双柳煤矿矿区地下水化学特征分析

地下水的化学特征是围岩矿物和水流之间内在关系所形成的结果,决定于地下水运动时接触的围岩成分,水文地质条件和氧化还原环境等。地下水的水化学成份及不同离子含量的多少,与其赋存条件有着十分密切的关系。通过对矿区主要含水层水样常规水质分析,研究矿区地下水的水化学成份及其背景含量特征,研究和分析矿区不同地下水含水层水化学特征,从而揭示矿区水文地质条件。     

太原盆地浅层高氟水分布特征及形成机制研究

本文论述了太原盆地浅层高氟水的区域分布规律,即主要分布在太原市以南地区并具有西低东高的分布特征;通过水化学成分统计分析和水化学模拟对高氟水形成机制进行深入研究,取得了一些新的认识:研究区高氟水多为高矿化水,呈现过渡类型水水化学特征,以钠镁、钠钙碱性水居多.氟含量与地下水主要离子成分的配比有一定的对应关系;地下水对含氟矿物的溶解和自身蒸发浓缩是高氟水形成过程中的两种主要水化学作用形式.     

鲁西南地区高氟水分布规律与成因分析

地方性氟中毒是我国北方地区最为典型的地方病之一,查明高氟地下水的空间分布及其成因是除氟改水、防治氟害的前提。通过对鲁西南地区不同层位地下水水质分析结果及水文地质、地质条件等多个环境影响因素的综合分析,查明了鲁西南地区高氟水的空间分布规律,并分析了影响浅层和深层高氟水形成的环境因素。浅层高氟水呈片状分布于洼地、缓平坡地等地势较低的区域,占鲁西南地区总面积的47%,大部分地区高氟水氟离子含量为1.2～2.0 mg/L,局部大于4.0 mg/L,其形成受气候、地质环境、地形地貌特征及水化学环境等多个因素的影响,成因类型为溶滤-蒸发浓缩型。深层高氟水具有水平分带性,占鲁西南地区总面积的65%,大部分高氟水氟离子含量为2.0～4.0 mg/L,氟离子含量分布与晚更新世沉积相带呈现很好的相似性,推测其为地质历史时期形成的古地下水。     

宁夏灵武面子山山前区地下水中氟的富集及分布规律探讨

研究区东部属低山丘陵区及山前侵蚀堆积阶地,西部为黄河冲、洪积平原区,地下水资源丰富．是灵武矿区的主要水源地,但由于地下水中氟离子含量较高,给地下水的利用带来了影响。通过对该区水文地质条件和地下水中氟的水文地球化学特征的研究,认为研究区地下水中氟的含量与水化学类型关系不明显,与PH值及钠／钙值呈正相关关系。初步探讨了影响地下水中氟含量的富集因素及分布规律,研究发现：区内潜水含水层氟含量变化大,常发生突变;承压水含水层则多呈渐变形式;地下水中氟含量的高低主要与补给源中氟含量的高低有关．     

贵州高氟地下水的分类特征及其形成机理

根据贵州高氟地下水的水化学特征，结合其水文地质和岩石条件等，将其分成两种主要类型，即碳酸盐岩区的高氟地下水和硅质陆源碎屑岩（含浅变硅质陆源碎屑岩）区的高氟地下水，按水－岩作用的机理，探讨了高氟地下水水化学特征形成的地球化学机制。     

武清凹陷浅层含氟地下水演化特点及成因分析

选取武清北水源地所在Ⅳ级构造单元——武清凹陷为研究区,共布设地下水取样点95个。以第一含水组地下水中氟为研究对象,在水文地质调查及取样分析测试基础上,运用水化学图解、统计分析、水文地球化学模拟等方法,分析武清凹陷浅层地下水中F-含量空间分布特征、演化特点及成因。结果表明:研究区浅层地下水F-质量浓度总体较高,分布趋势为以WN—ES为轴线浓度最高,向两侧浓度逐渐降低;高氟地下水的水化学类型较复杂,总体具有弱碱性、高钠、低钙的特征;高氟水形成主要受控于该地区强烈的蒸发浓缩作用、萤石溶解作用、方解石—白云石沉淀作用和F-解吸作用等。     

