基于 GIS 的元谋县地质灾害地貌特征研究

元谋县地质灾害频发,严重威胁了人民生命及财产安全。为了研究境内地质灾害区的地貌特征,以GIS为平台,结合DEM数据提取了研究区高程、坡度信息,并计算了地表粗糙度及地形起伏度。并利用研究区灾害调查资料,探讨了高程、坡度、地表粗糙度、地形起伏度与地质灾害之间的相关性。最终结果表明地质灾害分布受地貌特征制约,地质灾害点分布的区域地貌主要表现为高程1500~2000m的次中山、坡度为25°~73°的险坡,地形起伏度为75~200m的小起伏和地表粗糙度为1.3~1.5的区域。     

重庆市喀斯特槽谷地区农村居民点分布与地貌形态要素关系研究

选取喀斯特槽谷地区——重庆市石柱土家族自治县鱼池镇团结村农村居民点为研究对象,借助ArcGIS空间分析和地统计法,综合应用地貌-面积频度分布指数和信息熵分析了不同海拔、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、地表粗糙度、剖面曲率和平面曲率7个地貌形态要素间农村居民点的分布特征。结果表明:①农村居民点分布的优势地形位分别为高程956.2~1000m,坡度5°~15°,坡向SW、W、NW和E,地形起伏度0~1m,地表粗糙度1.0~1.1,剖面曲率和平面曲率0°~5°的低地形位上;②在槽谷谷底,农村居民点信息熵的最大值为1.15,最小值为0.02,说明农村居民点在低地形位上分布的有序性较高。      

风沙地貌形态动力学研究进展

风沙地貌是广泛分布于干旱、半干旱,甚至部分湿润地区,由风力作用形成的一种地貌类型。风沙地貌学是研究在风力作用下物质运动形成的地表形态特征、空间组合规律及其形成演变的科学,是地貌学中以风为外营力形成的地貌为对象的分支学科。风是风沙地貌学研究的基础,其贯穿整个风沙地貌学研究。风况决定了风沙地貌的形态特征、空间组合特征和演化过程,同时,沙丘表面气流和风沙流控制沙丘的形态演化过程和移动过程。风沙地貌经过100多年的发展,在沙丘形态特征、动力学过程等方面取得了长足发展。从风沙地貌观测方法、分析方法和形态动力学角度出发,总结了近年来风沙地貌形态、形成风况以及动力学方面的研究进展。随着新技术的发展,全站仪、三维地形扫描仪等新的形态观测设备开始应用于风沙地貌形态测量,使得大范围风沙地貌形态精准测量成为可能,为风沙地貌形态动力学研究提供精确的地形特征资料。同时,三维超声风速仪等高频风速观测仪器也广泛应用于风沙地貌动力学观测,从而探讨风沙地貌形态—近地层气流的互馈机制。但是,针对具体的分析方法,如风况与沙丘形态的对应关系,近地层气流的分析方法以及形态—气流互馈关系等方面,目前还没有好的解决办法。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南部沙垄水分动态--兼论积雪融化和冻土变化对沙丘水分分异作用

2004年3月至2005年7月对古尔班通古特沙漠南部典型半固定沙垄土壤水分进行了系统监测,结合气象资料,特别是对冬季积雪和冻土资料的分析,认为该沙漠沙丘土壤水分时空变化规律在很大程度上受积雪融化和季节性冻土的影响.由于冬季稳定存在20~30 cm的积雪于春季融化,使得春季沙丘土壤含水率成为全年最高的季节,从而为早春植物的萌发生长创造了有利的条件.冬季1 m多深的冻土于早春时节由表及里开始消融,沙丘表面融化的雪水在坡面重力作用下,沿难以透水的冻土层上界自坡上向坡下发生迁移,在春夏季形成了垄间最高、坡部次之和垄顶最少的土壤水分空间格局.该研究具有生态学意义,可为古尔班通古特沙漠特殊环境条件下植被恢复与重建提供依据.     

