吉林中部黑土区重金属元素生态地球化学特征

基于吉林省中部黑土区地球化学调查数据,分析统计As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn 6种可造成重金属污染的元素在土壤--作物系统中的生态地球化学特征。通过吉林省部分地区土壤样品与玉米籽实样品采样,采用元素有效系数与元素累积系数的方法,计算出采样点的土壤重金属元素全量、有效量和玉米籽实含量特征,从而研究重金属元素生态地球化学特征。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤重金属元素全量虽然较吉林省土壤元素背景值增加明显,但土壤与玉米籽实均未达到污染状态。(2)重金属元素有效系数均值由小到大依次为As Cr Zn Cu Ni Cd,在研究区的空间分布差异性较大;玉米籽实积累系数均值由小到大依次为Cr As Ni Cd Cu Zn,在的空间分布差异性相对较小。(3)吉林省中部黑土区的玉米籽实重金属元素积累程度均较低,在未发生土壤重金属元素污染的清洁土壤中,Cu与Zn对于玉米植株来说,属于必需营养元素范畴;重金属元素中Cd的有效系数大,作物可食部分积累程度较高,应注意其预防与治理工作; As与Cr的有效系数较小,可能是导致其在玉米籽实中积累程度较低的主要影响因素之一; Ni在土壤中有效态转化程度较高,玉米籽实Ni吸收量相对较低。(4)多数重金属元素在玉米籽实中的累积程度与其在土壤中的有效系数呈正相关关系。     

保定—沧州地区土壤地球化学公里网格样方代表性研究

土壤中的元素在空间上的分布具有一定变异性。在开展土壤地质环境调查监测时,有必要进行单点采样的科学性分析。对于在1 km2的区域内,如何实现科学、有效和合理地采样来获得区域内土壤元素含量的空间分布特征是一个需要解决的课题。本文在保定—沧州平原地区,选择36个县市,在每个县市的大片农田区以十字形方式采集9个单点样,通过不同的样品组合方式,来研究其结果之间的差别。结果显示:不同的混合方式,元素浓度含量的相对偏差大部分小于15%,在可接受的误差范围内。因此在1 km2区域的中心采集一个单点样,即可基本代表该区域内土壤元素的含量组成。     

延吉市城市生态地球化学研究

本文对延吉市区及建成区范围内的不同城市功能区进行大气降尘采样,对采集到的污染源样品进行化学组分分析;以Al为参比元素,以中国土壤A层元素背景值进行大气降尘重金属元素富集特征分析;采用地积累指数评价土壤、大气降尘沉积物中重金属的污染状况。研究表明,延吉市的降尘具有多源性特征,降尘对表层土壤元素质量分数的影响小,土壤中重金属污染物检出种类较少、浓度低且呈点状污染、部分地区集中检出的分布特征。     

日照山海天地区湿地水土资源现状及评价

以日照市山海天地区为典型调查区域,从调查本身的可操作性以及数据的可得性等角度出发,野外采集土壤、地表水、地下水样品,利用3s技术、地质统计学等先进技术方法进行试验分析和评价,探讨其水土资源质量现状,揭示该区湿地功能面临的主要威胁。结果表明：该区段水质状况堪忧,地表水典型污染物质超标严重,地下水水质综合评价较差。从研究区土壤中的Pb、Zn、As、Hg、Cd、Cr等典型污染物质的综合评价来看,该区域土壤环境质量总体优良;从土壤中典型污染物质的Kriging空间插值分析来看,除cd空间分布规律不甚明显外,其余均表现出一定的空间结构特征。     

陕西省泾惠渠灌区土壤重金属地质累积指数评价

通过对陕西省泾惠渠灌区现场调查及土壤样品的采集,分析了灌区土壤中Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、As、Cu、Zn等7种元素的含量,应用地质累积指数对灌区土壤进行了评价。结果表明：从区域分布看,阎良区、临潼区、高陵县所属采样点污染较严重;Hg污染最严重,地质累积指数为1.007～3.117,58%的采样点级别为3级,属中度污染到强污染,38%的采样点级别为2级,属中度污染;Zn污染程度次之,地质累积指数为-0.407～1.644,71%的采样点级别为1级,属无污染到中污染;Cd污染变异程度最大,地质累积指数为-2.705～3.312,70%的采样点级别0级,属无污染,但个别采样点达到了强污染;Cu的地质累积指数为-0.535～0.421,Pb为-1.119～-0.144,Cr为-1.005～-0.458,As为-0.562～0.077,除个别点外这些重金属污染级别皆为0级,属无污染。     

