侧向应力对裂隙渗透性的影响

目前不同试验者得出的侧向应力对裂隙渗透性影响的结果存在矛盾,其根本原因在于侧向应力对裂隙有多方面的影响。侧向应力引起裂隙开度增加、壁面磨损、充填物压缩。这些对裂隙渗透性有不同的影响。根据裂隙是否存充填物,建立了相应的三维应力对裂隙渗透性影响的表达式。当不存在充填物时,裂隙渗透性与侧向应力呈指数关系,当存在较多充填物时呈负指数关系。把两种情况写成统一的指数形式,认为裂隙存在少量充填或者裂隙壁面磨损时也是适合的。利用已有的试验成果对结果进行了验证,表明本文建立的表达式与试验结果符合得比较好。     

膨胀性泥岩应力-应变关系的试验研究

通过应变控制式固结不排水三轴试验,测定并分析了膨胀性泥岩的应力-应变关系以及强度变化特性,结果表明,膨胀性泥岩的应力-应变曲线呈应变软化型,泥岩中的裂隙结构面等是影响泥岩强度的重要因素,说明了膨胀性泥岩不同的破坏模式对应着不同的应力-应变曲线;还说明了峰值强度、残余强度以及残余强度比是随围压的变化而变化的;孔隙水压力变化分为3个阶段。通过控制不同的剪切速率的固结不排水三轴试验,研究和分析了应变率对应力-应变关系、强度变化特性以及孔隙水压力的变化     

基于断裂及高温损伤的岩石蠕变模型研究

为了反映热-力耦合作用下岩石蠕变变形的全过程,依据断裂力学原理提出了岩石裂纹扩展的临界损伤应力和一个新的可描述岩石在稳态蠕变阶段与临界损伤应力相关的非线性黏性分量,在传统西原模型和Burgers模型的基础上,将指数形式的损伤变量、临界损伤应力以及与其有关的非线性黏性分量引入到流变微分方程,通过叠加原理推导了考虑温度效应的单轴和三轴压缩条件下岩石的流变本构关系,建立了岩石的热-力耦合损伤蠕变本构模型。利用不同温度、不同应力条件下花岗岩的三轴蠕变试验曲线和本文蠕变模型的计算曲线进行比较,结果表明本文蠕变模型能够较好地模拟岩石在初始瞬态、稳态和加速蠕变阶段全过程的变形规律,验证了所建模型的有效性和合理性。该模型为分析高温、高应力环境下岩石工程的长期变形和稳定情况提供了理论依据。     

不同渗透力的类充填体力学特性及损伤软化本构模型研究

通过离心试验产生的渗透压力对试样进行模拟,开展单轴压缩力学试验来研究渗透力对充填体力学特性的影响,且对充填体试样的变形特性随渗透压力变化的规律进行讨论。研究结果表明,随着渗透力增大,试样应力-应变曲线压密阶段的区间先减小后增大,弹性阶段的区间缩小,屈服阶段不明显。试验过程从低渗透压力到高渗透压力,试样的破坏模式依次表现为拉伸破坏、剪切破坏,且产生的裂纹数目增多,形态趋于复杂。在力学试验的基础上,考虑到试样压密阶段的应力-应变关系,建立不同渗透力的充填体试样损伤软化本构模型。验证结果显示,理论曲线和试验曲线高度吻合,该本构模型适用于分析不同渗透力的充填体单轴压缩力学问题。该研究为超重力离心模拟和地下渗流试验开展提供参考。     