多元统计方法在地下水环境研究中的应用——以山西大同盆地为例

运用快速聚类法和因子分析法对大同盆地原生高砷、高氟地下水的16个水化学指标的空间变化进行了分析。结果表明,采用快速聚类法结合实际地下水性质可将研究区地下水分为6类具有不同水化学特征的地下水。从山前到盆地中心河间洼地,地下水中的砷质量浓度逐渐升高,盐碱化程度逐渐加重,水环境呈恶化趋势。因子分析法解释了研究区81.6%的水化学数据,分别提取出反映地下水盐分、砷、氟和硝态氮、Fe和Mn及微量组分Sr的5个公共因子。结合当地水文地质条件及水化学类型特征分析发现,研究区地下水经历了较强的水-岩相互作用、蒸发浓缩作用、离子交换作用,同时受人为活动影响,最终形成了现有的地下水水化学特征。两种统计方法均发现高盐分、高砷及高氟地下水分布有一定的重叠性,水化学特征相似。利用因子得分判断地下水水质特征,划分出各公共因子高值区分布情况与快速聚类法结果基本一致。     

内蒙古河套平原浅层高铁高氟地下水分布与成因

为了查明内蒙古河套平原高铁高氟地下水的分布与形成原因,通过实地调查、监测、资料分析和试验测试等方法手段,详细研究了地下水中铁、氟的分布、地球化学特征及其来源。结果表明:高铁水主要分布在平原中部的冲湖积平原,地势低洼和地下水的排泄地带含量最高;高氟水主要以条带状分布在山前的冲洪积扇地带;在调查研究区12510.83 km2的范围内,深度在10~40 m的浅层地下水中,分布有高铁水9310.66 km2,高氟水2308.35 km2,分别占调查研究区总面积的74.40%和18.45%;研究认为,河套平原高铁高氟地下水的形成主要是由自然地质环境所致,是不同地质环境条件下环境水文地球化学作用的结果;地下水中的铁主要来源于由黄河携带来的大量的第四系沉积物,而溶出的主要原因是地下氧化还原条件的变化;地下水中的氟主要来源于平原周边的山区,气候、地质构造、水文地质和水化学条件是氟富集的主要因素;研究表明河套平原高铁水与高氟水不存在正相关关系。     

四川成都红层区浅层地下水水化学特征分析——以新津县为例

以新津地区为例,通过统计分析、离子比例系数分析、相关性分析研究了该区浅层地下水类型及水化学特征;结合piper三线图对新津地区49组水化学常量组分的分析,初步对全区不同地貌类型的地下水水样有关水化学参数进行特征分析。新津江层地下水的化学类型、循环规律及形成作用。     

中国北方高氟地下水分布特征和成因分析

在中国北方地区,由于饮用高氟地下水而导致的地方病,严重影响了当地人民群众的身体健康。地下水中氟元素的富集是一个非常复杂的水文地球化学过程。本文在前人研究中国北方高氟水分布特征基础上,总结了高氟水形成的气候、水文、地质构造、岩性与土壤、水文地质条件和水化学特征,并结合项目成果提出高氟水地区适宜找水模式和一些去除水中氟元素有效的措施,从而避免氟中毒的发生。     

江苏丰,沛,铜地区高氟地下水不成因探讨

通过该区太古界一新生界氟的地层地球化学剖面及岩浆岩和土壤中氟的丰度的研究,论证了该区为一高氟的地球化学区。根据重矿物对比研究和地貌分析,阐明了泰沂隆起区太古界和元古界的高氟古老岩系为该区土壤沉积物源,黄河多次泛滥堆积（粘土矿物对氟的吸附）对土壤氟起了叠加富集的作用。研究揭示该区土壤水溶氟较高,经降水淋滤和浸取作用氟转入地下水,并在凹陷区或河间洼地中聚集,水体停泄、蒸发浓缩形成高氟地下水区。     

基于DFOS的排灌水条件下土体变形响应模型试验研究

黏土层和砂土层交替变化的多层土体在强烈开采地下水作用下极易产生压密固结而引发地面沉降灾害。本文针对含水层释水引起地面沉降问题,研制了地面沉降试验装置,进行了排灌水条件下含水层系统的沉降及回弹试验。采用分布式光纤感测技术对土体内部应变分布及含水率变化进行耦合监测,并分析了各分层对水位变化的响应特征。结果表明:黏土层和砂土层均表现出了排水压缩和灌水回弹特点,黏土层变形较砂土层明显。各层变形与含水率变化具有良好的对应关系,表现为砂土层变形和含水率变化基本同步,而黏土层变形略微滞后于含水率变化。黏性土压缩曲线具有明显的分段特征,排水时当含水率低于液限后迅速减小,黏土层压缩速率明显加快;回灌时当含水率高于液限后,回弹速率明显加快。试验结果对研究地面沉降机理、评价地面沉降潜力及地下水利用具有重要意义。     

