鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世延长期古湖盆生物相带划分及地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世发育大型坳陷型湖盆。湖水的升降影响着湖盆水体面积的大小、深浅以及沉积体系发育分布,进而影响全盆地晚三叠延长统地层生储盖组合的发育特征。通过野外剖面、钻井岩芯中古生物化石的鉴定,结合古生物组合特征对鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世湖盆的古生物生态环境进行了恢复。确定鄂尔多斯晚三叠世湖盆是一个最大水深不超过60 m的浅水湖盆,属于温暖潮湿的淡水-半咸水环境。从湖岸到湖心,可以划分为预测古水深1～2 m的河流-沼泽生物相带;预测古水深3～15 m的滨岸-河口三角洲生物相带;预测古水深15～35 m的浅湖生物相带;预测古水深在35～60 m范围的半-深湖生物相带。这些生物相带的划分,为恢复鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世时期的岩相古地理奠定了基础,为盆地延长组沉积边界、盆地内沉积体系发育展布以及沉积相带的划分提供了坚实的地质依据,具有理论与实际意义。     

微量元素分析在判别沉积介质环境中的应用——以鄂尔多斯盆地西部中区晚三叠世为例

以鄂尔多斯盆地西部中区晚三叠世样品中微量元素测试结果为基础,选用对沉积介质环境反映比较敏感的锶(Sr)、铜(Cu)、钡(Ba)、铀(U)、钛(Ti)、钒(V)、镍(Ni)等微量元素指标,分析研究区地层中微量元素含量及其比值与沉积介质环境之间的对应关系,进而探讨鄂尔多斯盆地西部中区晚三叠世的沉积介质环境。结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地西部中区晚三叠世延长组长9-长7期基本为温湿气候且变得越来越温暖潮湿;长9-长7期为微咸水相的淡水环境,长7期盐度含量略有增加;长9、长8期水体的氧化还原条件比较正常,长7期变为厌氧环境;长9-长7期垂向上水体分层不强。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中生代沉积和堆积中心迁移及其地质意义

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地中生代构造属性、原盆面貌、岩性岩相组合、物源分析和厚度分布特征等的综合研究表明,从中晚三叠世至早白垩世,盆地沉积中心由东南向北、再向西南发生逆时针迁移;在盆地西部,早白垩世沉积前没有统一或规模较大的堆积中心,仅存在孤零分布或彼此分割、规模不大的局部堆积中心。盆地西部多个时期出现的地层较厚分布区带,是该区距盆地西界较近,物源供给充足、水动力作用强所致,故代表局部堆积中心。早白垩世,沉积、堆积和沉降中心才在盆地西南部“三位一体” 叠合分布。直到中侏罗世末,在黄河之西的今盆地残留区,总体仍呈西高东低的古地理—构造格局。盆地中晚三叠世—中侏罗世各期的沉积中心在位置上大体一致,上下大部重叠;该沉积中心及近邻,古生界和中生界的热演化程度为盆地最高,显示该区深部作用较为活跃。综合分析认为,中生代各期沉积中心的叠置及其与高热演化地区的重合,反映为总体受沉降中心控制所致,可作为盆地沉降中心的代表。大型鄂尔多斯克拉通内盆地中生代各期沉积(沉降)中心在位置上偏于盆地南部,与秦岭造山带同期强烈的会聚造山活动产生的前陆挠曲沉降相关。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长期沉积中心迁移及其动力学背景

