降雨入渗条件下非饱和土边坡稳定分析

针对降雨入渗土坡的稳定问题,建立一个考虑水力渗透系数特征曲线、土-水特征曲线以及修正的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则的非饱和土流固耦合有限元计算模型,进行雨水入渗下非饱和土边坡渗流场和应力场耦合的数值模拟,得到非饱和土边坡变形与应力的若干重要规律。研究成果为降雨入渗条件下非饱和土边坡的稳定分析提供了基础。     

降雨过程中边坡临界滑动场

降雨入渗过程中孔隙水压力的升高与基质吸力的降低引起边坡稳定性的下降,是导致边坡滑塌的主要诱导因素。利用饱和-非饱和渗流有限元计算得到的孔隙水压力场,基于Fredlund提出的非饱和土抗剪强度理论,对边坡临界滑动场进行改进,提出可以考虑降雨过程的边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法,能够方便、快速地计算出边坡局部、整体安全系数和相对应的临界滑动面在降雨过程中的变化历程。将该法用于一个典型均质边坡和一个非均质边坡在降雨过程中的稳定性计算,分析降雨持续时间、降雨强度和非饱和强度参数取值等因素对边坡稳定性的影响,并将计算结果与其他方法进行比较,结果表明临界滑动场方法能搜索任意形状最危险滑面,计算的安全系数合理。     

降雨入渗条件下非饱和黏土边坡稳定性分析

大量研究表明,主要且直接诱发边坡失稳的主要因数是降雨,雨水入渗对非饱和土质边坡稳定性的影响最大。分析非饱和黏土边坡基质吸力和渗流场影响,采用有限元软件FLAC2D建立非饱和黏土边坡的数值模型,研究计算在降雨强度不同条件下,降雨时间相同和降雨总量相同这两种情况对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:非饱和黏土边坡内部的剪应变增量随降雨强度的变大而增大,边坡的位移也和降雨强度呈正相关关系,降雨强度越大越容易造成黏土边坡表层失稳。     

降雨入渗条件下非饱和黏土边坡稳定性分析

大量研究表明,主要且直接诱发边坡失稳的主要因数是降雨,雨水入渗对非饱和土质边坡稳定性的影响最大。分析非饱和黏土边坡基质吸力和渗流场影响,采用有限元软件FLAC2D建立非饱和黏土边坡的数值模型,研究计算在降雨强度不同条件下,降雨时间相同和降雨总量相同这两种情况对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:非饱和黏土边坡内部的剪应变增量随降雨强度的变大而增大,边坡的位移也和降雨强度呈正相关关系,降雨强度越大越容易造成黏土边坡表层失稳。     

土质边坡的饱和−非饱和渗流分析及特殊应力修正

基于连续多孔介质原理与混合体原理引入流?固耦合模型,采用FISH语言编制程序,建立了初始渗流场设置函数、饱和?非饱和渗流分析模块、特殊应力修正模块以及非饱和单元抗剪强度修正模块,实现了利用FLAC3D进行饱和?非饱和渗流分析,同时基于饱和?非饱和渗流场修正非饱和区土体单元的有效应力以及抗剪强度,完成了将FLAC3D中饱和土流?固耦合计算原理扩展到非饱和土中。在二次开发的分析模块基础上对Liakopoulos砂柱排水试验进行数值模拟,验证了计算模型和计算程序的正确性。同时也研究了降雨入渗对土质边坡的渗流场、位移场以及稳定性演变过程的影响,揭示了降雨诱发边坡失稳的机制。     