渗透压-应力耦合作用下泥岩三轴流变实验及其流变本构

渗透压与应力耦合作用下泥岩的流变实验及其本构研究, 对岩土工程长期稳定性分析具有重要的意义.采用岩石温度-应力-渗流耦合三轴流变仪, 对泥岩进行了渗透压-应力耦合作用下、干燥状态下两种状态的三轴流变试验, 并对两种状态下流变破坏后泥岩断口进行了电镜扫描.研究结果表明:(1) 渗透压-应力耦合作用下泥岩应变与时间关系实测曲线中应变曲线出现突变现象的次数明显高于干燥状态下泥岩的流变曲线, 说明渗透压对泥岩具有较强的损伤效应; (2) 因渗透压的作用, 致使渗透压-应力耦合下泥岩在轴向应变、环向应变和体积应变总量上远大于干燥态流变岩样的应变总量, 渗透压-应力耦合下泥岩发生流变破坏的应力荷载为干燥状态泥岩荷载的66.7%, 渗透压对岩石强度有明显的减弱影响; (3) 两种状态下流变破坏后泥岩断口进行电镜扫描后, 细观破裂特性对比发现, 在渗透压-应力耦合作用下, 岩石强度加速降低; (4) 对两种状态下泥岩试验成果的流变模型进行了预测, 采用所提出的改进的西原本构模型来描述泥岩的流变变形行为, 拟合结果显示:改进的西原本构模型能够较好地模拟两种状态下泥岩的全过程流变变形行为, 并获得了流变变形特征的本构模型参数值, 为渗透压-应力耦合下岩土体长期变形研究奠定了重要基础.      

压剪作用下裂隙扩展过程渗流与应力耦合模型研究

裂隙的剪胀特性及扩展演化规律对岩体的渗流特性具有重要影响。为揭示裂隙剪胀及扩展演化对岩体渗流的影响,基于残余强度提出了一种能较好描述岩石硬化-软化特性的全剪切本构关系;结合剪切变形与裂隙开度的关系,利用最小势能原理和立方定律,建立了压剪作用下考虑裂隙剪胀特性的渗流应力耦合模型;假定压剪作用下裂隙发生Ⅰ型扩展,提出了伴有翼型裂纹的渗流模型,该模型不仅考虑了岩石的剪胀特性,更反映了裂隙扩展过程渗流的演化规律。对不同裂隙粗糙度的剪切应力-位移曲线进行分析,全剪切本构模型表现出较高的拟合精度。在剪切应力-位移关系基础上,通过剪切渗流试验数据对压剪作用下渗流模型进行验证,结果表明,该模型能较好地描述岩体剪胀阶段渗透性演化规律。利用等效裂隙简化裂隙网络,并通过试验数据进行验证,证实了裂隙扩展过程渗流-应力耦合模型的准确性与适用性。     

岩石粘弹塑性模型的研究

根据岩石粘聚力在流变中的作用提出了新的流变机理,建立了新的一维粘弹塑性本构模型,推导了相应的一维蠕变本构关系和相应的一维松弛本构关系,并对蠕变实验结果进行了模拟,结果表明该模型能够反映岩石流变的全过程和模拟岩石蠕变中的第三蠕变,可以避免建模中的模型识别过程,反映岩石流变的机理,物理意义明确,适用范围广。实验证明该模型是合理的。     

裂隙岩体中弹性波传播特性试验及宏细观损伤本构模型研究

以不同加载方式下裂隙岩体中弹性波传播特性试验为基础,首先通过对比试验中弹性波波速、波幅与岩体宏观损伤的关系,给出了采用弹性波波幅来表征的裂隙岩体宏观损伤变量;其次利用统计强度理论定义了岩石的细观损伤变量,并基于连续损伤理论建立了宏、细观裂隙耦合的裂隙岩体损伤本构模型;最后结合试验数据对该模型进行了验证与分析。研究表明:完整岩体中细观裂隙的起裂和扩展对岩体中传播弹性波的波幅和波速的影响较小,而裂隙岩体中宏观裂隙的张开和闭合对弹性波波幅和波速的影响较大。裂隙岩体在外力作用下时,弹性波波速和波幅的变化规律类似,相较于弹性波波速,弹性波波幅对裂隙岩体宏观损伤的变化表现的更敏感,可用来定义裂隙岩体的宏观损伤变量。不同加载方式下裂隙岩体的损伤特性与宏、细观裂隙以及其所处的应力状态相关,基于宏、细观裂隙耦合的裂隙岩体损伤本构模型可以较好地反映不同加载方式下裂隙岩体的损伤力学特性。在三轴压缩试验中,宏观裂隙对岩体轴向压应力方向上损伤的影响主要体现在试验的中后期阶段,在三轴拉压试验中,宏观裂隙对岩体轴向拉应力方向上损伤的影响贯穿于试验全过程中。     