延长期（T₃y）是鄂尔多斯盆地中生界优质烃源岩的主要发育时段。本文在大量钻井和测井等资料研究的基础上,结合露头剖面与岩心观察,建立了盆地延长组地层对比格架,综合最新沉积相研究成果,进一步发现在中-晚三叠世延长期盆地主体发生了两次明显的沉积中心迁移,形成了3个沉积中心。其中以长9期为代表的早期（长10—长8期）沉积中心位于吴起—志丹—富县—洛川一带,以长7期为代表的盆地发育鼎盛时期（长7—长2期）沉积中心位于姬塬—华池—宜君一带,以长1期为代表的湖盆萎缩期的沉积中心位于横山—子长之间。前两期沉积中心明显控制着盆地优质烃源岩的形成和分布,进而控制着盆地中生界常规和非常规油气资源的总体分布。结合周邻山系演化历史分析认为,晚三叠世初长9—长7期沉积中心向西南（向山）迁移,与扬子板块向华北板块俯冲汇聚、在秦岭造山带后陆（即华北仰冲板块南部）因汇聚的巨量物质部分上拱和能量释放而导致的沉降有关;至晚三叠世末长1期沉积中心转向北东（离山向陆）迁移,为华北与扬子板块间的有限洋消失及之后持续汇聚的结果,秦岭造山带挤压隆升增强引起北邻鄂尔多斯盆地南部抬升,致使盆地消亡,沉积中心相应向北东迁移。两次沉积中心迁移的动力学环境,主要受鄂尔多斯盆地南侧秦岭造山带形成演化的控制,沉积中心迁移是盆山耦合演化彼此响应的结果和记录。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中—晚三叠世盆地原型及构造古地理响应

中—晚三叠世的鄂尔多斯盆地沉积了一套优质的砂岩储层,目前对该套砂岩的成因及其空间分布已经有了成熟的认识,然而在中—晚三叠世鄂尔多斯原型盆地的确切边界位置、盆内古地理演化的构造成因机制等问题上依然存在不少争议。本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆内及周缘57个露头及165口钻井的层序地层学与沉积学研究,厘定了鄂尔多斯盆地在中—晚三叠世的边界位置并在层序格架下开展了古地理演化研究,同时探讨了古地理演化的构造成因。研究表明:中—晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地的北部边界从内蒙古的达拉特旗向东延伸至山西大同,东部边界应在山西宁武—太原—太谷—永和—河南安阳—开封—登封一线附近,南部边界为北秦岭(NQT)与华北板块的缝合带(陕西西安—洛南—河南栾川—南召沿线以南),西南以六盘山的西部断层边缘为界,西北界位于贺兰山西部断层边缘带,西部边界延伸至河西走廊盆地的西部边界(甘肃马良沟附近)。在中—上三叠统延长组识别出4个沉积旋回(SQ1-SQ4),代表了从起始阶段(SQ1)到最大沉降阶段(SQ2和SQ3)再到后期关闭阶段(SQ4)的湖泊演化过程。中—晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地内呈现出北部/东北部的曲流河-三角洲沉积体系和南部/西南部冲积扇-辫状河-三角洲沉积体系汇聚的沉积格局,在空间上表现出明显的南北差异,在时间上呈现出沉积中心的东-西破坏分异的演化特征。这种古地貌差异和演化主要受控于秦岭—大别山造山带(QDOB)与兴安岭—蒙古造山带(XMOB)的不同构造演化过程。盆地南部的古地理演化主要受控于QDOB的活动,中—晚三叠世勉略洋闭合驱动的北秦岭造山带活化不仅导致盆地南部陡坡带的形成和盆地东南部古地貌的突变,也导致晚三叠世盆地西南部发育一个分隔内克拉通盆地及西南缘类前陆盆地的水下低隆。盆地西部的古地貌演化受控于多种构造机制,中三叠世现今六盘山地区发育一个南北向的低隆区,很可能是盆地东南部的强烈挤压下的远端效应;晚三叠世中期后该低隆区发生下沉,现今鄂尔多斯盆地与河西走廊地区连通,这很可能是由盆地西南方特提斯构造域挤压作用下的盆内挠曲沉降导致的。这些认识不仅是对盆山耦合理论的补充,也对鄂尔多斯盆地石油和天然气的后期勘探具有重要的现实意义。     

