分散元素铟富集的矿床类型和矿物专属性

文章研究了我国一些铁锰矿床、铜矿床及铅锌硫化物矿床矿石及矿物中铟的含量变化特点 ,发现In在不同类型的铅、锌、铜、铁、锰等矿床中并不大量富集 ,在这些矿床中矿石平均wIn大都低于 10× 10 -6;在锡石硫化物矿床和富含锡的铅锌多金属矿床中 ,矿石中wIn平均可达 80× 10 -6以上 ,这类矿床中铟的工业储量可达数百吨甚至数千吨 ,80 %以上的铟都富集在闪锌矿中。研究结果表明 ,铟的富集成矿具有矿床类型和矿物专属性 ,这种专属性对铟资源的寻找与利用具有重要意义     

我国稀散金属元素铟在铅锌矿山中的分布规律与金属资源量初步估算

针对铅锌矿床MVT型(密西西比河谷型)、SEDEX型(喷流沉积型)及岩浆热液型(指与岩浆岩及火山作用有关热液矿床,包括诸如斑岩型、矽卡岩型、热液交代型矿床和陆相火山岩型矿床等)三种主要成因类型,开展稀散元素铟(In)在不同成因类型铅锌矿床中富集情况的数据资料收集统计、野外地质调查和室内研究工作,初步总结稀散金属铟(In)在铅锌矿床中的分布规律,并对赋存于我国铅锌矿山中的铟金属总量进行了估算。研究表明:铟的富集成矿具有矿床类型的专属性,主要在锡-铅锌硫化物矿床中富集,锡含量较低的各成因类型铅锌矿石中铟含量普遍不高;而含锡富铟的多金属硫化物矿床中,闪锌矿中In值远高于其他硫化物,是铟主要的寄主矿物。组合分析法计算出分布于我国铅锌矿山中的铟金属蕴藏量,表内保有储量级别为9832t,查明资源储量级别为26 115t。     

岩浆-热液系统中铟的成矿作用

铟作为支撑新兴高科技产业发展的关键金属,主要应用于电子工业、半导体、焊料合金及航空航天等领域,对国家安全和经济发展至关重要.当前铟的重要来源是与花岗质岩浆有关的锡多金属矿床,其中铟的富集程度远超其他类型矿床.文章在简要概括铟矿床类型的基础上,探讨了铟在岩浆-热液系统各演化阶段的富集过程以及锡、铟同步富集的原因.在岩浆演化过程中,如果有黑云母、角闪石等铟的主要载体矿物发生分离结晶,铟的成矿潜力便会被大大削弱.当铟进入成矿流体后,铟的氯化物、氟化物和氢氧化物对铟的搬运有重要作用,流体的温度、pH值以及金属配体的种类和浓度是控制铟迁移和沉淀的重要因素.而当铟从流体中沉淀时,因四次配位的In3+与贱金属硫化物(闪锌矿、黄铜矿、黝铜矿等矿物)中四次配位的金属离子更相似,造成大量的铟以类质同象替换的方式进入硫化物而与锡发生分离;沉淀后的含铟矿物在后期地质过程中可能经历铟的重新活化、迁移和扩散等过程,导致铟再次富集.铟的富集过程与锡有关,这可能是由于铟和锡具有相似的地球化学性质,二者在表生环境中活动性弱,会滞留在经历化学风化的富黏土的沉积岩中,这样的沉积岩经变质作用会形成大量的云母类矿物,而黑云母作为铟和锡的共同载体,其在高温条件下发生分解可能是导致铟和锡在矿床中同步富集的根本原因.此外,新近在一些贫锡岩浆热液矿床中发现铟也能够超常富集,其机理尚不清楚.加强表生环境中锡与铟预富集过程的研究以及贫锡矿床中铟富集机制的研究,对查明铟-锡共生、分离机制和完善铟成矿理论至关重要.     

四川九寨沟地区金矿床特征与找矿远景

九寨沟地区金矿床主要赋存于三叠系、寒武一志留系、泥盆系浊积岩中,并受构造控制。矿石矿物以多金属硫化物为主,见有孔雀石、铜蓝和褐铁矿等次生矿物及各种氧化物类,主成矿元素金的资源量可达特大型以上,属于构造岩浆热液型金矿床。该区及外围均具有很大的找矿潜力。     

桂西北南丹地区大厂超大型锡多金属矿床中发现高稀土元素方解石

广西大厂锡多金属矿床是中国也是世界上最大的锡多金属矿床之一,其锡、锌、锑、砷、银、铟、镓等金属元素均达到大型超大型规模。通过对大厂矿区91号、92号和100号矿体中矿石内非金属矿物稀土元素的研究,发现91号和92号矿体中均存在高稀土元素含量的方解石,ΣREE的最高含量达940.42×10-6,平均799.2×10-6。高稀土元素含量方解石的存在,表明在大厂超大型矿床的形成过程中可能有幔源流体的参与。     