尾砂胶结充填体损伤模型及与岩体的匹配分析

分别对灰砂配比为1:4,1:8,1:10和1:12的4种尾砂胶结充填体进行了力学试验,得出了其应力-应变曲线。分析了不同配比充填体变形与破坏特征,用损伤力学建立了4种不同配比充填体损伤本构方程。经验算对比,所建立的损伤本构方程与试验结果吻合。尾砂胶结充填体损伤研究表明,不同配比的充填体表现出不同的损伤特性,充填体配比越低,达到峰值应力时的损伤值越小;峰值应力后,损伤增长越快,破坏过程越突然。根据岩体开挖释放能量与充填体蓄积应变能相近的原则,探讨了充填体与岩体的合理匹配。充填体与岩体的匹配系数与原岩应力、岩体弹性模量、充填体弹性模量及充填体损伤参数相关。为了便于工程实际应用,对充填体力学试验结果进行了回归分析,得出了充填体强度设计公式,并研究了深部矿床不同开采深度所要求的充填体强度。     

水下收缩裂隙天然实验研究中获得的新认识

通过青岛市唐岛湾沿岸7个实验工区的考察测试、实验分析、数据处理等,对现代泥质沉积物水下收缩裂隙的整体形成过程、定量分级、各参数间拟合关系、开裂规律以及充填物沉积模式等进行了详细研究,并且建立了相应的地质演化模型。裂隙整体形成过程分4个阶段,依次为:泥水混合物初始混浊阶段;沉积物压实稳定阶段;裂隙形成阶段以及裂隙充填阶段。裂隙形态定量分级可分别用横缝长、纵缝长、裂隙面积和基块面积等参数表示,共分4级。其中裂隙各参数之间的拟合关系以及开裂规律地质建模分析等,对于定量描述裂隙形态、结构、变化规律,预测区域性裂隙规模、判别区域沉积环境等具有重要意义。沙泥质地层裂隙开裂过程中的异常高压作用(形成机理与大地构造中的异常高压相似)以及裂隙分叉角度的统计分析(最多为90°,其次为120°)均属首次提出。其中异常高压作用对于初始裂隙的形成、沉积物粒间水的有效排出以及主要渗流通道的发育起到了重要作用。单一泥质地层裂隙内充填物沉积模式与沙泥互层的多旋回地层略有差异,主要表现为沙层的润滑作用以及对早期裂隙内充填物类型的影响。裂隙纵剖面中生物发育层的出现,对于裂隙内充填物的物理、化学性质将产生重要影响。     

Early fracture evolution within the Eye-Dashwa Lakes pluton,Atikokan, Ontario,Canada

The fracture history of part of the Eye-Dashwa Lakes pluton near Atikokan, Ontario was investigated from drill core and surface fracture data. The earliest fractures contain aplite and compose less than 5% of the population. They developed during the initial stages of plutonic cooling and contraction, in response to local magma-related pressures. Internal pressures decreased as the pluton cooled. Subsequent fractures, comprising more than 90% of the population, formed soon afterwards under the influence of a regional subhorizontal NW-SE compression. Statistical analysis and field evidence indicate that subhorizontal and moderately dipping dip-slip fractures are filled mainly with epidote. These were followed by formation of steeply dipping to subvertical strike-slip fractures that are filled mainly with chlorite. The resulting fracture framework was well established by the end of the Archaean. Minor stress changes since then have rejuvenated the old fracture zones rather than creating new zones.     

