The Background Features and Formation of Chemical Elements of Groundwater in the Region of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

The paper deals with the background features, formation and distribution of the chemical el-ements K, Na, Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni,V, Co, Ti, Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, Cd, Be, Li, Sr, B,F, Cl, Br and I in the groundwater in the region of the middle and lower reaches of the YangtzeRiver and their relations to the composition of the water-bearing media, properties of the overly-ing rocks and soils, redox environment, and groundwater flow condition, mineralization and pHof groundwater.     

贵州广顺二叠系化学地层的划分及沉积环境分析

本文以贵州省广顺二叠纪坝子头－茶叶剖面作了基准剖面，通过野外观察和室内岩相分析，根据岩石的成岩作用，颜色，微相特征及岩层的厚度和叠置关系，进行了层序的划分。在此基础上，以该剖面５９个岩层的１７个微量元素（Ａｓ，Ｂ，Ｂａ，Ｃｏ，Ｃｒ，Ｃｕ，Ｇａ，Ｍｎ，Ｍｏ，Ｎｉ，Ｐｂ，Ｓｎ，Ｓｒ，Ｔｉ，Ｖ，Ｚｎ和Ｚｒ）为变量，用因子分析和群分析进行了化学地层单元的划分，通过化学地层和层序地层划分结果的对比，结合化学     

Amphiboles of the Khibiny alkaline pluton, Kola Peninsula, Russia

The rocks of the Khibiny pluton contain 25 amphibole varieties, including edenite, fluoredenite, kaersutite, pargasite, ferropargasite, hastingsite, magnesiohastingsite, katophorite, ferrikatophorite, magnesiokatophorite, magnesioferrikatophorite, magnesioferrifluorkatophorite, ferrimagnesiotaramite, ferrorichterite, potassium ferrorichterite, richterite, potassium richterite, potassium fluorrichterite, arfvedsonite, potassium arfvedsonite, magnesioarfvedsonite, magnesioriebeckite, ferriferronyboite, ferrinyboite, and ferroeckermannite. The composition of rock-forming amphiboles changes symmetrically relative to the Central Ring of the pluton; i.e., amphiboles enriched in K, Ca, Mg, and Si are typical of foyaite near and within the Central Ring. The Fe and Mn contents in amphiboles increase in the direction from marginal part of the pluton to its center. Foyaite of the marginal zone contains ferroeckermannite, richterite, arfvedsonite, and ferrorichterite; edenite is typical of foyaite and hornfels of the Minor Arc. Between the Minor Arc and the Central Ring, foyaite contains ferroeckermannite, arfvedsonite, and richterite; amphiboles in rischorrite, foidolite and hornfels of the Central Ring are (potassium) arfvedsonite, (potassium) richterite, magnesiokatophorite, magnesioarfvedsonite, ferroeckermannite, and ferriferronyboite; amphiboles in foyaite within the Central Ring, in the central part of the pluton, are arfvedsonite, magnesioarfvedsonite, ferriferronyboite, katophorite, and richterite. It is suggested that such zoning formed due to the alteration of foyaite by a foidolite melt intruded into the Main (Central) Ring Fault.     

太平洋北部铁锰结核富集区沉积物的元素地球化学特征

本文对太平洋北部铁锰结核富集区沉积物的元素地球化学作了较为详细的研究。因子分析提供的信息表明,元素的分布主要受三个因子控制:（1）粘土及Fe、Mn氧化物水化物胶体的吸附作用;（2）生物化学作用过程有关的自生沉积作用;（3）海底页岩风化及附近海区的火山喷发作用。元素的来源:（1）Fe、Mn、Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Cr、Cr、Mg、Al、Ti、K共生,主要来自粘土吸附;（2）C_有机、N、Sr、Na及Si、Ca、Sr主要来自生物化学过程沉积;（3）Pb主要来源于岩石碎屑（火山喷发碎屑）。     