膨胀土边坡非饱和渗流及渐进性破坏耦合分析

膨胀土边坡受降雨影响产生膨胀变形,是典型的非饱和土多场耦合问题。为探究降雨入渗对其渐进性破坏的失稳过程,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论、膨胀土弹塑性本构关系和应变软化理论,利用应变软化模型、FLAC3D二次开发平台和内置FISH语言,提出了一种综合考虑非饱和渗流、膨胀变形和应变软化的多场耦合数值分析法。结合工程实例,通过该方法探讨了降雨入渗条件下膨胀土边坡非饱和渗流、位移响应及渐进性破坏的变化规律。结果表明:膨胀变形和应变软化受控于非饱和渗流的时空分布,对边坡位移响应过程影响显著,也易导致饱和-非饱和分界带形成剪应力集中区。膨胀土边坡渐进性破坏由局部破坏转变为整体性失稳,其塑性破坏区首先随悬挂型暂态饱和区的变化向坡内扩展,雨后逐渐形成第二条由坡脚向坡顶扩展的滑动带,呈现出多重滑动性和后退牵引式的破坏特征。     

基于多场耦合数值分析的膨胀土边坡浅层膨胀变形破坏机制研究

膨胀土地区大量工程实践表明,发生在膨胀土边坡浅表层一定深度范围内的牵引式滑坡现象非常普遍,对于该种渐进性边坡破坏模式,传统极限平衡分析无法反映其失稳状态和破坏机制。借鉴温度场中温度膨胀系数的定义和数值处理方法,以室内无荷/有荷膨胀率试验成果为依据,对膨胀土的湿度膨胀系数进行了反演拟合,得到低荷载条件下含水率-膨胀系数近似符合线性关系。基于降雨作用下膨胀土边坡破坏的大型静力物理模型试验成果,采用FLAC非饱和二相流模型模拟降雨引起的边坡湿度场分布变化状态,引入含水率-膨胀系数的线性关系,提出一种适用于膨胀土边坡的湿度场-膨胀变形场-应力场的多场耦合数值分析方法,并藉此对物理模型试验进行仿真。结合模型试验和多场耦合数值分析,阐述膨胀土边坡浅层渐进性破坏机制的本质是水力边界条件变化引起的膨胀土膨胀变形作用。     

降雨条件下软岩边坡渗流-软化分析方法及其灾变机制

降雨条件下软岩边坡的灾变问题是滑坡领域研究的热点与难点。采用间接耦合法进行软岩边坡降雨入渗分析,根据软岩边坡非饱和渗流-应力计算原理,建立了软岩边坡渗流效应分析方法;将软岩抗剪强度的遇水软化特征动态赋予暂态饱和区中对应的软岩体,模拟降雨渗流条件下软岩边坡的软化效应;将渗流与软化相结合,建立基于暂态饱和区的软岩边坡降雨-渗流-软化-灾变的数值分析方法,并用于实例边坡的降雨灾变机制分析。结果显示,软岩边坡潜在滑动面深度随时间逐渐变浅,安全系数-时程曲线呈反向复曲线形态,当边坡开始软化时曲线上出现拐点。边坡稳定性计算结果与实际情况基本相符,表明思路与方法具有一定正确性,可为软岩边坡治理方案设计提供理论依据。     

降雨作用下煤系土路堑边坡稳定分析

基于掌握的降雨气象资料,利用非饱和瞬态渗流有限元程序对开挖后和风化后两种情况下的煤系土路堑边坡进行了降雨入渗坡体渗流场数值计算和分析。依据非饱和土力学强度理论,基于Morgenstern-Price方法,调用不同降雨时间的渗流计算结果,对两种情况下煤系土路堑边坡的瞬态稳定性进行了计算和分析。研究结果表明,水分在风化煤系土路堑边坡体内的渗透迁移对路堑边坡稳定性和最危险滑动面有时空影响;在煤系土路堑边坡降雨入渗和稳定性分析中考虑风化层较为合理。     