Types and nature of fracture associated with Late Ordovician paleochannels of glaciofluvial Sarah Formation,Qasim region,Central Saudi Arabia

This study evaluates the Late Ordovician glaciofluvial deposits of the Sarah Formation and equivalent outcroppings in north, central, and southwestern Saudi Arabia. The Sarah Formation also covers a wide area in the subsurface and is considered as an important target for unconventional tight gas reservoir. Defining the fracture types, nature, and distribution in outcrop scale might help to establish a successful fracture simulation model and behavior for the Sarah tight gas reservoir in the subsurface. This study investigates fracture characteristics for the Sarah Formation at Sarah paleochannel outcrops. The study revealed three sets of fractures, which have EW, NS, and SE-NW directions, and these fractures vary from open, resistive, and filled to resistive fractures. The closed fractures are filled with ferruginated iron oxides and gypsum. The filled fractures (the thrust boundary) are found in the study area at the SE-NW strike fracture set, while open and resistive fractures are found mainly at S-N and E-W fracture sets, respectively. The syn-depositional filled fractures (iron oxides) are considered as the younger fracture sets while the open and resistive fractures are post-depositional fractures which may have resulted from uplift or tectonic movement. A general model representing the fracture pattern and the thrusting boundaries due to glacial movement was constructed. It has been noticed that the systematic occurrence of filled fractures (thrust boundaries) described the boundaries between different glacial events, which act as a fluid barrier (filled fractures) and decrease the reservoir quality. The finding of this study might be utilized as a guide and lead for exploration in the subsurface Sarah glacial deposits. It will also help to understand and speculate the nature pattern and distribution of fractures with the Sarah Formation.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界油气成藏与构造运动的关系

鄂尔多斯盆地是中国著名的大型中生代含油气盆地,上三叠统延长组和侏罗系延安组为盆地主要含油层系,该含油层系经历了印支、燕山和喜山三期大的构造运动。通过中、新生代不同地质历史时期应力场分析以及构造热事件研究,结合裂缝性质、裂缝方位及裂缝中包裹体特征等,讨论了中生界油气成藏与构造运动的关系。研究认为盆地主要发育E—W向、NNE向和NE向三组区域性裂缝。其中,弱充填的NE向剪裂缝为印支期S—N向挤压环境下形成的剪裂缝,或基底断裂形成的诱导张裂缝;近E—W向展布的弱充填裂缝为燕山期NW—SE挤压环境下形成的剪切裂缝;强烈充填的NNE向张裂缝形成于喜山期NNW—SSE拉张环境。盆地中、新生代地层所经历的每一期构造运动都对盆内油气的运移和聚集起控制作用。印支运动使得盆地沉积了中生界最为重要的一套烃源岩;燕山运动产生的构造热事件使烃源岩达到了生排烃高峰期,使得油气成藏大多定型于燕山期;喜山运动使油气进行大规模的运移和调整,从而使中生界上部油气的分布与基底断裂带走向相吻合。中、新生代这三期构造运动对鄂尔多斯盆地发展和油气成藏产生了重要影响。     

柴达木盆地西部古近系储层裂缝有效性的影响因素

古近系盐湖相裂缝性泥灰岩储层是柴达木盆地西部地区的重要储层类型,储层中发育剪切裂缝、纵张裂缝、顺层滑动裂缝和成岩裂缝4种类型。裂缝普遍被方解石、石膏或钙芒硝等充填,裂缝的有效性对储层评价十分重要。有效裂缝不仅提供了储层的重要储集空间和主要渗流通道,还决定了油气的富集规律和储层的潜在生产能力。裂缝的有效性主要受裂缝形成时间、溶蚀作用、第四纪以来的构造抬升剥蚀作用、异常流体高压作用、膏盐层分布和断层的活动性等因素控制。晚期形成的裂缝有效性更好;溶蚀作用可明显地增加裂缝的有效性;第四纪以来的构造抬升剥蚀作用和异常流体高压作用可使裂缝重新裂开,使裂缝的有效性变好;离膏盐层越远,裂缝的有效性越好。裂缝的有效性与现今地应力方向关系不密切,主要受断层活动的影响,与主断层平行的裂缝有效性最好。     