甘肃省夏河县甘加贡玛—阿姨山地区水系沉积物地球化学特征

夏河县地区位于中秦岭断褶带西段,观音大庄—力士山断裂带南侧、夏河—合作断裂带中部,属夏河—合作成矿带。通过开展1 ∶ ５万水系沉积物测量工作,并对异常进行查证解释,从区域地质背景和矿区地质特征入手,重点分析了甘加贡玛—阿姨山地区的水系沉积物金异常,表面该区水系沉积物异常分布与构造展布方向一致,金异常对地层的选择性明显;通过对水系沉积物测量中Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、As 、Sb、Hg、Cr、Ni、Sn、W、Mo、Bi等14种元素分析结果进行R型聚类分析和相关性分析,得出区内可选用Au、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种元素作为主成矿元素进行成矿预测。     

Arsenic and metal mobility from Au mine tailings in Rodalquilar (Almería,SE Spain)

In the old mining area of Rodalquilar, mine wastes, soil and sediments were characterized and the results revealed high concentration of Au, Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Se, Sb and Zn in tailings and sediments. The contaminant of greatest environmental concern is As. The mean concentration in the tailings was 679.9, and 345 mg/kg in the sediments of Playazo creek. The groundwater samples from the alluvial aquifer showed high concentration of Al, As, Cd, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sb and Zn and very high concentration of chloride and sulfate, which were above the concentration defined in the European standards for drinking water. The presence of As in groundwater may be caused by the oxidation of arsenian pyrite, the possible As desorption from goethite and ferrihydrite and the jarosite dissolution. Groundwater concentrations of Cd, Fe, Mn, and possibly Cu, were associated with low values of Eh, indicating the possible dissolution of oxy-hydroxides of Fe and Mn. The mobility of metals in the column experiments show the release of Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, V and Zn in significant concentrations but below the detected values in groundwater. However, As, Cd, Sb, Se Pb and Au, are generally mobilized in concentrations above the detected values in groundwater. The possible mass transfer processes that could explain the presence of the contaminants in the aquifer and the leachates was simulated with the PHREEQC numerical code and revealed the possible dissolution of the following mineral phases: jarosite, natrojarosite, arsenian pyrite, alunite, chlorite, kaolinite and calcite.     

Stability assessment and risk analysis of aboveground river in lower Yellow River

Although the Chinese people have, through continuous efforts, built the constantly improving Yellow River flood control system, and created a miracle which has been tranquil for over 50 years, the tendency for the downstream watercourse of the Yellow River to uplift every year has not been fundamentally curbed, and the aboveground river is still the “scourge” of the sons and daughters of the Yellow River. By the use of a variety of modern investigation and survey methods, the geological environment characteristics of the downstream of the Yellow River have been identified basically, including the environmental and geological factors affecting the stability of aboveground rivercourse of the lower Yellow River such as the active fracture of the lower Yellow River, crustal uplift, land subsidence, seismic activity, geological conditions of dike foundation engineering, hydrodynamic conditions of rivers, and geomorphology of watercourses. After a comprehensive analysis of the inability mode of aboveground river on the downstream of the Yellow River and its corresponding impact factors, by using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, we have evaluated the crustal stability of the aboveground river, dike foundation stability, watercourse landform stability and overall stability. The results of comprehensive results show that the stability of downstream aboveground rivercourse of the Yellow River can be divided into four grades and 11 sections, i e. “basically stable, unstable, very unstable and extremely unstable”. On the basis of the stability segmentation, we consider the influence of integrally the future structural faults, earthquakes, the difference of watercourse between forward and backward heights of dikes, river regime and river type, historical crevasses, foundation soil liquefaction and seepage deformation, and find out 17 most unstable danger points. Finally, from 17 danger points, we select 7 danger points which are most prone to instability including Wuzhi, Zhongmou, Kaifeng, Fengqiu, Dongming, Changyuan and Dong’e. The calculation and analysis of the range and area inundated by 7 danger points, area, and number of people threatened, possible economic loss, and environmental damage, the inability caused by any one of 7 points could bring disastrous consequences to the downstream.     