江西贵溪冶炼厂重金属环境污染特征及生态风险评价

金属矿物开采、冶炼等活动引起土壤金属污染是世界普遍存在的问题,由此引起的人类健康问题和环境生态的恶化,越来越受到世界各国环境学家关注。本文调查了冶炼厂周围农田重金属元素的纵向分布,并利用连续浸提法分析主要污染元素的化学形态,结果表明,土壤Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb的非残渣态含量远远高于未污染土壤,污染元素的生物可利用性高;同时采用多指标生态评价体系,对铜矿冶炼厂周围农田土壤重金属污染进行综合的潜在生态风险评价。根据风险指标体系和空间分异规律,将冶炼厂周围农田分成3种生态风险功能区。     

湖北红安县生态地质调查土壤重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

为探索湖北省红安县土壤重金属空间分布特征,选定金沙湖和觅儿寺工业园两个重点调查区,系统采集表层及垂向剖面土壤样品,测定Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As和Hg含量。采用单因子污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价重金属元素空间分布特征及生态风险。研究表明：调查区上述8种重金属元素平均含量分别为21.48×10^-6、21.75×10^-6、63.60×10^-6、53.24×10^-6、20.25×10^-6、0.13×10^-6、5.44×10^-6和0.04×10^-6,其中Cu、Cr、Ni和Cd污染积累相对富集,以轻微污染为主;重金属元素分布规律特征明显,轻微污染集中于高桥—永佳河基性—超基性混杂岩带和觅儿寺工业园周边,重度污染仅存在于八里湾东北侧零散锰钴矿化点,Pb和Hg含量在表层土壤富集,深层减少,Cr和Ni则在深层土壤富集,而表层减少,其他4种元素规律不明显;Cd和Hg单元素潜在生态风险较高,基于这两种元素的综合生...     

浙江嘉善土壤地球化学背景及生态质量评价

通过嘉善全县域4点／km^2密度的表层土壤调查采样调查,取得土壤地球化学元素含量背景值,并依据相关标准进行土壤养分质量和环境质量评价。统计分析表明：全县表层土壤地球化学元素含量空间变异小;土壤养分元素中,有机质、氮、钾总体丰富,磷在该县东南部丰富、西北部缺乏,钼在较多地区缺乏,铁、锰、铜、锌均属丰富,硼为中等含量,有效性钙、有效镁含量丰富,有效态硫、有效硅绝大部分为丰富区;表层土壤的环境质量总体为轻度污染,中度污染区零星分布。     

南京地区表土镉汞铅含量的空间统计分析

在南京城区和周围郊区近2500km2的区域内,采集了670个表层土壤样品,分析了Cd、Hg、Pb等重金属含量。在ARCGIS等地理信息系统软件的支持下,用地统计学等空间分析方法,分析了数据的概率分布特征、空间自相关特征以及变异函数特征。结果表明,研究区内表层土壤中Cd、Hg、Pb等重金属元素平均含量显著高于其全国平均水平;并且不同的元素具有不同的空间自相关特征;变异函数分析显示,Cd和Hg的分布具有明显的空间异质性,而Pb的方向性不明显。元素空间分布特征的研究对研究污染源和污染扩散具有一定指示和引导作用。     

淮北平原覆盖区土壤采样密度及其环境质量研究——以1∶5万高炉集幅为例

以1∶5万高炉集幅为研究对象,在6个点/km 2及4个点/km 2两种采样密度条件下,土壤元素在地球化学参数特征及空间分布上均相近,表明该图幅内采样密度4个点/km 2可以满足1∶5万土地质量调查评价工作的要求。基于不同采样密度下土壤元素地球化学特征的对比分析,提出淮北平原覆盖区地质背景相对单一的连片耕地区开展1∶5万土地质量调查时可采用最低采样密度(4个点/km 2)。土壤环境质量评价结果显示,区内土壤环境质量优良,以优先保护类土壤为主,安全利用类土壤仅零星分布,影响土壤环境质量的指标为Cd,研究结果可为该地区实施绿色无公害产业发展提供科学依据。     