乌兹别克中卡兹库姆地貌特征对砂岩型铀矿赋存的制约

为了理清地形地貌对砂岩型铀矿赋存的制约作用,基于GIS技术,利用DEM影像数据提取了中卡兹库姆地区高程、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度及条带剖面等各类地貌因子,并与研究区探明的砂岩型铀矿进行空间关联与定量化分析。研究结果表明砂岩型铀矿赋存的有利地形地貌条件:高程为100~400 m、坡度为0°~5°、地形起伏度为10~35 m、亚流域面积-高程积分值为0.3~0.6;中卡兹库姆地区存在4个较为明显的夷平面,高程分别为:Ⅰ级2 200 m,Ⅱ级1 600 m,Ⅲ级1 100 m,Ⅳ级330~400 m,砂岩型铀矿发育于Ⅳ级夷平面附近;砂岩型铀矿集中于低海拔和低地形起伏度的地区,二者可作为砂岩型铀矿找矿预测的主要参考因素。最后根据地貌因子圈定了中卡兹库姆地区砂岩型铀矿赋存的有利区域,为该区砂岩型铀矿找矿提供依据。     

基于GIS的滑坡地质灾害地貌因素分析

基于ArcGIS平台, 利用SRTM-DEM数据资料, 选择青藏高原东缘及四川盆地为研究区, 提取了区内地形起伏度和坡度等地貌参数, 统计了区内2319个滑坡点的高程, 初步建立了地形地貌与滑坡灾害点分布之间的对应关系。结果表明, 研究区滑坡灾害点及其高程分布具有明显的区域规律性, 滑坡灾害点发生的高程为400~800m和1400~2000m, 这两个区间占研究区所有滑坡总数的40%和28%;滑坡所对应的地形起伏度主要在300~600m, 占研究区所有滑坡总数的48.68%;滑坡灾害发生的地形坡度为10°~25°, 占研究区所有滑坡总数的44.70%。研究发现, 这些地区对应的地貌类型主要是深切的"V"型河谷和山谷地貌。此外, 从断裂活动等方面分析了滑坡形成的动力机制。      

干旱区防沙林带风沙沉积粒径变化及其动力学意义

通过野外地表沉积采样、植被调查和风速观测,本文对塔克拉玛干沙漠防护林带内地表风沙沉积粒径变化进行了研究.主要结论如下:1)防沙林带内沉积具有沙丘沙单峰分布的特征,在沙垄不同地貌部位,单峰对应的粒径区间存在粗细差异,与大地形的侵蚀堆积分布有关;2)EOF(经验正交函数)分解的第二特征向量与植株中上层高度的风速具有较好的相关性,反映了防护林带内外沉积动力的变化;3)由第二特征向量确定了粗、细敏感粒级的粒径分界范围为109.4～ 125.6μm,敏感粒级组分的百分含量与风速存在线形关系;4)使用敏感粒级组分的百分含量可评价沙垄各断面林带防护效益,林带内外粗、细敏感粒级组分的含量差异多在10％以上.研究结果反映了极端干旱环境下,风力变化对地表沉积粒径变化的影响,可以为工程防沙效益评价以及风沙沉积研究提供参考.     

基于DEM的南岭东段离子吸附型稀土矿成矿地貌条件分析

稀土是我国重要的战略资源,而离子吸附型稀土矿是我国的特色矿产,占据着重要的地位。离子吸附型矿产的形成与否,与风化壳密切相关,而风化壳的发育及保存与微地貌等特征密切相关。本文旨在利用DEM技术,结合搜集到稀土矿点及矿区数据,对含有稀土的地貌单元进行地形因子定量分析,以总结风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿的成矿地貌条件。借助GIS技术,利用DEM提取高程、坡度、坡向、曲率、地形起伏度、地表切割深度、地形特征等各类地貌因子值,并与南岭东段的成矿矿点及矿区进行叠加分析,统计计算矿点及矿区所处位置的地貌因子值,进而探讨风化壳型稀土资源赋存的有利地形地貌环境。结果显示,最佳成矿有利地貌为高程150~500 m、坡度0°~20°、地形起伏度100~400 m、地表切割深度40~150 m、地形特征为山顶或山脊;研究结果有望指导南岭东段离子吸附型稀土矿找矿勘查工作。     

