英国自然环境研究委员会（NERC）地球系统科学研究计划———QUEST计划介绍

覆盖地球表面积72％的海洋是我们赖以生存的全球生态系统的重要组成部分,也是地球系统的关键功能环节。叙述了以"地球系统科学"思想为指导,针对"全球可持续性"需求的目标,研究与地球系统和全球变化紧密联系的海洋生物地球化学循环和海洋食物网的相互作用,探索候和人文驱动的海洋生物地球化学过程,是新世纪海洋生态系统深入研究的重要方向,是认识可持续生态系统服务与产出的重要途径。     

我国海洋生态调查指南编制说明

海洋生态调查的主要目的是了解海洋生态系统基本的群落结构和生态功能及其重要影响因素,掌握生态系统健康状况，把握其变化趋势。基于生态系统健康理论建立我国海洋生态调查的基本框架体系，编制了我国海洋生态调查指南。根据目前的技术设备、实用方法和经费限制，确定最能反映我国海洋生态系统特征的生态要素和评价内容，并规定了相应的调查和评价方法。与《海洋调查规范海洋生物调查》和《海洋监测规范》比较，该指南具有3个显著特点：①调查要素不仅包括海洋生物和海洋环境等自然要素，还包括人为活动要素，充分考虑我国近海生态系统的高强度开发利用的特点；②从生态系统的结构、功能和压力3个方面建立起海洋生态系统健康评价的核心框架体系；③提出生态压力的量化指标，定量评估人类活动对生态系统的压力。     

陆源物质河流入海通量研究思路

大陆、海洋是地球两大生态系统,大陆与海洋之间物质与能量的交换是地球科学及全球变化研究的重要内容.陆源物质主要通过河流搬运输送、大气干湿沉降等方式进入海洋,陆地岩石风化和剥蚀所形成的砂、粉砂和粘土是海洋沉积物的重要来源.     

海洋沉积物中的动物多样性及其生态系统功能

海洋沉积物中的动物群是海洋生态系统中的重要组成部分,其多样性对地球生命支持系统至关重要。从海洋沉积物生境、沉积物中的动物类群、个体大小、食性、生态系统功能等方面探讨了海洋沉积物中的动物多样性现状,讨论了沉积物动物多样性在生态系统过程中的重要作用。海洋沉积物环境多种多样,为沉积物动物多样性提供了基础。在海洋沉积物中,动物的类群繁多、物种多样性极高,不仅形态差别很大,食性丰富多样,而且分化出多种多样的功能群。海洋沉积物动物群参与全球物质的循环和污染物的代谢、转化、迁移,在生态系统能流过程及沉积物移动和稳定性方面也起着重要的作用。最后,提出了研究和保护海洋沉积物动物多样性的若干建议。     

古今结合论碳汇、见微知著识海洋

海洋是地球上最大的活跃碳库,发挥着全球气候变化"缓冲器"的作用,研究海洋碳循环过程与储碳机制是当前的国际热点。然而,地球系统的复杂性注定了这个重大命题必须通过学科交叉、古今结合才能取得较全面的认识和新的突破。     