贺兰山北段晚三叠世沉积物源分析

贺兰山北段晚三叠世地层分布较广泛,其物源问题是进行鄂尔多斯盆地西北部原盆边界恢复和其两侧盆地该时期面貌恢复的关键,而对此存在一定的争议。该研究以贺兰山北段的沉积-构造背景为约束,通过晚三叠世地层的砾石成分、古流向、稀土元素、锆石测年及沉积趋势等物源分析方法综合运用,指出贺兰山北段晚三叠世不存在东部物源,银川古隆起不存在;物源来自西北部的阿拉善地块和兴蒙造山带太古代-古元古代的变质岩（片麻岩和变粒岩等）和岩浆岩,部分为阿拉善地块古生代和早中三叠世的沉积岩及岩浆岩。贺兰山西北部具有近物源和快速堆积的特点。同时,贺兰山北段晚三叠世物源具有多源性,其经历了多期的构造改造,恢复物源区演化模式对周邻造山带和块体的演化具有深远意义。     

深水块状砂岩沉积特征及其成因机制探讨:以鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘上三叠统长6油层组为例

近几年对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组的石油勘探取得了重要突破,发现了多口达工业油流的油井.盆地东南部紧邻晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地湖盆沉积中心,在湖退背景下全盆广泛发育长6厚层砂体,目前已成为油气勘探的主要目标.依据岩心、露头观察等识别出长6沉积类型具有重力流沉积的特征,并认为盆地东南部长6沉积期广泛发育的深水块状砂岩属于受东北...     

阿尔及利亚B区块上三叠统高分辨率层序及储层特征

阿尔及利亚B区块位于Oued Mya盆地东部,自奥陶纪以后该盆地多次发生隆升剥蚀,加里东运动造成志留纪和盆纪地层不同程度的缺失。海西期基底隆升,造成石炭纪和二叠纪地层的完全缺失,并在晚三叠世早期开始发育辫状河沉积。B区块晚三叠世沉积具有从早期的辫状河向中期的曲流河和晚期的盐湖演化特点,其过程较为复杂。在晚三叠世早中期发生强烈的火山喷发作用,在研究区内堆积了厚度巨大的火山岩,使研究砂体的时空展布和演化规律变得更为复杂。通过高分辨率层序分析,建立了B区块晚三叠世的等时地层格架,为恢复研究区等时条件下的古地理特征奠定了基础,并明确了层序对储层的控制规律,为该区进一步的油气勘探和开发提供了依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘古坳陷奥陶系烃源岩与天然气勘探潜力研究

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘古坳陷奥陶系分布广,沉积厚度大,其中泥岩烃源岩厚度10～58 m,泥质碳酸盐岩烃源岩厚度20～285 m.有机质丰度高,有机碳(TOC)含量主要在0.15%～0.25%,烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ_1型。在晚三叠世(相当于延长组沉积期)早期开始生气.在晚三叠世末期进入生气高峰阶段,之后从侏罗纪开始强烈抬升。南缘古坳陷现今所在的鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起南部山区天然气保存条件差.没有勘探潜力。而渭北隆起北部地区及与伊陕斜坡南部过渡带地区奥陶系埋深一般超过3000 m.生气时间长.具有良好的成藏条件.是构造气藏和构造-岩性气藏有利的勘探目标区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地早期构造演化与沉积响应——以姬塬地区长8～长6油层组为例

通过对姬塬地区晚三叠世延长组的长8～长6油层组岩石组分特征、沉积相特征、震积岩及凝灰岩发育规律的分析,探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地早期构造演化与沉积响应过程。研究表明,秦岭隆升时间大致在长8沉积早期,而六盘山的隆升则是稍晚的长7沉积期,长8～长6沉积期可视为中生代鄂尔多斯盆地的早期成形阶段。姬塬地区长8沉积期构造相对稳定,砂岩中不含碳酸盐岩岩屑,无震积岩发育,主要发育浅水三角洲沉积;长7沉积期盆地西南缘的挤压导致了湖盆强烈坳陷,砂岩中开始出现碳酸盐岩岩屑,大量发育的震积岩与频繁出现的凝灰岩共生,研究区以发育水下扇的半深湖为特征;长6沉积期火山活动减弱,但盆地西部断裂带的构造活动仍较强烈,地层中常有震积岩出现,沉积环境以湖泊三角洲为主。由姬塬地区长8～长6沉积期古地理演化,证明以长7沉积期为界,之前鄂尔多斯盆地的演化主要受南缘构造活动控制,自长7沉积期开始同时受盆地南缘和西缘构造活动影响,但以西缘的构造活动控制更强烈。     