中国北部地区沙漠鸣沙对比研究

鸣沙发声机制是一个长期悬而未决的问题。中国北部地质公园内的沙漠鸣沙地质遗迹沿北方沙漠弧形带分布,但较少被报道和研究。本文选取位于内蒙古、甘肃和新疆的沙漠鸣沙及哑沙,对其地貌特征﹑粒度组分和矿物成分进行了对比研究。结果表明鸣沙一般发育在新月型沙丘链或新月型沙丘上,紧邻湖泊或泉水,背风坡和迎风坡上都会发育鸣沙,但主要集中在背风坡,研究结果与马玉明提出的"共鸣箱"理论中的"响沙都发育在背风坡"不符;哑沙粒度明显较鸣沙粗,哑沙的平均粒径分布峰值集中在0.5φ~1φ,鸣沙粒径频率分布峰值集中在2φ~3φ;主要差别在于细砂和粗砂的组分,所有鸣沙中的细砂含量所占比例均高于52.012%,哑沙中的细砂含量低于0.881%;响沙中粗砂的含量均小于1.221%,哑沙中粗砂的含量大于48.091%。鸣沙和哑沙主要矿物成分都以石英和长石为主;鸣沙中含有高岭石,钠长石,微斜长石及方解石等,而哑沙中几乎未含这些次要矿物。本文结果表明,地貌特征和物质组成是区别鸣沙和哑沙的重要特征,对于研究鸣沙的成因具有参考价值。     

巴丹东、西湖地貌演化及其对湖泊水体特征的影响

巴丹湖区位于巴丹吉林沙漠的东南缘,发育很多被纵向沙垄一分为二、水体化学特征悬殊的双湖系统。前人对此类湖泊成因及风成地貌过程如何影响湖泊水文特征缺乏系统的研究。通过对沙漠东南缘局部风向和巴丹东、西湖湖盆形态的分析反演湖区的地貌演化,从而对湖泊水化学等特征的差异进行解释。水化学测试结果显示：巴丹东湖湖水的TDS为15 g/L左右,为微咸水;西湖的TDS是东湖的上百倍,为盐水。Google Earth遥感影像和DEM反映出巴丹吉林沙漠盛行NW风,东南缘风向及风力多变;巴丹东湖湖盆深于西湖湖盆。反演了巴丹湖地貌演化的3个阶段：(1)月牙湖形成阶段,即巴丹湖的形成阶段;(2)双湖系统形成阶段,气候干旱使湖泊水位降低、湖盆出露,在NW定向风作用下,新的新月形沙丘形成于湖盆上,将其分割从而导致巴丹东湖湖盆遭受风蚀;(3)纵向沙垄形成阶段,由于局部风向的改变,新月形沙丘在SW向风力作用下往NE向不断延伸,并转变成纵向沙垄。综合分析认为：气候变化是风成地貌演化的驱动力,多次风向的改变产生了湖盆地形西高东低的差异,导致东湖接受的浅层地下水补给大于西湖;当气候变得暖湿时,水位上升致两湖水体连通,由于东湖水位高于西湖,使东湖盐分释放、西湖盐分积累。因此,受地貌演化的影响,巴丹东、西湖形成了悬殊的盐度特征。     

Modelling the formation of residual dune ridges behind barchan dunes in North-east Brazil

Residual dune ridges are often formed by vegetation growing along a line some distance upwind of the lower stoss slope of migrating dunes. This process is common in areas where vegetation germinates along the edge of the water during the rainy period when the water level is higher and interdune areas are flooded. The phenomenon occurs on a large scale in North‐east Brazil, because of the rise and fall in groundwater level at the end of the rainy season. Each residual dune ridge corresponds to the position of the dune during the wet period in each year. Therefore, variations in the distance between these residual dune ridges could be used potentially to monitor climatic fluctuations in rainfall and wind. To examine the potential use of these residual dune ridges for the reconstruction of past climatic fluctuations, a model that simulates them under varying conditions of wind, rainfall and evaporation rates was formulated. The model was tested for sensitivity to climatic variability in North‐east Brazil and validated against residual dune ridge displacements as measured in the field and from high spatial resolution satellite images. Based on the results, it is concluded that residual dune ridges may not form in North‐east Brazil in years which are exceptionally dry, as may happen during El‐Niño events. When this type of event happens, the distance between adjacent residual dune ridges corresponds to more than one year and, therefore, the correlation between dune displacements and wind power becomes weak or even disappears. Additionally, because of biotic, aeolian and hydrological processes, these arcuate residual dune ridges may not preserve their initial shape for long periods. The presence of residual dune ridges testifies to the temporary flooding which may or may not be seasonal. However, the potential for using residual dune ridges to reconstruct the palaeo‐climate of wind regime on a yearly basis or to identify past El‐Niño events seems to be limited.     