Insight into the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam Basin, Northwest China from fracture information

Fractures can provide valuable information for tectonic evolution. According to the data of outcrops, cores, thin sections and well logs, the tectonic fractures in the Qaidam Basin can be divided into four types: small faults (including small normal fault and small reverse fault), vertical open fracture, bedding plane slip fracture and horizontal open fracture. Our fracture observations provide new constraints on the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam Basin. Syn-sedimentary small normal faults in the Paleogene strata indicate the extension deformation during the Paleogene. Small reverse faults, vertical open fractures and bedding plane slip fractures occurred in the Paleogene and Neogene strata have genetic relationship. According to the burial history and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions of gypsum and calcite filled in the vertical open fractures, it can be deduced that the vertical open fractures being formed mainly from the late Miocene Shangyoushashan Formation with age of 5.1?Ma to the end of Pliocene Shizigou Formation with age of 2.6?Ma, indicating small reverse faults, vertical open fractures and bedding plane slip fractures were simultaneously formed in the Neogene. These fractures were resulted from the compression deformation. The horizontal open fractures occurred in the Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary strata with apertures and intensities decreasing with depth were formed by the large-scale quick uplift and denudation resulted from the strong compression deformation since the Quaternary.     

中阶煤有效弹性力学性质研究

煤的力学性质是制定钻完井与煤层气开发方案和工程措施的重要依据,也是影响煤层气储层改造效果的重要因素。煤内部含有大量的内生裂隙、构造裂隙和微孔隙,在不同应力条件下其力学参数具有显著差异。目前关于煤在不同应力条件下的有效力学参数变化规律及其内在原因的研究成果还较为欠缺,通过三轴压缩试验,可对不同应力状态下中阶煤有效弹性力学性质进行研究。研究表明,不同应力作用下煤的变形受孔隙、裂隙影响显著;在弹性变形阶段,随着围压的增加,中阶煤的有效弹性模量及有效泊松比有增加趋势,煤的有效弹性模量及有效泊松比与围压间呈非线性关系,且当围压增大到一定程度后有效弹性模量及有效泊松比趋于恒定。对应力状态影响煤有效弹性力学性质进行分析,给出了基于三轴压缩试验的含张裂缝中阶煤有效弹性模量及有效泊松比经验公式,同时对公式的适用性进行了分析。     

黄陵背斜南翼牛蹄塘组二段页岩岩心裂缝脉体成岩环境演化与页岩气保存

岩心观察鄂西黄陵背斜南翼下寒武统牛蹄塘组二段黑色页岩中发育构造挤压成因的高角度裂缝和顺层裂缝.选取不同产状的典型裂缝脉体样品,薄片镜下观察发现高角度裂缝中充填方解石脉,顺层裂缝中充填方解石-白云石复合脉.通过阴极发光、流体包裹体分析以及微区原位元素测定,开展了裂缝脉体成岩环境演化研究,分析了不同产状裂缝对页岩气层局部封闭性的影响.阴极发光结果表明,高角度方解石脉和顺层方解石-白云石复合脉均为2期流体活动形成.根据流体包裹体分析,高角度方解石脉早期成脉流体主要为变质较深的地层卤水,晚期成脉流体混入了低矿化度流体,而顺层方解石-白云石复合脉2期成脉流体均未受低矿化度流体的改造.利用不同阴极发光的裂缝脉体碳酸盐矿物的微区原位微量元素测定结果,对铁锰含量、稀土元素（REE）和氧化还原判别参数分析显示,高角度方解石脉成岩环境经历了由还原环境向氧化环境转化,而顺层方解石-白云石复合脉的成岩环境长期保持了较为还原的环境.因此认为,高角度裂缝对页岩气层的局部封闭条件可能产生破坏作用,从而造成页岩气一定程度的散失,而顺层裂缝对局部封闭条件的破坏作用相对有限,裂缝发育特征及其经历的成岩演化过程研究可为页岩气层自封闭和页岩气微观保存条件的评价提供依据.      

