational principles. Closed‐form solutions of pile deflection, the slope of the deflected curve, the bending moment and the shear force profiles can be obtained by this method for the entire pile length. The input parameters needed for the analysis are the pile geometry and the elastic constants of the soil and pile. The new analysis allows insights into the lateral load response of square, rectangular and circular piles and how they compare. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.