大兴安岭中北段森林沼泽丘陵景观区的1∶5万化探方法技术研究

在森林沼泽水系较不发育区开展土壤测量时,部分区段存在厚度为1~3 m的黏土层,采样困难,大家选用采样介质不一。通过对比研究残积土、腐殖土、黏土的粒级分布特征、元素分布特征及同点采集的样品元素含量的对比研究,认为在大兴安岭中北段森林沼泽丘陵景观区开展1∶5万化探时采用的方法为:采样介质为残坡积土;采样粒级为-10~+60目;采样密度为9点/km²;野外样品加工方法为水筛。     

National-Scale Geochemical Mapping Projects in China

Regional, national and global scale geochemical mapping projects have been carried out in China since the late 1970s, due to the development of cost‐effective, low detection limit analytical methods. These projects have provided a huge mass of high‐quality, informative and comparable data for mineral resource exploration and are now making contributions to environmental assessment. In this paper, four national‐scale geochemical mapping projects are described. (1) The Regional Geochemistry‐National Reconnaissance Project (RGNR project), which is China's largest national geochemical mapping project, has covered 6 million km² of upland regions since 1978. Generally, stream sediment samples were collected at a density of 1/km² and four samples were composited into one sample and analysed for thirty‐nine elements. (2) The deep‐penetrating geochemical mapping project (DEEPMAP Project) has been conducted since 1994 in covered terrains, including sedimentary basins, at a density of 1 sample per 100 km² with thirty to seventy elements determined per sample. In the past 10 years, an area of approximately 800 000 km² has been covered and this project has played an important role in finding sandstone‐type uranium deposits in basins. (3) The seventy‐six geochemical element mapping project (76 GEM project) has been carried out since 1999 and involved the collection of stream sediment samples from the RGNR project targets which were analysed for seventy‐six elements. Samples from each 1:50 000 map sheet were composited into one analytical sample (approximately one composite sample per 400 km²). Approximately 1 million km² have been surveyed to date. (4) The multi‐purpose eco‐geochemical mapping project has been conducted since 1999 in Quaternary plain areas for environmental and agricultural applications. Surface soils (depths from 0–20 cm) were collected at a density of one sample per km², and four samples were composited into one for analysis. Deep soils (from a depth of 150 to 200 cm) were collected at a density of one sample per 4 km² and four samples were composited into one analytical sample. All the composite samples were analysed for fifty‐four elements.     

The Soil Geochemical Atlas of Portugal: Overview and applications

The continental area of Portugal is now entirely covered by a soil geochemical survey (1 site/135 km²), taking as the sampling media topsoils (upper mineral horizons, A) and organic horizons (humus, O). Standard methods for sampling, sample preparation and analysis were used in order to achieve high quality and consistent data. Each sample was analyzed for 32 chemical elements, pH, electrical conductivity and organic matter content.The main purpose of the survey was to obtain baseline levels for various chemical elements. The compilation of all data (nearly 45,000 individual data) in an organised way, led to the production of the first Soil Geochemical Atlas of Portugal. In this Atlas it is possible to find for each chemical element a set of information statistics (basic statistical parameters, boxplots, cumulative frequency curves, etc.), maps of spatial distribution, among other information of geochemical and environmental interest. This paper gives an overview of the Soil Atlas and examples of application. The data were used to calculate reference values for 9 elements of environmental importance and to obtain empirical formulae allowing the estimation of elements in the coarse fraction of soils (< 2.00 mm) from known concentration in a finer fraction (< 0.18 mm).     

Deep-penetrating geochemistry for sandstone-type uranium deposits in the Turpan–Hami basin, north-western China