土坡失稳的有效降雨量研究

降雨易引起花岗岩残积土边坡失稳。在分析降雨对边坡土体含水率影响的基础上,通过饱和度和含水率的关系推求出土体从非饱和过渡到饱和的有效降雨量。结果表明：对土质边坡,并非所有的降雨都会引起边坡的失稳,降雨入渗使边坡土体从非饱和向饱和状态发展,当边坡土体饱和度达到一定程度的时候易产生边坡失稳;土坡存在饱和区和非饱和区的临界深度,降雨对边坡的影响即为使得该深度以上的土体从非饱和过渡到饱和的过程,须采取不同的抗剪强度来计算处于临界深度上下两部分土体的稳定状态。研究结果对确定土坡失稳的降雨量阀值、进一步认识滑坡失稳机制,对滑坡的预测预报具有理论及实际意义。     

Incorporating hydro-mechanical coupling in an analysis of the effects of rainfall patterns on unsaturated soil slope stability

Rainfall-induced landslides can cause loss of life and damage to property, infrastructure, and the environment. Rainfall patterns affect the pore-water pressure of unsaturated soil slopes, and are related to the slopes’ stability. Four rainfall patterns were chosen to represent natural rainfall patterns for an examination of rainfall infiltration into soil slopes using numerical models incorporating coupled water infiltration and deformation in unsaturated soils. Our analysis showed that rainfall patterns play a significant role in the distribution of the pore-water pressure in soil slopes, and influence the slope stability. The pore-water pressure profile of soil slopes and the factor of safety are affected by the ratio of rainfall intensity and the coefficient of permeability. The depth and shape of the shallow sliding plane of the landslide is closely related to the rainfall pattern; moreover, the results showed a correlation between the factor of safety of the slope and the rainfall intensity. This relationship can be described by a dimensionless rainfall intensity. The nonlinear relationship can be used to estimate the slope stability resulting from rainfall infiltration when the hydro-mechanical coupling in unsaturated soil slopes is considered.     

Response parameters for characterization of infiltration

Rainwater infiltration is of particular interest with respect to slope stability hazard management. The process of rainfall infiltration into unsaturated soil is complex due to the number of soil parameters involved and the random nature of moisture flux boundary conditions. In this paper, the effect of rainfall intensity on infiltration is investigated through the use of finite element seepage modeling for a 5 m high soil column subjected to various rainfall intensities. The numerical modeling study identified three response parameters that can be used to describe one-dimensional infiltration into an unsaturated soil. The response parameters are the depth of wetting front, the matric suction reduction depth, and the sectional infiltration rate. The practical application of the rainfall response parameters in slope stability analysis is illustrated.     

渗透性与降雨强度对堆积层滑坡稳定性的影响

本文基于非饱和渗流理论及非饱和土的Fredlund双应力变量强度理论,对一沿岩土接触面滑动的堆积层滑坡模型,分别进行了8种条件下的降雨入渗数值模拟试验,研究了不同土体渗透性及降雨强度对滑坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:(1)堆积层滑坡的稳定性与土体的渗透性有密切关系,在降雨后的短期内,土体渗透性越好,滑面孔隙水压力升高越明显,滑坡的稳定性降低程度越大;(2)降雨期间,埋深较浅的滑面,入渗雨水能够较快到达,对滑坡稳定性的影响较大;(3)在相同的降雨时间内,降雨强度越大,滑坡稳定性降低速率越快;(4)降雨强度影响着滑坡发生的滞后性,在降雨总量一定的条件下,若降雨强度较大,雨停后,滑坡稳定性继续下降的程度较大;(5)降雨总量控制着滑坡的最终稳定性。     

强降雨条件下具有张裂缝边坡临界滑动场

降雨持时较长且雨强较大时,雨水的入渗不仅会增大孔隙水压力,且易使张裂缝充水形成静水压力,对边坡稳定不利。结合降雨条件下饱和-非饱和渗流分析,考虑降雨过程中的瞬态孔隙水压力场与瞬态强度场,并同时考虑张裂缝充水时的静水压力,对边坡临界滑动场法进行改进,提出降雨条件下具有张裂缝边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法,且对其进行了验证。将该方法用于一个典型均质黏土边坡算例,结果表明,（1）文中方法可考虑张裂缝具体位置、深度及其充水状态下对边坡稳定性的影响,并能搜索出任意形状危险滑面,计算结果合理可靠;（2）降雨条件下张裂缝中静水压力对边坡稳定性及滑面形状有较大影响;（3）降雨条件下张裂缝位置对边坡稳定有较大影响,距坡肩越近,张裂缝对边坡稳定性影响越大;（4）张裂缝处在最不利位置且充水时存在一个最不利深度。     