海洋碳汇对气候变化的响应与反馈

海洋碳汇对气候变化的响应与反馈是一个系统的科学命题,也是当前国际地球系统科学领域的前沿热点问题,需要通过微观与宏观结合、古今链接、多学科交叉融合进行深入研究。在我国科学家发起的海洋生物地球化学"戈登科学前沿论坛"(Gordon Research Conferences,GRC)首届论坛上,以海洋生物泵(Biological Pump,BP)、微型生物碳泵(Microbial Carbon Pump,MCP)以及碳酸盐泵(Carbonate Counter Pump,CCP)等海洋储碳机制为核心,深入研讨了海洋碳汇的过程与效应,起到了引领国际海洋学科发展方向的作用。国内学界也积极行动起来,在第四届地球系统科学大会上组织了海洋碳汇专题,从古海洋碳汇、现代海洋碳循环及海洋碳汇的生物海洋学过程3个方面开展研讨。海洋微型生物生态学过程与海洋碳汇以海洋浮游植物、细菌、古菌、病毒以及不同微型生物间的互作为切入点,探讨了微型生物的储碳和固碳作用的过程及其与全球气候变化的关系。古海洋碳汇方向的报告在时间尺度上跨越了从18~8亿年前的中元古代到距今2.5 Ma的第四纪,涵盖了包括古海洋碳汇形成的古海洋环境、古海洋碳汇的生态环境效应等前沿科学问题;古海洋碳汇的报告为现代海洋碳汇研究提供了有益的借鉴,并有助于本领域科学家对海洋碳汇的历史演化观的认识。现代海洋碳循环过程方面,专题报告结合时间梯度和空间梯度,以南海珊瑚礁碳循环源汇争议为代表,探讨了碳循环中的初级生产力、溶解有机碳的来源与有机碳的降解等过程,对现代海区和全球变化背景下海洋的源汇评估提出了新的想法与研究方向。     

海洋碳循环模式的研究进展

从最简单的三箱模式开始简要回顾了海洋碳循环模式的发展历史，讨论了不同发展时期各种模式的特点，并指出了海洋吸收大气CO2的能力。近年来全球海洋环流碳循环模式经常使用简单生化过程，而在过程模式和一维模式中较详尽探讨生态系统在海洋碳循环的作用。最新的全球环流碳循模式估计海洋在20世纪80年代每年吸收大气CO2为1.5~2.2 GtC。还讨论了模拟海洋碳循环的现状和存在的问题。使用含显式生态系统的碳循环模式是研究CO2生物地球循环及其对全球变化响应的发展趋势。     

铊同位素揭示二叠纪末生物大灭绝开始时短暂的海洋氧化事件

作为地球历史记录中最大的生物危机,二叠纪末的生物大灭绝(EPME)事件是西伯利亚大火成岩省释放的挥发物造成的环境扰动结果,造成了约90％的海洋生物灭绝.确定这一重大生物危机背后的环境条件和机制,无疑对理解在这一事件中运行的地球系统反馈机制具有重要的作用.最近的研究表明,在EPME期间全球温度的波动会导致不同时间尺度的各种环境响应,尤其以火山作用导致温室气体驱动的气候变暖最为显著;而气候变暖引发的海洋缺氧扩张可能是导致这次海洋生物大灭绝的原因.     

海洋生物高值利用研究进展与发展战略思考

海洋生物高值利用是海洋生物资源可持续利用的重要方面,是全球科技创新中最具实效性和创新性的领域之一。借助于现代生物技术开展海洋生物高值利用研究,开发海洋生物基化学资源、海洋微生物资源、海洋生物基因资源,获得海洋食品、海洋药物、海洋功能制品、海洋生物质能等高值制品,将成为海洋生物资源可持续利用的重要方向和突破口。分析了海洋生物资源高值利用的国内外研究现状,介绍了"十一五"期间中国科学院在该领域的布局情况和所取得的科技创新成果,提出了我国海洋生物资源高值利用研究的发展战略。     

海洋蓝细菌生物固氮的研究进展

海洋生物固氮是海洋中氮循环的重要过程，其对海洋吸收CO2有着重要的影响。海洋固氮蓝细菌的种类和数量也有待进一步探明。现今的研究已表明，蓝细菌对海洋的氮平衡和生物生产有着重要的贡献。从海洋生物固氮的研究现状和研究方法着手，阐述了海洋生物固氮的意义，并重点对影响海洋生物固氮的因素、海洋蓝细菌生物固氮的生物化学和分子生物学机制等研究方面做了细致的综述，在此基础上提出了海洋生物固氮方面有待深入研究的科学问题，旨在为海洋生物固氮及氮的生物地球化学研究提供基础资料。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.