Wind regimes and aeolian geomorphology in the western and southwestern Tengger Desert,NW China

Wind is the primary control on the formation of aeolian geomorphology. In this study, we combined wind regime data from automated weather stations in the western and southwestern Tengger Desert of the Inner Mongolia region in China with remote‐sensing data to analyse the relationship between the wind energy environment and aeolian geomorphology. Tengger Desert is one of the main dust storm sources in northwestern China. Therefore, efforts aimed at controlling desertification and dust storm require a deeper understanding of the processes that govern the formation and subsequent evolution of dunes in this area. Wind speed was largest in the northwest (3.3 m/s in the Xiqu station) and smallest in the southeast (1.2 m/s in the Haizitan station). Potential sand transport was also largest in the northwest (195 in the Jiahe station) and smallest in the southeast (33 in the Tumen station). The sand‐driving wind (5.92 m/s) directions were from the NW and SE quadrant across the study area, at >76% of all sand‐driving wind, reaching 99% in the Tumen station. The sand‐driving wind in the NW quadrant reached >48%, and in the SE quadrant, >12% of all sand‐driving wind in all stations. In the study area, sand dunes included crescent, dune networks, transverse, and coppice dunes. Dune crest directions had similar trends from upwind to downwind, at 133° in the middle region, and 124° in the southwestern region. Mean dune spacing changed with dune patterns; the maximum spacing for crescent dunes was 147 m, for dune networks 118 m, and for transverse dunes it was 77 m. The mean crest length was 124 m (maximum) for crescent dunes in the northwest, 121 m for transverse dunes, and 84 m for dune networks. However, because of gullies in the southern region, the mean crest length was only 58 m (least) for the crescent dunes in that area. The defect density ranged from 0.007 to 0.014. The spatial differences in dune patterns reflected the evolution of the dune field, where older dunes had been formed upwind and younger downwind. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面粒度特征

对库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘特征断面上下层（0~5cm、5~10cm）沉积物采样分析结果表明,沙丘粒径与分选参数及其分布随沙丘形态、发育程度和植被生长状况发生变化。抛物线形沙丘丘体迎风坡下凹背风坡上凸,丘顶始终处于侵蚀亚环境。在顺风向断面,平均粒径从迎风坡脚到丘顶变粗,从丘顶到背风坡脚又变细,且这种变化在高大沙丘上更为明显;分选性在迎风坡为中等和较好,丘顶较差,顺风向到背风坡脚逐渐由中等变为较好;粒径频率曲线在丘顶双峰正偏,除迎风坡脚单峰正偏外,其余部位均单峰近对称。在垂直于风向的两翼断面,平均粒径在成熟沙丘由翼顶向两侧坡脚趋于变细,而在欠成熟沙丘无明显的变化趋势。翼间平地沉积物受植被等影响,平均粒径偏细但分选性差,偏度为正偏和极正偏,峰度为尖锐和非常尖锐。受不同时期风况的影响,成熟抛物线形沙丘上下层粒度参数在沙丘断面的分布较欠成熟沙丘一致。     

Quantifying rates of coastal progradation from sediment volume using GPR and OSL: the Holocene fill of Guichen Bay, south-east South Australia