浆液过渡态流体在矽卡岩型钨矿成矿过程中的作用——以湖南柿竹园钨锡多金属矿为例

湖南杮竹园是世界著名的大型矽卡岩型锡钨多金属矿床,产于千里山碱长花岗岩岩体南部接触带。矽卡岩中广泛发育网脉状碱交代脉和少量花岗岩脉、云英岩脉等各类脉体。碱交代脉主体由钾长石、萤石、少量石英、磁铁矿、黑钨矿、白钨矿及花岗岩构成,以往被统称为"云英岩脉"。其中早阶段碱交代脉中央发育花岗岩,边部为钾长石-萤石-黑钨矿,脉体两侧发育石榴子石透辉石矽卡岩化,对应矽卡岩阶段。晚阶段碱交代脉主要成分为钾长石、萤石,脉体及两侧出现大量阳起石、绿帘石、磁铁矿、白钨矿及辉钼矿、辉铋矿、自然铋等,对应退变质氧化物阶段。空间上,碱交代脉分布于矽卡岩和矽卡岩化大理岩中,不进入岩体。自花岗岩体→岩脉→碱交代脉→矽卡岩,Ca O、Ti O2、成矿元素W、Bi、Mo、Cu、Pb、Zn以及Sr、Ba等元素含量增高,显示出成矿元素向热液中富集,且岩浆和矽卡岩受到碳酸盐岩围岩的影响。碱交代脉的组构显示出其形成于富含成矿物质和挥发份流体的岩浆,其中广泛发育熔融包裹体和熔流包裹体,显示其浆液过渡态流体的成因性质。从岩浆晚期分异演化→热液阶段是连续演化的过程,块状云英岩和矽卡岩阶段,岩浆并未完全固结,成矿作用自岩浆固结之前已经开始。总结了杮竹园矿床成矿模型:碱长花岗岩岩浆演化晚期分异出的高度富含挥发份的熔浆,在岩体顶部聚集,部分形成似伟晶岩(壳)和块状云英岩以及条带状硅灰石符山石矽卡岩。进一步聚集以及矽卡岩化产生大量CO2引起大规模隐爆,富含挥发份的岩浆或浆液过渡态流体沿隐爆形成的碎裂裂隙进入碳酸盐岩围岩,与碳酸盐岩不断发生反应,在脉体边部形成钾长石化以及大范围的石榴子石透辉石矽卡岩化。至退变质氧化物阶段,随着岩浆冷凝和温度、压力的降低,地下水大范围参与,成矿流体逐渐转变为热液性质,形成大量阳起石、磁铁矿、白钨矿及钼、铋硫化物。硫化物阶段,大量的大气降水参与成矿,温度、盐度进一步降低,在矽卡岩及其外侧的碳酸盐岩中形成铅锌硫化物矿石。     

汤原断陷古近系剥蚀量恢复及原型盆地构造格局

汤原断陷构造复杂，后期改造强烈，原型盆地认识不清，导致原始沉积沉降中心不明确，制约了油气勘探的进展。本文从剥蚀量计算入手，分别采用镜质体反射率（R_o）法和地层趋势法，对宝泉岭组、达连河组及新安村组的地层剥蚀量进行计算，结合地震及构造特征，并利用地质建模技术恢复了不同时期的原型盆地形态，通过计算恢复认为：新安村组时期，原始厚度最厚发育在东部边界断裂下降盘，沉积沉降中心被断陷中部低凸起分为南北两个部分，此时期沉积沉降中心位于断陷东部边界断裂中段；达连河组时期，早期的两个沉积沉降中心逐渐合并为一个，断陷西部、南部出现规模较小的沉降带，最厚处依然位于东部断裂带下降盘，而沉积沉降中心迁移至东部边界断裂北段；宝泉岭组时期，早期的两个沉积沉降中心完全合并为一个，断陷西部的沉降带规模扩大，形成一东一西的两个主要沉积沉降中心，沉积沉降中心由一个变为两个。在此基础上，明确了原型盆地格局形态及不同时期沉积沉降中心分布及迁移过程。     