硫铟铜矿在福建紫金山铜金矿床的发现及深部找矿意义

硫铟铜矿(CuInS2)是一种罕见的铟独立矿物,在中国未曾报道过。在研究福建紫金山铜金矿床深部矿石矿物组成时,首次发现了硫铟铜矿。硫铟铜矿通常见于中高温热液矿床,紫金山铜金矿床东南矿段铜矿体中出现了硫钨锡铜矿、硫钼锡铜矿、硫铁锡铜矿、硫砷锡铜矿、锡砷硫钒铜矿、似黄锡矿、辉钼矿等高温矿物,指示紫金山矿床深部成矿温度较高,成矿流体中In、Sn、Pb、Zn、Mo、W含量较高,具有斑岩型等中高温热液成矿系统的找矿潜力。     

宁镇中段矽卡岩型矿床的闪锌矿及其地质压力计应用讨论

宁镇山脉中段矽卡岩型铁铜矿床的成矿深度是该地区深部找矿前景分析的重要参考因素,以往多运用地质分析法来定性讨论。通过野外调查,发现这些矿床常有少量闪锌矿伴生。初步研究了该地区伏牛山铜矿、安基山铜矿、团山硫铁矿、盘龙岗铁铜矿以及胄王村多金属矿等代表性矿床（点）所伴生闪锌矿的产出特征、矿物共生组合、常量化学成分及晶体结构,发现该区闪锌矿形成于热液硫化物阶段的中晚期,部分矿区具有至少两个结晶世代,无论其共生矿物、结晶形态、颜色、成分或晶体结构均随产状和矿物共生组合有规律地变化。只有团山硫铁矿和伏牛山铜矿的第一世代闪锌矿与六方磁黄铁矿及黄铁矿平衡共存,符合闪锌矿地质压力计应用条件,用前人修正的闪锌矿压力计获得的成矿压力与地质分析结论吻合,为0．9kPa～1．2kPa,相当于成矿深度2420m～3630m,比照处在相同成矿带的湖北大冶和安徽铜陵深部找矿结果,认为该区仍有深部找矿前景。     

福建龙岩中甲铁矿床中铟、镉赋存状态及其综合回收经济评价

福建龙岩中甲铁矿是上世纪60年代探明的海相火山沉积-热液叠加改造型多金属硫化物磁铁矿矿床。随着该矿难选铁矿石选矿技术的突破,最近发现矿石中共(伴)生的分散元素铟、镉含量超过综合利用工业最低品位要求,铟、镉的储量估算均可达大型规模。通过研究铟、镉的赋存状态,认为矿石中尚无铟、镉的独立矿物存在,铟、镉主要与锌呈类质同象存在于闪锌矿的晶格中;铟、镉综合回收经济评价表明,铟、镉在选矿流程中主要走向锌精矿,可在锌的冶炼过程中综合回收,并会获得很好的经济效益。永安—梅县凹陷带内有众多与该矿床类似的铁多金属矿,该矿床共(伴)生铟、镉含量及赋存状态的考察,对区域同类矿床伴生元素的综合利用、提升经济价值有重大意义。     

金属矿床的同位素直接定年方法

矿床的直接定年就是直接对成矿流体或矿石矿物进行同位素定年 ,这样确定的年龄就直接代表了成矿年龄。目前主要有石英和闪锌矿中流体包裹体的Rb Sr同位素定年、黄铁矿和石英中包裹体的Ar Ar同位素定年、金属硫化物的Rb Sr同位素定年、金属硫化物和氧化物的Sm Nd同位素定年、金属硫化物的Re Os同位素定年 ,以及单个矿石矿物的Pb逐步淋滤法定年     

铟矿床时空分布、成矿背景及其成矿过程

铟是一种稀散金属元素,特殊的地球化学性质导致其难以形成独立的矿床,均以伴生矿产的形式产出于富锡岩浆热液与陆相火山-次火山热液系统,以及相对贫锡的海底(火山)热液系统。研究表明,铟矿床广泛分布于活动的大洋或大陆板块边缘,成因上主要与板块俯冲以及碰撞作用密切相关,少量与火山岩以及喷流沉积岩相关的块状硫化物矿床形成的有利构造背景则是弧后环境和裂谷环境。在不同地质历史时期,铟的巨量堆积作用主要有新第三纪、白垩纪、泥盆纪三个时期,对应的矿化类型分别以浅成低温热液-锡多金属脉型、矽卡岩型以及块状硫化物(VMS)型矿床为主,其中与铟成矿作用相关的岩浆岩多为A型或S型花岗岩。铟独立矿物目前报道约15种,主要包括自然铟、硫铟铜矿、铟石、樱井矿、羟铟石等,其中以硫铟铜矿最为广泛。绝大多数铟主要以类质同象的形式赋存于闪锌矿中,其次为黝锡矿、锌黄锡矿、黄铜矿、锡石、黝铜矿、砷黝铜矿等。富铟闪锌矿通常形成于高温热液体系,常显示阶段性富集特征,最普遍的置换机制为(Ag,Cu)~++In~(3+)2Zn~(2+)。文章指出为完善铟金属成矿理论,需进一步加强铟的成矿物质来源、铟沉淀的物理化学条件及其与主矿种成生关系的研究。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.