The Turpan–Hami basin, covering an area of approximately 50,000 km² in NW China, contains concealed sandstone-type U deposits in a Jurassic sequence of sandstone, mudstone and coal beds. Sampling of soil profiles over the Shihongtan concealed U deposit in this basin shows that fine-grained soil collected from the clay-rich horizon contains U concentrations three times higher than similar soils at background areas. Selective leaching studies of these soils show that U is mainly associated with clay minerals, which comprise from 17.9% to 40% (average 30.4%) of the total mineral content. This may indicate that U is converted to uranyl ions [UO₂]²⁺ under oxidizing conditions and is sorbed on clay minerals to accumulate in anomalous concentrations. Fine-grained soil (<120 mesh, <0.125 mm) from the clay-rich horizon, generally occurring at a depth of 0–40 cm, is shown to be an effective sampling medium for deep-penetrating geochemical surveys. A wide-spaced geochemical survey at a density of approximately 1 site per 100 km² was carried out throughout the whole basin using this sampling medium. Samples were analyzed for 30 elements by ICP-MS following a 4-acid extraction. Three large-scale geochemical anomalies of U and Mo were delineated over the whole basin. One of the anomalies is consistent with the known U deposit at Shihongtan in the western part of the basin. A new potential target in the eastern part of the basin was selected for a follow-up survey at a density of 1 sample per 4 km². A drilling exploration programme at the center of the geochemical anomaly delineated by this follow-up survey discovered a new U deposit.     

Analysis of High Density Regional Geochemical Soil Samples at the Council for Geoscience (South Africa): The Importance of Quality Control Measures

The Council for Geoscience (CGS, South Africa) has a statutory mandate to carry out regional geochemical mapping in South Africa that needs to be rapidly and accurately analysed. Both simultaneous X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (S-XRF) and a newly developed method using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were employed. Various trace elements that could not previously be analysed by S-XRF can now be analysed by ICP-MS for the regional geochemical mapping programme, e.g., Cd, Mo, Te and Li. Using both techniques, the CGS aims to report element distributions for some fifty elements. To ensure that element concentration levels correlate over map boundaries, quality control measures in the sampling, sample preparation and analyses were of critical importance. This paper aims to discuss the sample preparation and quality control measures as applied to the ∼5500 samples of the Giyani and Tzaneen 1:100000 scale map sheets sampled at a density of one soil sample per km². ICP-MS batch- and instrumental drift-correction procedures will be discussed. As a final step, geochemical data were overlain over simplified geological maps using geographical information system software. These maps complement existing geological information of South Africa, help in the identification of exploration targets, test exploration models and initiate further geological research.     

Low-density geochemical mapping in Hungary

Guidelines for a low-density geochemical survey were described in 1990 by the Western European Geological Surveys. A low-density geochemical survey of Hungary was carried out in 1991–1995. The results are useful for future surveys and for the IGCP 360 project ‘Global Geochemical Baseline’. In regions with well-developed drainage systems in Hungary, 196 catchment basins of approx. 400 km² were delineated and flood-plain deposits sampled at their outlets. The samples were taken from 0 to 10 cm and from 50 to 60 cm depths. Samples were analysed by ICP-AES and AAS techniques in two laboratories. A Geochemical Atlas of Hungary is in preparation that will show the distribution of 25 elements in the two sampled layers. Maps for the lower layer represent regional geochemical baseline values and a geochemical subdivision of the country (maps showing the distribution of element associations) was made on the basis of factor variables. Maps constructed from the data of the upper sampling level show us the present state of contamination of the surface. The results of this survey have contributed to the establishment of guidance values for soils prepared by the Hungarian Ministry of the Environment in 1995. Safe levels were established for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn and regional environmental loads plotted. Differences between the median values of the two levels are generally small. However, the concentrations of certain elements like P, Pb and S are significantly greater in the upper layer reflecting contamination from agriculture. In certain regions, the rate of sedimentation was fairly fast such that the environmental effects of ore mining in Transylvania and southern Slovakia as well as those of heavy industry in northern Hungary can be observed in samples from the lower level. The main factor controlling the geochemical pattern in Hungary is the predominance of young (Pleistocene or Miocene) clastic sediments at the surface. Approx. 90% of the surface is covered by these young sediments. This kind of survey has the disadvantage of not providing enough contrast to differentiate geologically dissimilar areas but it has the advantage to provide regional surface background geochemical data and it helps to outline areas of possible surface contamination. Based on the results of this survey we conclude that it would be much better to sample smaller, but geologically homogeneous areas in mountainous terrain to obtain data characteristic of the geochemical background of lithologic units. This approach would mean a sampling density of a few tens of km²/sample for hilly areas, and a few hundred km²/sample for lowland areas.     