鄂尔多斯盆地沉积体系与古地理演化

基于多年来对盆地周缘大量的野外露头勘察以及盆地内部分钻井岩心描述,主要从沉积环境、岩石类型、岩石沉积结构及构造、古生物化石等众多方面,对鄂尔多斯盆地的沉积体系类型和特征以及古地理环境的整体演化进行了全面、系统的研究。结果表明,中新元古代长城期至蓟县期,主要由陆相—滨浅海相沉积转变为碳酸盐潮坪沉积。早古生代辛集期至朱砂洞期,主要由盆地西南缘的环古陆砂坪沉积演变为云坪沉积;馒头期至三山子期,主要发育开阔海台地沉积,但范围变化相对较大;冶里期至亮甲山期,主要由盆地东南缘的环古陆泥云坪沉积演变为云坪沉积;马家沟期大规模海侵形成了广阔的浅水陆表海沉积;峰峰期以台地前缘斜坡和大陆斜坡海槽沉积为主;平凉期盆地南部出现了台地边缘浅滩;背锅山期仅在盆地西南角分布开阔台地及台前斜坡沉积。晚古生代—中三叠世本溪期为填平补齐时期,发育潮坪—潟湖—障壁岛—浅海陆棚沉积:太原期,盆地东部浅海陆棚沉积范围减小;山西期至纸坊期,盆地均主要以三角洲沉积和浅湖沉积为主,但各期沉积范围均有变化。晚三叠世延长期—白垩纪,主要为湖泊沉积并伴有曲流河、辫状河以及三角洲等沉积体系:延长期长7油层组沉积时期湖侵范围最大;富县期至安定期,以曲流河、三角洲和浅湖沉积为主,但浅湖沉积范围在不同时期有明显变化,安定期出现深湖沉积;芬芳河期主要为冲积扇沉积。白垩纪盆内沉积范围变小,主要发育沙漠沉积和浅湖沉积。     

Structure and tectonic history of the foreland basins of southernmost South America

The common elements and differences of the neighboring Austral (Magallanes), Malvinas and South Malvinas (South Falkland) sedimentary basins are described and analyzed. The tectonic history of these basins involves Triassic to Jurassic crustal stretching, an ensuing Early Cretaceous thermal subsidence in the retroarc, followed by a Late Cretaceous–Paleogene compressional phase, and a Neogene to present-day deactivation of the fold–thrust belt dominated by wrench deformation. A concomitant Late Cretaceous onset of the foreland phase in the three basins and an integrated history during the Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic are proposed. The main lower Paleocene–lower Eocene initial foredeep depocenters were bounding the basement domain and are now deformed into the thin-skinned fold–thrust belts. A few extensional depocenters developed in the Austral and Malvinas basins during late Paleocene–early Eocene times due to a temporary extensional regime resulting from an acceleration in the separation rate between South America and Antarctica preceding the initial opening of the Drake Passage. These extensional depocenters were superimposed to the previous distal foredeep depocenter, postdating the initiation of the foredeep phase and the onset of compressional deformation. Another pervasive set of normal faults of Paleocene to Recent age that can be recognized throughout the basins are interpreted to be a consequence of flexural bending of the lithosphere, in agreement with a previous study from South Malvinas basin. Contractional deformation was replaced by transpressive kinematics during the Oligocene due to a major tectonic plate reorganization. Presently, while the South Malvinas basin is dominated by the transpressive uplift of its active margin with minor sediment supply, the westward basins undergo localized development of pull-apart depocenters and transpressional uplift of previous structures. The effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere for different sections of each basin is calculated using a dynamic finite element numerical model that simulates the lithospheric response to advancing tectonic load with active sedimentation.     