降雨入渗条件下非饱和路堤变形与边坡的稳定数值模拟

对于常常处于非饱和状态的路堤在降雨入渗条件下变形问题的数值模拟研究,由于涉及到非饱和土力学,一直是个热点和难点。现有的强度折减有限元法一般仅对强度指标进行折减,但折减后得到的路堤变形场与实际变形场存在一定差异。论文分析认为,在降雨入渗影响下非饱和路堤不仅强度参数会降低,而且变形参数也会随着应力水平和强度参数的变化而变化。采用基于变模量的弹塑性强度折减法,对不同降雨入渗深度下路堤的变形规律进行数值模拟,并与室内模型试验结果进行比较;同时采用强度折减法和极限平衡法中的Bishop法,分析了不同降雨入渗深度对非饱和路堤稳定性和滑弧变化特征的影响规律。     

降雨条件下顺倾向煤系地层边坡稳定性的影响研究

煤系地层具有岩层软硬不均,层间胶结较差,风化速度快,遇水易软化,结构易破坏导致强度丧失等特点,特别是夹层中炭质泥岩或页岩具有强度低、易活化、易变性和渗透系数相对较小的特点,这决定了其对整体边坡的稳定性具有控制作用。文章分析了煤系地层边坡饱和、非饱和渗流降雨条件（降雨强度）、土性参数（夹层饱和渗透系数）以及边坡形状尺寸（坡脚、夹层倾角、夹层埋深）等因素对边坡渗流特点及稳定性的影响,发现软弱夹层与上下岩体渗透性差异性对边坡稳定性影响明显;软弱夹层埋置越浅,边坡越易失稳;降雨强度越大,边坡越易沿软弱夹层发生滑坡;并非坡脚越大降雨之后边坡的安全系数降低幅度就大,而是随着夹层倾角的增大,边坡的安全系数逐渐降低,边坡越易沿软弱夹层发生滑坡,这些认识对煤系地层边坡的设计和治理有重要的参考意义。      

A simulation chain for early prediction of rainfall-induced landslides

A new simulation chain for early prediction of rainfall-induced landslides in unsaturated soils is presented. It includes a special computational weather code for forecasting the evolution of the synoptic weather and its changes due to interaction with the Earth’s surface (rainfall pattern), and a hydro-mechanical code to analyse rainfall effects on slope stability by computing degree of saturation and pore pressure changes due to rainwater infiltration. The linkage between these two numerical codes is ensured by an interface with the aim of bringing the data provided by the first code, which operates at basin or slope scale. The simulation chain can work in computational times that may be considered suitable for civil protection operations.     

Numerical model and flume experiments of single- and two-layered hillslope flow related to slope failure

A hillslope flow model is developed considering 3D saturated and unsaturated flow of water during rainfall events. A finite difference-based numerical model of hillslope flow processes is developed. Four different experiments are done to see the effects of a single- and double-layered soil in pore-water pressure dynamics and slope failure. Results from the numerical model are verified with experimental results. The numerical and experimental values of the pore-water pressure and moisture contents are in good agreement. The results show that the hillslope heterogeneity caused by multiple layers of soil has greater influence on hillslope pore-pressure dynamics and slope failure patterns. The depth of slope failure shows high dependency on layering characteristics of the soil slope and pattern of rainfall. The proposed model provides a perspective on failure mechanism of a single- or double-layered slope under rainfall infiltration.