贵州台江八郎凯里组层序地层及海平面变化初探

贵州台江八郎凯里组以含钙质泥岩—泥灰岩、含钙质泥岩—粉砂岩和含钙质泥岩—灰岩等3种韵律性沉积为主,沉积体系域类型主要包含有大陆边缘体系域、海侵体系域和早期高水位体系域。在凯里组沉积初期,台江地区的水体相对较浅、生物相对较少;随着海平面的上升,生物在分异度和丰度上的大大增加,构成了台江生物群;当海平面升至最高点时,台江沉积区处于一个相对深水的环境,以大量的浮游类和较强游泳能力的生物为特征,成为了凯里生物群的开始;海平面逐渐下降,浮游生物逐渐减少;至凯里组沉积晚期,海平面的下降使台江地区的水体再度变浅、生物化石相对稀少。在台江八郎剖面上,凝缩段之下早寒武世的三叶虫Bathynotus消失,Orycto-cephalusindicus等三叶虫在凝缩段底界出现。凝缩段底界与下、中寒武统界线基本一致,表明了凝缩段是该区下、中寒武统地层划分、对比的关键。     

金矿床主要矿物标型特征研究综述

总结了金矿床中金矿物、黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿及黄铜矿等金属矿物和石英、碳酸盐矿物、云母类矿物及金红石等非金属矿物的产状，晶体形态、比重、硬度、颜色、反射率、导电性、热发光性等物理性质，谱学特征以及化学成分特征。从中提取出不同类型金矿床成因信息，含矿与非矿矿物特征以及判定金矿化程度、矿床规模和矿体剥蚀程度的指标。     

四川盆地东北部地区长兴组碳酸盐岩成岩作用及储层孔隙演化

以四川盆地东北部长兴组碳酸盐岩为研究对象,应用薄片、铸体、阴极发光和X射线衍射等室内分析技术,对其成岩作用、成岩演化序列、储层孔隙演化及其特征进行了详细研究。研究区常见的成岩作用有：压实压溶作用、胶结作用、充填作用、交代作用、白云化作用、重结晶作用、溶蚀作用、破裂作用等成岩作用。其中对储层孔隙发育影响较大的主要是胶结作...     

TSP在公路隧道超前地质预报中的应用研究

根据TSP技术的特点,将TSP技术应用于掌子面前方不良地质对象的预报工作中,同时比较了基于地质雷达和基于TSP的预报结果。水平地质钻探与现场开挖的实际情况表明,基于TSP技术的隧道超前预报,在预报距离,预报的准确性,以及对围岩的判别等方面,均明显优于传统的地质雷达。文章最后还指出了该技术存在的一些待进一步研究的问题。     

中国近海沿岸泥的地球化学特征及其指示意义

中国海域辽阔，分为渤海、黄海、东海和南海4个海区。各海区沿中国大陆均有呈斑块状或条带状的泥质沉积分布。选取各沿岸泥的代表性样品，采用先进的XRF和ICP－MS等方法，测定了K、Li、Rb、Cs、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Fe、Ti、Be、Nb、Ta、W、Sn、Bi、La、Ce、Th。元素的地球化学研究表明：渤海和黄海、东海、南海沿岸泥的地球化学特征分别与黄河、长江、珠江沉积物的地球化学特征一致，显示了元素的物源效应；从渤海到南海，由于气候的变化使沿岸泥中某些元素有所流失或富集，显示了元素的气候效应；中国沿岸泥元素的丰度相对接近中国大陆沉积物的丰度，而异于西太平洋褐色粘土和深海粘土的丰度，显示了元素的亲陆性。     

Geochemical fractionation of heavy metals in Chilka Lake (east coast of India)—a tropical coastal lagoon