Discrete fracture model for simulating waterflooding processes under fracturing conditions

In our study, we develop a model for simulating fracturing processes in a poroelastic medium. The proposed approach combines the discrete fracture model enriched with contact plane mechanics. The model captures mechanical interactions of fractures and a deformable medium, fluid, and heat transfer in fractures and in a porous medium. Both effects of poroelasticity and thermoelasticity are accounted in our model. Mass and heat conservation equations are approximated by the finite volume method, and mechanical equilibrium equations are discretized by means of the Galerkin finite element approach. Two‐dimensional grid facets between 3‐dimensional finite elements are considered as possible fracture surfaces. Most of these facets are inactive from the beginning and are activated throughout the simulation. A fracture propagation criterion, based on Irwin's approach, is verified on each nonlinear iteration. When the criterion is satisfied, additional contact elements are added into finite element and discrete fracture model formulations respectively. The proposed approach allows modeling of existing natural and artificially created fractures within one framework. The model is tested on single‐ and multiple‐phase fluid flow examples for both isothermal and thermal conditions and verified against existing semianalytical solutions. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated on an example of practical interests where a sector model of an oil reservoir is simulated with different injection and production regimes.     

Structure and Fluid Transportation Performance of Faults in the Changxing-Feixianguan Formation,Xuanhan County,Northeastern Sichuan Basin

On the basis of field observations, microscopic thin-sections and laboratory data analysis of ten faults in Xuanhan County area, northeastern Sichuan Basin, central China, the internal and megascopic structures and tectonite development characteristics are mainly controlled by the geomechanical quality in brittle formation of the Changxing-Feixianguan Formation. The fluid transportation performance difference between the faults formed by different geomechanics or different structural parts of the same fault are controlled by the mcgascopic structure and tectonite development characteristics. For instance, the extension fault structure consists of a tectonite breccia zone and an extension fracture zone. Good fluid transportation performance zones are the extension fracture zone adjacent to the tectonite breccia zone and the breccia zone formed at the early evolutionary stage. The typical compression fault structure consists of a boulder-clay zone or zones of grinding gravel rock, compression foliation, tectonite lens, and dense fracture development. The dense fracture development zone is the best fluid transporting area at a certain scale of the compression fault, and then the lens, grinding gravel rock zone and compression foliation zones are the worst areas for hydrocarbon migration. The typical tensor-shear fault with a certain scale can be divided into boulder-clay or grinding gravel rock zones of the fault, as well as a pinnate fractures zone and a derivative fractures zone. The grinding gravel rock zone is the worst one for fluid transportation. Because of the fracture mesh connectivity and better penetration ability, the pinnate fractures zone provides the dominant pathway for hydrocarbon vertical migration along the tensor-shear fault.     

海拉尔盆地苏德尔特构造带布达特群裂缝发育期次研究

近年来,在大庆油田外围盆地油气勘探中新发现了海拉尔盆地苏德尔特构造带布达特群碎屑岩潜山油藏,其油气储集空间以构造裂缝为主,裂缝的形成、发育与演化是油气富集的重要因素。在岩心裂缝观察、构造演化历史以及热演化历史分析基础上,通过对裂缝充填方解石的稳定同位素测定和包裹体测定以及岩石声发射实验,对裂缝形成的主要期次及其特征进行了研究。研究认为,布达特群裂缝具有多期性和继承性的发育特点,主要存在3个破裂期：第一期裂缝与南屯末-大磨拐河组沉积时期的构造运动有关,缝内以石英充填为主,石英的形成温度介于72～76℃,并见有烃类包裹体,但其成熟度较低;第二期裂缝是在伊敏时期区域伸展作用下形成的,裂缝以方解石和微-细晶石英充填为主,其形成温度介于117～154℃,该期烃类成熟度明显增强;第三期裂缝是在伊敏末期强烈的抬升作用下形成的,裂缝内充填了微-细晶方解石和石英,其形成温度介于89～110℃,烃类成熟度减弱。