Guichen Bay on the south‐east coast of South Australia faces west towards the prevailing westerly winds of the Southern Ocean. The bay is backed by a 4 km wide Holocene beach‐ridge plain with more than 100 beach ridges. The morphology of the Guichen Bay strandplain complex shows changes in the width, length, height and orientation of beach ridges. A combination of geomorphological interpretation, shallow geophysics and existing geochronology is used to interpret the Holocene fill of Guichen Bay. Six sets of beach ridges are identified from the interpretation of orthorectified aerial photographs. The ridge sets are distinguished on the basis of beach‐ridge orientation and continuity. A 2·25 km ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) profile across the beach ridges reveals the sedimentary structures and stratigraphic units. The beach ridges visible in the surface topography are a succession of stabilized foredunes that overlie progradational foreshore and upper shoreface sediments. The beach progrades show multiple truncation surfaces interpreted as storm events. The GPR profile shows that there are many more erosion surfaces in the subsurface than beach ridges on the surface. The width and dip of preserved beach progrades imaged by GPR shows that the shoreface has steepened from around 2·9° to around 7·5°. The changes in beach slope are attributed to increasing wave energy associated with beach progradation into deeper water as Guichen Bay was infilled. At the same time, the thickness of the preserved beach progrades increases slightly as the beach prograded into deeper water. Using the surface area of the ridge sets measured from the orthophotography, and the average thickness of upper shoreface, foreshore and coastal dune sands interpreted from the GPR profile, the volume of Holocene sediments within three of the six sets of beach‐ridge accretion has been calculated. Combining optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages and volume calculations, rates of sediment accumulation for Ridge Sets 3, 4 and 5 have been estimated. Linear rates of beach‐ridge progradation appear to decrease in the mid‐Holocene. However, the rates of sediment accumulation calculated from beach volumes have remained remarkably consistent through the mid‐ to late Holocene. This suggests that sediment supply to the beach has been constant and that the decrease in the rate of progradation is due to increasing accommodation space as the beach progrades into deeper water. Changes in beach‐ridge morphology and orientation reflect environmental factors such as changes in wave climate and wind regime.     

Ground-penetrating radar for monitoring the distribution of near-surface soil water content in the Gurbantünggüt Desert

In the Gurbantünggüt Desert, snowmelt-induced high soil water contents briefly create favorable conditions for the germination and growth of plants every spring. Monitoring the rapidly changing conditions in this time period demands fast and efficient methods for measuring soil water contents at the field scale. For this study, a series of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements were carried out on sites characterized by semi-vegetated dunes both in April 2010 and 2011. We compare water contents calculated from the GPR direct ground wave signal to both point scale validation measurements by time-domain reflectometry (TDR) and gravimetric sampling. Our results show that GPR is an effective method to rapidly obtain a detailed image of the field scale soil water content distribution in the Gurbantünggüt Desert with an accuracy similar to TDR. Observed large scale soil water content variations are dominated by dune topography: During snow melting, melt water was found to trickle slowly from the dune ridges to interdune valleys, increasing the soil water content there while the dune ridges quickly started to dry down. In dune valleys, smaller scale near-surface soil water content changes were dominated by variations in the vegetation coverage, leading to snowmelt funnels at distinct locations: The snowmelt initially occurred around the stems and branches of plants, forming funnel-shaped melt water induced holes through the snow cover and leading to an increasing amount of melt water collected around these plant roots. Our comparison of data from 2010 to 2011 furthermore suggests a temporally stable distribution of near-surface soil water content. This has important ecological significance for controlling desertification and for restoring and reconstructing vegetation in the Gurbantünggüt Desert.     

Sand movement patterns in the Western Desert of Egypt: an environmental concern

Wind action is the most dominant agent for erosion and deposition in the vast Western Desert of Egypt. Analysis of wind data from seven meteorological stations distributed along the Western Desert reveals that this desert is characterized by high-energy wind environments along the northern and southern edges and low-energy wind environments throughout the rest of the desert. Accordingly, sand drift potential follows the pattern of wind energy. Maximum sand drift potential was observed at the southern edge (571 vector units, which equals 40 m³/m width/year). Sand drift direction was observed towards the southeast except at the southern part of the desert where the trend of sand movement was towards southwest. The major dune type recognized on satellite images was the simple linear type. Linear dunes are generally associated with bimodal wind regime. Rates of sand drift potential and sand dune migration were greatest at East of Owinate region at the extreme southern part of the desert. Measurements of crescentic sand dune advance from two satellite images reveal a maximum advance rate of about 9 m/year at the southern part of the desert. Dune movement creates potential hazard to the infrastructures in this open desert.     