北京大兴区第四系高氟地下水分布规律研究

北京市大兴区供水以地下水为主,研究该区高氟地下水的分布规律及其成因,对指导区域地下水的开发利用和保障居民饮水安全是必要的。在野外调查和以往研究成果的基础上,测试了北京大兴区地下水氟离子浓度。结果表明,高氟水分布区地层岩性以粘性土为主;浅层高氟水主要分布在大兴区的南部及东南部,超标区面积为258.57 km2;深层高氟水主要分布在中部,超标区面积为20.91 km2。建议对浅层高氟地下水加大止水深度,统一并严格设计饮用水井结构;对深层氟超标水,避免饮用或采取降氟措施后再饮用。     

Fluoride hydrogeochemistry and bioavailability in groundwater and soil of an endemic fluorosis belt,central Iran

Presence of fluoride in groundwater is a public health problem in the so-called endemic fluorosis belt of the central Iran, where the groundwater is the major source of drinking water in most urban and rural areas. Therefore, an attempt has been made to determine the hydrogeochemical factors controlling fluoride enrichment in the groundwater resources at this belt. Fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.20 to 1.99 mg/L (1.02 ± 0.47) in groundwater samples. The presence of different F-bearing minerals and also clay minerals in the soils and aquifer materials was confirmed using XRD analysis. To identify probable sources of dissolved F^? and investigate groundwater quality, multivariate statistical analyses were carried out. Geochemical modeling indicated that all samples were undersaturated with respect to fluorite, halite, gypsum and anhydrite and mostly oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite. Contrary to most high-fluoride regions in the World, the high F^? content was dominated by Na–Cl- and Ca–SO₄-type groundwater in the study area. Besides, fluoride showed negative relationship with pH and HCO₃ ^? in groundwater. In order to assess the bioavailability of fluoride in soils, a two-step chemical fractionation method was applied. The results showed that fluoride in soils mostly accompanied with the residual and water-soluble fractions and was poorly associated with soil’s bonding sites. Calculated aqueous migration coefficient demonstrated that fluoride in the studied soils was mobile to easily leachable to the groundwater. Finally, the results demonstrated that combination of water–rock interaction and influence of clay minerals is geochemical mechanism responsible for controlling fluoride enrichment in groundwater.     

Fluoride occurrence and mobilization in geo-environment of semi-arid Granite watershed in southern peninsular India

Plausible forms of fluoride (F) responsible for the persistence of fluoride toxicity in ground water of a granitic terrain of semi-arid region, which is the main source of drinking water, have been studied. The study area in Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh, India, is one of the chronic regions with excess fluoride in groundwater and the region is under transformation into aridity due to poor rainfall and over-exploitation of groundwater. Geochemical analysis of soil, groundwater, and rock samples of the study area revealed the presence of other toxic elements also in addition to fluoride which need to be addressed in drinking water sector in near future. Soil fluoride leaching experiments demonstrated the probable mode of mobilization of F into the groundwater through natural recharge process during monsoon. Analysis of saturation indices indicates that the fluorite solubility alone is not attributable to the high fluoride content in groundwater. The groundwater flow controls fluoride mobilization in the study area as it is evidenced through fluoride concentration and electrical conductivity increase from catchment to downstream region. Creation of lesser fluoride groundwater sources through rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge of groundwater in catchment areas is suggested as a long-term sustainable safe drinking water strategy.     

Environmental characteristics of regional groundwater in relation to fluoride poisoning in North China

More and more data indicated that high- or low-fluoride-bearing drinking water led to endemic diseases in which fluoride poisoning was caused by high levels of fluoride (fluoride ion content >1.0 mg/I) in drinking water. Fluoride poisoning in North China is characterized by pathological changes of bones and teeth. Much attention has been devoted to the study of fluoride-bearing groundwater in North China because regionally groundwater has been the main source of water supply, and fluoride poisoning has developed to the extent that it affects human health seriously. Results from the studies in North China summarized in this article indicate that regional high-fluoride-bearing groundwater has a regular distribution corresponding with the development of endemic fluoride poisoning and has something to do with paleogeographic and paleoclimatic conditions, geology, and hydrogeology, especially with types of hydrogeochemistry, pH value of groundwater, degree of mineralization, and so forth. High-fluoride-bearing groundwater in relation to fluorosis occurs mainly in North China, and many effective measures have been taken to reduce the fluoride content in drinking water and to cure the disease after analyzing the distribution and environmental characteristics of high-fluoride-bearing groundwater.     

