豫西登封地区下三叠统中的遗迹化石及其沉积环境

豫西登封地区下三叠统刘家沟组及和尚沟组系一套河湖相沉积,通过沉积特征和沉积序列分析,建立了8种类型的沉积序列,并在该套地层中发现丰富的陆相遗迹化石,已鉴别出8个遗迹属10个遗迹种。根据遗迹化石的组成、产状和分布特征,建立了3种遗迹组合:1)Scoyenia遗迹组合,出现于周期性暴露的极浅水河漫滩及小型河漫湖泊环境;2)Arenicolites遗迹化石组合,产生于水体较动荡的滨湖沉积环境;3)Taenidium-Planolites遗迹化组合,形成于水体较平静的浅湖沉积环境。基于沉积特征、沉积序列及伴生遗迹化石组成与分布特征的综合分析,提出了该区早三叠世地层中遗迹化石组合的沉积环境模式。     

豫西北奥陶系马家沟组三段遗迹组构及沉积演化规律

豫西北奥陶系马家沟组三段碳酸盐岩中遗迹化石丰富。在对野外露头实地观测的基础上,利用室内切片、薄片分析等对研究区奥陶系马家沟组三段遗迹化石、遗迹组构及沉积演化规律进行研究。结果表明:(1)研究区奥陶系马家沟组三段共鉴定出遗迹化石类型7属10种。(2)根据遗迹化石的分子组成、产状、共生关系、丰度与分异度以及生物扰动的程度,结合沉积学特征分析,共识别出遗迹组构4种:Psilonichnus遗迹组构主要发育在潮上带与潮间带上部(高潮坪)低能的沉积环境;Thalassinoides遗迹组构代表潮间带中-下部和台内滩等高能沉积环境;Helminthopsis遗迹组构反映局限碳酸盐岩台地内的潟湖和开阔台地内的滩间海等较低能的沉积环境。Helminthopsis-Chondrites遗迹组构揭示开阔碳酸盐岩台地中滩间海-台内洼地等非常低能的沉积环境。(3)建立了研究区马家沟组三段的层序地层格架,并在层序格架内对遗迹组构和沉积微环境的演化规律进行了研究,解译出研究区马家沟组三段经历了两次区域性的海侵—海退;综合岩石类型、岩石序列组合、沉积构造、生物化石、遗迹化石组合、遗迹组构等资料,建立了研究区奥陶系马家沟组三段各遗迹组构与沉积微环境的三维相模式。这对研究华北奥陶系沉积环境与沉积演化具有重要的借鉴意义。     

河南西峡盆地上白垩统河流及湖泊沉积中的遗迹组构

河南西峡盆地上白垩统马家村组沉积厚度巨大,达1 960 m,由辫状河沉积、曲流河沉积和湖泊沉积组成。在河流与湖泊沉积中,发育丰富的遗迹化石,共6种类型,分别为Skolithos linearis、Cylindricumichnosp、Palaeophycus tubularis“J”形潜穴、垂直分枝潜穴和垂直螺旋潜穴。从形态分析,大多数为居住迹,按照遗迹化石产出岩层的岩性、扰动特征和残留遗迹等总体特征,将所发现的遗迹化石层划分为两类遗迹组构,即软底组构和僵底组构。前者主要发育在纹层状极细砂岩和粉砂岩中,潜穴密度大,属种单一,包括Skolithos组构和Palaeophycus组构;后者主要发育在厚层泥岩中,潜穴密度较大,类型稍多,包括由Cylindricum ichnosp、垂直分枝潜穴J形潜穴和垂直螺旋潜穴所组成的遗迹组构。与报道过的其他地区陆相遗迹化石的对比表明,随着时间的推移,河流沉积中的组构特征在白垩纪有明显变化,而浅湖沉积中的遗迹组构表明造迹生物的扰动能力显著加强。     

内蒙古东乌旗地区中下泥盆统泥鳅河组沉积相研究

发育于内蒙古东乌旗地区的泥鳅河组,属于早中泥盆世沉积,厚度约1000m,主要发育泥岩、粉砂岩和灰岩沉积,粉砂岩中常常发育大量腕足类和珊瑚生物化石。首次在本区发现风暴沉积和Beaconites遗迹化石:风暴沉积由下至上包括粒序层理段、平行层理段、丘状交错层理段和浪成波纹层理段4个层段;Beaconites遗迹化石具管壁和内部水平“V”字型的回填纹构造。通过对岩相、生物化石、风暴沉积和Beaconites遗迹化石的研究显示,东乌旗地区泥鳅河组为浅海相沉积。     