陕西靖边龙洲波浪式丹霞地貌成因机理初探

近期,通过对陕西靖边龙洲地区的丹霞地貌进行详细调查,查明了该地区丹霞地貌类型为丹霞正-负地貌的过渡类型——波浪式丹霞地貌。为了科学评价其价值和意义,本文主要从成景地层岩石特征、地质构造特征以及外动力因素等方面来初步探讨龙洲波浪式丹霞地貌的成因机理。研究表明:首先,研究区洛河组砂岩平行层理、大型风成交错层理对波浪式丹霞景观的形成具有很好的塑造作用;成景地层洛河组紫红色砂岩,为一套风成沙漠相沉积,岩石胶结程度较差,硬度低易碎,是波浪式丹霞地貌形成的物质基础;晚白垩世以来,鄂尔多斯盆地掀斜,区内地壳普遍隆起,表现为靖边龙洲地区发育多级古夷平面和河流阶地,对波浪式丹霞地貌的形成起基础性控制作用;该区洛河组砂岩中发育多组节理、裂隙构造,将洛河组砂岩切割成块状,其对波浪式丹霞地貌的形成和改造起着关键性控制作用;外动力因素上,靖边为半干旱内陆性季风气候,受西北风改造作用非常明显,是波浪式丹霞微地貌形成的主导外动力因素,此外,夏秋季的暴雨强烈冲刷侵蚀地表岩层,春秋季的寒潮霜冻,岩石发生冻融和崩落,对龙洲波浪式丹霞地貌的形成也有重要改造作用;靖边龙洲波浪式丹霞地貌除了受到地质构造和流水侵蚀的约束外,风力吹蚀对微地貌的改造非常明显,这是该地区丹霞地貌形成的主导外动力因素和特色所在;该地区波浪式丹霞地貌的发育阶段可分为两期。     

多波束测深技术在洋中脊构造地貌解译中的应用

多波束测深技术在国际上是海洋科学研究、海底资源开发和海洋工程建设中的重要技术手段。基于对国内外多波束 地形数据的广泛调研,对洋中脊附近洋底构造地貌形态进行分析研究。文中利用不同扩张速率洋中脊附近的50 m分辨率的多 波束地形数据,基于数字地形空间分析方法,利用不同滑动窗口和阈值自动识别来提取洋中脊附近地形面的最大、最小曲率 以及坡度,并以此对洋中脊进行构造解译。对中大西洋洋中脊和东太平洋洋隆两个实验结果的定量分析表明,基于地形曲面 曲率和坡度的洋中脊构造解译方法是有效且可行的,其结果为洋中脊构造样式解译提供重要参考。但是相比之下,     

Alongshore variation in the rip current hazard at Pensacola Beach, Florida

Many drowning and near drownings at Pensacola Beach, Florida are attributed to rip currents, the strong seaward-flowing currents that extend from the shoreline to the line of breakers and sometimes beyond. While surf forecasts assume that the rip hazard is uniform alongshore and that the (erosion) rips are ephemeral features, evidence is presented to suggest that the rip hazard at Pensacola Beach is not uniform alongshore. Rather the rip current “hotspots” develop as a consequence of an alongshore variation in the surf similarity parameter and nearshore state on the order of ~1,450 m. The variation is forced by transverse ridges on the inner shelf that force wave refraction and focusing at the ridge crests. This creates a more dissipative, rhythmic bar and beach morphology at the ridges and rougher surf. Between ridges, where wave heights and periods are smaller and the outermost bar is forced closer to the shoreline, the nearshore is in a (more reflective) bar and rip state during red flag conditions. Drownings between 2000 and 2009 are shown to be clustered between transverse ridges and in the years following a hurricane or tropical storm (2000–2003 and 2005–2008) when the bar and rip morphology first develops as the shore face recovers. This continues until the innermost bar attaches to the beach face unless the bar system is reset by another tropical storm or hurricane. It is argued that the rip hazard is dependent on the alongshore covariation of the environmental forcing with the individual and group behavior in both time and space, even on what appears to be a relatively uniform beach environment.