Fluoride in Quaternary groundwater aquifer,Nile Valley,Luxor, Egypt

The occurrence of fluoride in ground water is the focus of the public and has attracted the attention of many scientists all over the world due to its importance in public health. Deficiency or increase of fluoride uptake is considered a public health problem due to the narrow permissible limit which should not exceed 1.5 mg/l according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The range of fluoride tolerance and toxicity is narrow. Deviation from the optimal levels therefore results in dental health effects such as caries and fluorosis. Many studies have found fluorosis to be invariably associated with high concentrations of fluoride in drinking water. Fluorosis is a considerable health problem in many areas of the world including Brazil, China, East Africa, Ghana, India, Kenya, Korea, Malawi, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, southeastern Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Taiwan, Tanzania, and Turkey. Fluoride in groundwater of Quaternary aquifer of the Nile Valley, Egypt, does not gain the attention of the authors in the Nile Valley which makes the public health status of fluoride is not certain. The present work aims at investigating the fluoride concentration of Quaternary groundwater aquifer at Luxor as a representative area of the Nile Valley to be a base line for subsequent studies and criteria for public health. Ground water samples were collected from Quaternary groundwater aquifer at Luxor area, Egypt and analyzed for the purpose of investigating fluoride content. The results showed that fluoride concentration in the study area ranges between 0.113 and 0.452 with an average of 0.242 mg/l. Sources of fluoride in the study area can result from the natural dissolution from fluoride-rich minerals, fertilizers and from groundwater recharge. It is worth mentioning that low fluoride content in the study area is considered a public health threat specially limited growth, fertility, and dental caries. Corrective measures should be taken to avoid the public health impacts of fluoride deficiency at Luxor area as well as similar areas in the Nile Valley. A public health program should be initiated to account for the deficiency of fluoride in groundwater and deal with the other supplementary fluoride sources in food or fluoridation of drinking water supplies.     

内蒙古托克托县潜水与承压水中氟化物的空间分布特征及形成机理

氟是维持人体健康所必需的微量元素,过多或过少的摄入都会造成相应的健康问题。本研究从氟的来源、迁移和富集等角度,揭示了内蒙古呼和浩特市托克托县高氟地下水的空间分布规律及其在潜水和承压水中富集的原因。对研究区60个水样(30个潜水和30个承压水)进行了统计分析、水化学特征研究、聚类分析以及相关性分析。结果表明：潜水中F^- 浓度为0.40~7.20(2.30±1.80) mg/L,承压水中F^- 浓度为0.29~12.70(1.67±2.48) mg/L;地下水中F-浓度与HCO^-₃、Na⁺、溶解性总固体(TDS)和电导率(EC)呈正相关,与Ca²⁺呈一定的负相关关系。高氟水的水化学类型主要为HCO₃·Cl-Na型。受地下水流场的控制,高氟潜水(>5 mg/L)主要分布在地下水的排泄区;承压水中F^- 的富集主要受含水层岩性的影响,氟高浓度(>1.5 mg/L)分布区主要集中在研究区南部的湖积台地区域。     

长江中游故道区高碘地下水分布与形成机理

高碘地下水(碘浓度大于100μg/L)广泛分布于我国沿海地区和干旱内陆盆地,威胁近千万人口的饮水安全,但目前对湿润区河湖平原地下水中碘的分布与成因机制的认识还十分薄弱.通过采集长江中游故道区75组浅层地下水样品和7组地表水样品进行了水化学分析,查明了地下水中碘的空间分布特征,并运用主成分分析识别了碘富集的水环境要素和水...     

Delimiting a saline water zone in Quaternary fluvial–alluvial deposits using transient electromagnetic: a case study in Punata,Bolivia

The semiarid Punata alluvial fan is located in the central part of Bolivia. The main activity of this region is the extensive agriculture, and groundwater is the main water supply. Local villagers who use groundwater reported that in some places groundwater has a salty taste. In order to investigate the origin of this problem, several TEM soundings were performed in the study area, and they were complemented with ERT surveys. The results show top layers with resistivity values ranging from 30 to 200 Ωm and a bottom layer with resistivity values ranging from 1 to 20 Ωm, which might be interpreted as the main aquifer and a layer with high clay content, respectively. Between the top and bottom layer, a transition zone with saline water has been identified, with resistivity values ranging from 0.1 to 1 Ωm. The origin of this closed-basin brine might be a product of the evaporation of paleolakes during the lower Pliocene, where saline clays were deposited. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of TEM sounding for mapping very low resistivity zones such as saline water.