Chilka lake, the largest coastal lagoon of Asia is one of the most dynamic ecosystems along the Indian coast. Historically the lagoon has undergone a considerable reduction in surface area due, in part, to input from natural processes but mostly due to human activities. The purpose of this investigation is to document the heavy metals' affinity for specific geochemical phases in the recently deposited sediments in the lagoon. Thirty-three samples were collected and analyzed for different geochemical phases of Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn utilizing a sequential extraction scheme. In the nonlithogenous fraction, the exchangeable fraction was not geochemically significant, having <2% of the total metal concentration for all the elements. However, the carbonate fraction contained the following percentages of the total concentration: <1% Fe, 13% Mn, 6% Cu, 4% Cr, 8% Ni, 13% Pb, and 12% Zn, suggesting the detrital origin of the sediments. Reducible and organic matter-bound fractions were the significant phases in the nonlithogenous fraction, containing 9% Fe, 16% Mn, 15% Cu, 16% Cr, 16% Ni, 14% Pb, and 14% Zn in the former and 4% Fe, 3% Mn, 17% Cu, 3% Cr, 14% Ni, 15% Pb, and 14% Zn in the latter. The phenomenon has been attributed to the scavenging affinity of Fe-Mn oxides and affinity for sorption into organic matter of the lagoon sediments. The lithogenous, residual fraction generally considered as a guide for natural background values was determined to contain 87% Fe, 67% Mn, 61% Cu, 77% Cr, 61.3% Ni, 56% Pb, and 60% Zn of the total concentrations.     

渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷寒武纪岩相古地理及其演化

冀中坳陷位于渤海湾盆地西部,是发育在华北地台之上的中新生代沉积坳陷,在寒武系主要发育海相碳酸盐岩。从寒武系露头剖面入手,结合钻井地层,建立露头和钻井之间的地层对比格架。对单井相、地震相、连井相的研究表明,冀中坳陷在寒武纪构造活动平缓,各区域的地层厚度差异小。通过野外露头剖面实测、岩心观察、样品分析以及各岩性含量的统计,识别出了台地、缓坡、陆棚等3种相类型。台地相中可以识别出潮坪、局限台地、开阔台地、鲕粒滩、竹叶状砾屑滩等5种类型。潮坪主要指潮上坪和潮间坪,并进一步识别出了潮上泥坪、潮上云坪、潮上云灰坪、潮间灰坪等类型。基于各沉积相类型的分析,建立了冀中坳陷寒武系的碳酸盐岩沉积相模式,并编制了9张岩相古地理图。对古地理的研究表明,冀中坳陷在府君山期开始海侵,发育了局限台地和潮坪;至馒头期、毛庄期海侵进一步发展,主要发育了潮上泥坪;到徐庄期以后,潮坪、鲕粒滩共存,并在张夏期海侵达到高潮。崮山期开始海退,潮坪沉积又开始出现。长山期、凤山期进一步海退,分别发育了竹叶状砾屑滩和潮上云坪、潮间灰坪等。     

川东北地区飞仙关组层序地层特征及演化模式

在对川东北地区飞仙关组沉积构造背景认识的基础上,采用野外露头、岩心、测井及地震剖面等多种分析手段,通过对层序界面、相序、叠置结构、测井曲线及地震层序等标志的综合识别分析,将川东北地区飞仙关组划分为2个三级层序,认识到它们都发育有低位体系域、海侵体系域和高位体系域。进一步,通过层序地层格架剖面的建立,运用层序地层原理,在对层序地层控制因素分析的基础上,建立了川东北地区飞仙关组层序地层演化模式,从层序演化的角度上探讨了滩体的发育分布规律,对于下一步的油气勘探具有重要指导意义。     