Mesozoic to Cenozoic retroarc basin evolution during changes in tectonic regime,southern Central Andes (31–33°S): Insights from zircon U-Pb geochronology

The southern Central Andes of Argentina and Chile (27–40°S) are the product of deformation, arc magmatism, and basin evolution above a long-lived subduction system. With sufficient timing and provenance constraints, Andean stratigraphic and structural records enable delineation of Mesozoic-Cenozoic variations in subsidence and tectonic regime. For the La Ramada Basin in the High Andes at ∼31–33°S, new assessments of provenance and depositional age provided by detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology help resolve deformational patterns and subsidence mechanisms over the past ∼200 Myr. Marine and nonmarine clastic deposits recorded the unroofing of basin margins and sediment contributions from the Andean magmatic arc during Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous extension, thermal subsidence, and possible slab rollback. Subsequent sediment delivery from the Coastal Cordillera corresponded with initial flexural accommodation in the La Ramada Basin during Andean shortening of late Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous age. The architecture of the foreland basin was influenced by the distribution of precursor extensional depocenters, suggesting that inherited basin geometries provided important controls on later flexural subsidence and basin evolution. Following latest Cretaceous to early Paleogene tectonic quiescence and a depositional hiatus, newly dated deposits in the western La Ramada Basin provide evidence for a late Paleogene episode of intra-arc and proximal retroarc extension (development of the Abanico Basin, principally in Chile, at ∼28–44°S). Inversion of this late Paleogene extensional basin system during Neogene compression indicates the southern Central Andes were produced by at least two punctuated episodes of shortening and uplift of Late Cretaceous and Neogene age.     

构造活动盆地沉积层序形成过程模拟——以断陷和前陆盆地为例

应用二维层序地层模拟系统开展了构造活动盆地沉积层序的形成过程的动态模拟分析,揭示了同沉积断裂活动、湖平面变化及沉积物供给量变化相互作用对沉积层序形成的控制作用。模拟表明,快速的构造沉降、相对高的湖平面和大量的沉积物供给是形成相对深水扇三角洲的必要条件;而沉积物的供给量变小或构造沉降量加大时有利于形成近岸湖底扇或水下扇。模拟揭示出断陷湖盆陡坡边缘断裂形成的古地貌坡折控制着低水位域浊积扇或湖底扇的发育部位,同时对水进或高位域的三角洲前缘的沉积中心的分布具控制作用。断裂坡折带的构造沉降是控制可容纳空间变化的关键因素。在陆内前陆逆冲构造边缘,层序发育早期（底部）发育冲积扇和河流沉积,但由于相对快的构造沉降形成水进序列;在快速沉降的晚期沉降速率减小,碎屑体系向盆地方向推进,形成广泛河流三角洲沉积。由隐伏逆冲断裂形成的构造坡折带对低位域的分布具控制作用。在构造坡折带下的低位域砂体与上覆的水进域泥岩组合可形成重要的地层油气藏。     

四川盆地晚三叠世碎屑组分对物源分析及印支运动的指示

沉积物源分析是认识盆山演化的重要途径.四川盆地上三叠统的砾岩碎屑、砂岩骨架颗粒、碎屑重矿物组分显示,晚三叠世存在5大物源,它们分布于龙门山北段-中段、大巴山、龙门山南段、盆地东南和盆地南部.碎屑物源总体以"再旋回造山带"和"大陆板块"类型为主,其中,龙门山北段-中段和龙门山南段以"再旋回造山带"类型为主,而盆地东南部和南部以"大陆板块"类型为主."再旋回造山带"类型可细分为"混合造山带"及"碰撞造山和褶皱冲断带"两种类型,龙门山北段和龙门山南段均以"混合造山带"及"碰撞造山和褶皱冲断带"类型为特征.盆地物源分布存在阶段性特征:早期,龙门山北段-中段、大巴山物源规模较大,盆地东南和南部规模较小;晚期,盆地东南和南部规模增大,各方向呈均衡分布格局,这与周缘板块构造活动的阶段性有关.晚三叠世,龙门山北段由西北向东南方向挤压,构造活动强度总体具有弱-强-弱的演变趋势.须二期,龙门山北段逆冲-推覆开始形成,并暴露水面遭受剥蚀,向盆地提供物源;须四期为盆地最活跃期,龙门山北段进一步挤压抬升剥蚀,盆内沉积中心也由西北向东南迁移;须四期后,龙门山北段剥蚀区继续向东南推进,但构造活动强度渐趋和缓.     