西秦岭北带泥盆纪Nereites遗迹相及其环境分析

西秦岭北带泥盆系舒家坝组下一中上部的巨厚陆源碎屑岩系中含有极丰富的遗迹化石,它们可为解释该组沉积环境提供重要信息:（1）由大量典型深水遗迹化石组成的Nereites遗迹相,可与世界各地浊积岩系和复理石相中的Nereites遗迹相进行对比,该遗迹相主要发育在浊流沉积区直至深海平原,其沉积水深最大可超过2000m;（2）舒家坝组的遗迹群落中,除大量属深水型分子外,还见有典型的浅水分子,两种水深性质不同的遗迹组合共生在一个沉积剖面,正是浊积岩系和复理石相才具有的独特分布特征;（3）根据沉积层序和遗迹组合的对比确认舒家坝组不存在风暴岩。     

黔南泥盆系的风暴遗迹相

风暴沉积岩在黔南泥盆系地层中比较常见，其中的遗迹化石也较为丰富，为研究风暴遗迹相提供了良好的场所。风暴作用的强度和持续时间影响了沉积环境的水能量、含氧量等物化条件，遗迹化石群也随之有所变化。本文研究了发生在Ｇｌｏｓｓｉｆｕｎｇｉｔｅｓ，Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ，Ｃｒｕｚｉａｎａ和Ｚｏｏｐｈｙｃｏｓ等不同遗迹相环境中的风暴沉积遗迹化石组合，把它们划分为三种类型：（１）单调型风暴遗迹相，风暴作用较弱，风暴沉积过程中的遗迹化石属种和数量较少，但仍与风暴前后的遗迹化石组合属于Ｓｅｉｌａｃｈｅｒ（１９６７）的相同遗迹相；（２）混合型风暴遗迹相，风暴沉积形成新的遗迹相附加于较低能的遗迹相中；（３）多元混合型风暴遗迹相，随着强烈风暴作用强度的变化，在风暴沉积期出现两种以上遗迹相的沉积环境     

遗迹化石与潮控滨线海泛面的识别及准层序相组合：以塔里木盆地下志留统塔？

塔里木盆地下志留统塔塔埃尔塔格组主要由潮坪沉积组成,根据遗迹化石与学积特征,固底控制的遗迹化石Ｇｙｒｏｌｉｔｈｅｓ常常与沉积性不连续面有关,潮控滨线中的准层序由三类岩相组成,其中含砾砂岩相为潮道沉积,未见遗迹化石;含交错层理细砂岩相为砂坪沉积,仅见少量的遗迹化石Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ;强生物扰动粉砂岩,泥岩相为砂,泥混合坪沉积,发育有丰富的遗迹化石,代表Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ－Ｃｒｕｚｉａｎａ混合遗迹相。     

晋东南上石炭统—下二叠统太原组灰岩中遗迹组合及其沉积环境

晋东南陵川地区上石炭统—下二叠统太原组灰岩中遗迹化石发育,已识别出10个遗迹属14个遗迹种,常见遗迹化石包括Zoophycos,Helminthopsis,Planolites,Nereites,Chondrites,Thalassinoides,Rhizocorallium,Ophiomorpha,Palaeophycus和Teichichnus等,其中Zoophycos最为发育。依据遗迹化石的组成、分布及产状特征,可建立4个遗迹组合:(1)Zoophycos-Thalassinoides遗迹组合;(2)Planolites-Helminthopsis遗迹组合;(3)Zoophycos-Teichichnus遗迹组合;(4)Nereites-Chondrites遗迹组合。对这些遗迹化石宿主岩石沉积特征的分析表明,太原组灰岩中的遗迹组合分别产生于海湾—潟湖环境(遗迹组合1)、浅海上部(遗迹组合2)、浅海中部(遗迹组合3)和浅海下部(遗迹组合4)。基于遗迹组合特征和沉积特征的综合分析,提出了研究区太原组遗迹化石组合的沉积环境模式,这一成果可为今后该区太原组中煤与煤层气生成的古环境研究提供生物学信息和基础理论资料。     

陕北榆林富县组中的遗迹化石及其环境意义

讨论了富县组陆相沉积中发现的遗迹化石及其沉积环境意义.文审鉴定出的遗迹化石有 Chondrites sp.和 Phycodes palmata,二者均发育在浅湖相沉积中。      

我国遗迹化石研究的新进展

遗迹化石学近年来在国际上取得显著的成绩,特别是把遗迹化石作为古生态学的一个部分用来解释沉积环境,研究造迹生物的活动习性同环境条件的关系,使遗迹化石的研究同古生物学、地层学、沉积岩石学和古生态学都发生密切的联系。生物遗迹在沉积物中形成的生物扰动和生物     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.