秭归地区闪长岩岩体风化壳微量元素地球化学特征

通过对秭归地区闪长岩岩体风化壳中微量元素的分布规律研究,将该风化剖面中的微量元素划分为3类。第一类包括Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、U、Th、Mo、W,基本属于非活动性元素,在风化过程中得以有效保留,其中U、Cr、Cu等受氧化还原条件的影响,有时呈局部富集现象,规律性不明显。第二类以Ca、Rb、Cs、Sr、Ba、Pb、Ga、Gd、Tl为代表,随着风化作用的进行而逐步从风化壳中淋失,属活动性元素。第三类以稀土元素为代表,在风化壳内部发生局部的再分配,从剖面上层随风化溶液向下淋滤亏损,到剖面中下部沉淀富集,其中重稀土元素的淋失程度大于轻稀土元素。由于母岩中斜长石的风化淋滤,Eu在氧化环境下逐渐从正异常变为负异常。Ce在地表氧化条件下很容易生成四价氧化物（方铈石）,并在表层明显富集,剖面介质中氧化还原条件的变化导致Ce的波动变化。     

Heavy metal geochemistry of the acid mine drainage discharged from the Hejiacun uranium mine in central Hunan,China

The acid mine drainage (AMD) discharged from the Hejiacun uranium mine in central Hunan (China) was sampled and analyzed using ICP-MS techniques. The analyzing results show that the AMD is characterized by the major ions Fe_Total, Mn, Al and Si, and is concentrated with heavy metals and metalloids including Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb, Tl, V, Cr, Se, As and Sb. During the AMD flowing downstream, the dissolved heavy metals were removed from the AMD waters through adsorption onto and co-precipitation with metal-oxhydroxides coated on the streambed. Among these metals, Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb and Tl are negatively correlated to pH values, and positively correlated to major ions Fe, Al, Si, Mn, Mg, Ca and K. The metals/metalloids V, Cr, Se, As and Sb are conservative in the AMD solution, and negatively-correlated to major ions Na, Ca and Mg. Due to the above different behaviors of these chemical elements, the pH-negatively related metals (PM) and the conservative metals (CM) are identified; the PM metals include Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb and Tl, and the CM metals V, Cr, Se, As and Sb. Based on understanding the geochemistry of PM and CM metals in the AMD waters, a new equation: EXT = (Acidity + PM)/pH + CM × pH, is proposed to estimate and evaluate extent of heavy-metal pollution (EXT) of AMD. The evaluation results show that the AMD and surface waters of the mine area have high EXT values, and they could be the potential source of heavy-metal contamination of the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is suggested that both the AMD and surface waters should be treated before they are drained out of the mine district, for which the traditional dilution and neutralization methods can be applied to remove the PM metals from the AMD waters, and new techniques through reducing the pH value of the downstream AMD waters should be developed for removal of the CM metals.     

中朝板块旋回层序、事件和形成演化的探索

通过 10余年来对中朝板块旋回层序、事件及构造演化的调查研究和综合分析 ,笔者编制了中朝板块旋回层序、事件和形成演化综合图 ,深刻地认识到地质科学是复杂性的科学体系。复杂系统研究要求重组现有的科学划分 ,实现跨越岩石矿物学、古生物学、层序地层学、地质地球化学、磁性地层学、古地理学、古构造学、天文学、海洋学及矿床学等不同学科的协同 ,从而促进学科的交叉和融合 ,以求学科体系理论和方法论的深刻变革 ,以推动地质科学的发展。这就是笔者提出以宇地系统观来综合研究地球、层序、事件和演化的基本思路。依据宇地系统作用原理 ,研究了中朝板块从元古宙至中新生代的旋回层序、事件和演化历史。从 180 0Ma至第四纪共划分出 2 0个超旋回或巨旋回周期和百余个奥尔特周期 ;还研究了海泛事件、隆升间断事件、跷跷板运动事件、臼齿碳酸盐事件、热事件、反极性事件、岩溶事件、火山喷发事件、风暴事件、物源区类型及古构造演化等一系列重大事件。应用宇地系统周期等时原理对中朝板块拗拉谷、鲕滩台地建造、前陆盆地演化和陆相裂谷盆地 ,按长偏心率周期进行了古地理演化的精细研究 ,再现了中朝板块构造、古地理和地层格架的演变 ,并对具全球性意义的大气圈、水圈、生物圈、沉积圈及成矿作用等重大地球