Linked sequence stratigraphy and tectonics in the Sichuan continental foreland basin,Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation,southwest China

Intracontinental subduction of the South China Block below the North China Block in the Late Triassic resulted in formation of the transpressional Sichuan foreland basin on the South China Block. The Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation was deposited in this basin and consists of an eastward-tapering wedge of predominantly continental siliciclastic sedimentary rocks that are up to 3.5 km thick in the western foredeep depocenter and thin onto the forebulge and into backbulge depocenters.Five facies associations (A–E) make up the Xujiahe Formation and these are interpreted, respectively, as alluvial fan, transverse and longitudinal braided river, meandering river, overbank or shallow lacustrine, and deltaic deposits. This study establishes a sequence stratigraphic framework for the Xujiahe Formation which is subdivided into four sequences (SQ1, 2, 3 and 4). Sequence boundaries are recognized on the basis of facies-tract dislocations and associated fluvial rejuvenation and incision, and systems tracts are identified based on their constituent facies associations and changes in architectural style and sediment body geometries. Typical sequences consist of early to late transgressive systems tract deposits related to a progressive increase in accommodation and represented by Facies Associations A, B and C that grade upwards into Facies Association D. Regionally extensive and vertically stacked coal seams define maximum accommodation and are overlain by early highstand systems tract deposits represented by Facies Associations D, E and C. Late highstand systems tract deposits are rare because of erosion below sequence boundaries. Sequence development in the Xujiahe Formation is attributed to active and quiescent phases of thrust-loading events and is closely related to the tectonic evolution of the basin. The Sichuan Basin experienced three periods of thrust loading and lithospheric flexure (SQ1, lower SQ2 and SQ3), two periods of stress relaxation and basin widening (upper SQ 2 and SQ3) and one phase of isostatic rebound (SQ4). Paleogeographic reconstruction of the Sichuan Basin in the Late Triassic indicates that the Longmen Mountains to the west, consisting of metamorphic, sedimentary and pre-Neoproterozoic basement granitoid rocks, was the major source of sediment to the foredeep depocenter. Subordinate sediment sources were the Xuefeng Mountains to the east to backbulge depocenters, and the Micang Mountains to the northwest during the late history of the basin. This study has demonstrated the viability of sequence stratigraphic analysis in continental successions in a foreland basin, and the influence of thrust loading on sequence development.     

Migration of Depocenters and Accumulation Centers and its Indication of Subsidence Centers in the Mesozoic Ordos Basin

Based on the integrated study of structure attributions and characteristics of the original basin in combination with lithology and lithofacies, sedimentary provenance analysis and thickness distribution of the Mesozoic Ordos Basin, it is demonstrated that the depocenters migrated counterclockwise from southeast to the north and then to the southwest from the Middle-Late Triassic to the Early Cretaceous. There were no unified and larger-scale accumulation centers except several small isolated accumulation centers before the Early Cretaceous. The reasons why belts of relatively thick strata were well developed in the western basin in several stages are that this area is near the west boundary of the original Ordos Basin, there was abundant sediment supply and the hydrodynamic effect was strong. Therefore, they stand for local accumulation centers. Until the Early Cretaceous, depocenters, accumulation centers and subsidence centers were superposed as an entity in the southwest part of the Ordos Basin. Up to the end of the Middle Jurassic, there still appeared a paleogeographic and paleostructural higher-in-west and lower-in-east framework in the residual basin to the west of the Yellow River. The depocenters of the Ordos Basin from the Middle–Late Triassic to the Middle Jurassic were superposed consistently. The relatively high thermal maturation of Mesozoic and Paleozoic strata in the depocenters and their neighborhood suggest active deep effects in these areas. Generally, superposition of depocenters in several periods and their consistency with high thermal evolution areas reveal the control of subsidence processes. Therefore, depocenters may represent the positions of the subsidence centers. The subsidence centers (or depocenters) are located in the south of the large-scale cratonic Ordos Basin. This is associated with flexural subsidence of the foreland, resulting from the strong convergence and orogenic activity contemporaneous with the Qinling orogeny.