福建沿海地区农业土壤全量养分丰缺评价

农业土壤除了pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾有全量评价标准外,多目标地球化学调查提供的其他营养和有益元素均无全量评价标准。文章采用耕作地土壤的背景值和标准离差以及与全国土壤丰度的比值确定了其他13种营养和有益元素的丰缺分级评价标准。提出了土壤养分丰缺综合评价方法,将19种土壤养分指标分成土壤性质指标、一级营养元素指标、二级营养元素指标及微量营养和有益元素指标,其贡献总分值分别为30分、40分、15分和15分,组成类型的单指标总分值与该类型贡献总分值相同,根据丰缺分级评价标准和各单指标含量,计算单指标分值。采用算术平均值法计算4种类型指标的分值,以4种类型指标分值和的大小作为评价土壤全量养分丰缺的依据。应用该评价体系对福建沿海地区农业土壤养分状况进行评价,旨在为农业土壤区划提供参考依据。另外,文章还分析了影响土壤养分丰缺的因素,提出了土壤的pH值和SiO₂含量是影响土壤养分丰缺的重要因素,其次还有地质背景因素、人类活动叠加因素、沉积作用环境因素和气候环境因素等。     

Influence of geological setting on geochemical baselines of trace elements in soils. Application to soils of South–West Spain

A collection of 235 samples were taken from 115 sites (representing a density of 1 sampling site ca. 130 km²) on rural soils derived from the major rock types in the southern Iberian Massif. The geochemical baselines of selected trace elements (As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined on the < 2 mm soil fraction. The sampling sites were not directly influenced by external pollution. Soil geochemical baseline and threshold values were calculated for each element in two geologically different zones: the Ossa-Morena Zone (OMZ) and the South-Portuguese Zone (SPZ).     

浙中丘陵盆地区1∶5万土地质量地球化学调查方法研究

摘要：以1∶5万土地质量地球化学调查成果服务于土地精准管理为目标,在浙中丘陵盆地选择金华市汤溪镇地块细碎的典型区域,开展了两种采样密度的对比研究：(1)按1∶5万土地质量地球化学调查的采样密度上限采样,平均采样密度164件/km2,采用克里金插值法进行图斑赋值(下文简称插值);(2)以土地精准管理为目标,以地块为单元采样,平均采样密度1795件/km2,用实测值对图斑赋值(下文简称实测)。以图斑为评价单元,对比上述两种方法间元素含量、土壤环境及养分指标分级、土壤质量综合分级的差异。研究表明：(1)与土壤质量评价密切相关的15项指标中,有9项指标插值与实测值元素含量的相对双差合格率达到90%,4项指标接近90%,仅2项指标合格率低于80%;(2)插值与实测值的土壤环境单指标分级与环境指标综合分级结果极为接近,养分指标分级差异略大;(3)实测值与插值土壤质量综合分级一级、二级图斑数所占比例相差118%,图斑面积相差74%,约40%的图斑土壤质量综合等级发生变化。研究区内环境指标变异性较小,插值与实测值的评价分级结果基本一致;养分指标N、P、K的空间变异较强,是导致插值与实测值土壤质量综合分级差异的主要原因。以上结果表明,浙中丘陵盆地区1∶5万土地质量地球化学调查成果对土地利用规划、科学平衡施肥等具有重要价值,但其成果精度尚难满足土地精准管理的需要。     

Delineation of geochemical blocks for undiscovered large ore deposits using deep-penetrating methods in alluvial terrains of eastern China

Many large ore deposits have been discovered in eastern China along the Circum-Pacific Rim. However, alluvium, which covers most of the terrain, prevents a complete assessment of the mineralization potential by geological and conventional geochemical approaches. Two deep-penetrating geochemical methods—collection of nanoscale metals in earthgas (NAMEG) and selective leaching of mobile forms of metals in overburden (MOMEO) have been used to investigate the possibility to delineate geochemical blocks generated from large ore deposits buried by alluvial terrains. A wide-spaced sampling was carried out in an area of approximately 250 000 km² at density of one sample per 400–800 km². The soil samples were subjected to MOMEO leaching and were analyzed for Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The earthgas samples were analyzed for 17 elements by INNA. The results show that water-extractable metals by MOMEO processing can give prominent expression to concealed deposits and can delineate large-scale geochemical anomalies in the alluvial terrains. The distribution of gold in earthgas is situated along the largest deep fault systems and the concentration centers distribute in the secondary faults on the both sides of the deep fault systems.