黄河中游鄂尔多斯高原内流区与闭流区的形成机理—基于水循环的分析

在分析鄂尔多斯高原地表水、地下水与黄河流域水资源转化关系的基础上,依据地下水流系统的理论与方法,对内流区与闭流区的形成机理进行了研究,对内流区与闭流区的分布范围进行了重新界定。结果表明,在鄂尔多斯高原可划分为2个内流区和4个闭流区：内流区内虽然地表水与黄河及其支流无直接的水力联系,但地下水与黄河及其支流存在着密切的水力联系,应将其划入黄河流域;闭流区内无论地表水还是地下水,与黄河及其支流均无水力联系,不属于黄河流域;闭流区总面积为32451.4km2,与1977年《黄河流域特征值资料》中划分的闭流区面积(42296km2)相比减少了9844.6 km2,即黄河流域集水面积在原来的基础上应增加9844.6 km2。     

某傍河研究区的地下水化学分析

为研究常见地表污染源对地下水造成的影响,开展了某傍河区域的研究。在对傍河研究区开展野外调查、钻探取样分析等工作的基础上,从水化学角度对研究区地下水进行了系统分析,揭示了研究区内污染河水与地下水并没有明显的水力联系,深、浅含水层水力联系微弱;浅层地下水化学成分的形成以溶滤作用为主,并存在阳离子交换作用,易受到地表污染源及人为活动的影响;深层地下水化学成分的形成主要受到大区域水文地质环境演化的影响。     

新疆昌吉市孔萨拉煤矿区水文地质特征浅析

矿井透水越来越成为威胁煤矿安全的重要因素,掌握矿区水文地质特征是保证和预防煤矿安全生产的重要依据.本文以新疆昌吉市孔萨拉煤矿区为研究对象,通过对研究区含(隔)水层划分、含(隔)水层的特征、地表水、地下水、含水层之间的水力联系及地下水补径排条件进行分析,得出了研究区总体水文地质条件为简单-中等的结论.分析结论可为研究区煤...     

“三滩”傍河水源地地下水水位降落漏斗区水质演化

本文在1987～2006年兰州断陷盆地典型水源地地下水环境监测资料基础上,通过2007年10月环境地质补充调查采集地下水样品11组、地表水1组,综合分析了断陷盆地地下水集中开采区浅层地下水水化学特征及时空分布规律,以及黄河条带状为补给区的地下水与开采降落漏斗的水质演变关系。根据多年开采过程中地下水水化学成分的变化及影响因素,阐明了水化学组分与地下水位的密切关系;利用开采量水质时空变化对比资料,得出地下水位下降排泄区与傍河区地下水存在的水力联系。依据本次环境地质调查结果和水样实测数据,进一步论证了傍河区地下水受黄河激发补给因素控制的结论。     

考虑水力连通的羌塘内流区洼地单元提取与分类

羌塘内流区是青藏高原面积最大的内流区,气候变化正在加剧其湖泊水系结构与水量的演变,开展内流区流域调查并科学估算其水资源的变化具有重要意义。本文提出一种新型内流区流域划分方法,该方法通过引入高程-面积联合阈值,以解决由气候变化与数字高程模型分辨率等因素引起的洼地单元提取难题。基于已监测的羌塘内流区流域重组与湖泊水位的变动幅度,确定了高程-面积联合阈值分别为10 m和50 km²,并对洼地单元进行划分,共识别出163个具有合理集水面积、永久性分水岭的封闭内流区洼地单元。引入多个相关数据集及已有算法评估本方法,结果表明：该方法适用于大尺度内流区洼地单元提取,提取精度优于现有算法及数据产品;依据洼地单元间水力连通特征,将全区163个洼地单元划分为5种主要类型,其中以“上下游互通型”(Ⅱ型)、“高山型”(Ⅳ型)洼地单元为主,“凹陷型”(Ⅴ型)洼地单元则多与其他类型复合存在,受气候条件的影响更加显著。     

多级水流系统耦合下深部岩溶分异研究——以川东隔挡式构造区中梁山背斜南段为例

新构造运动背景下,干、支流对地壳抬升反应速率的差异,导致具有不同排泄作用的河谷广泛组合,形成多级地下水流动系统,地下水作为岩溶含水系统发育的主要控制因素,多级水流系统的空间耦合影响岩溶发育分布规律。文章首先根据中梁山背斜南段岩溶槽谷横向沟谷的发育特征,将岩溶槽谷划分为渗流区、分流区、外流区;结合横向沟谷控排作用与地形指数,分析多级水流系统耦合的空间分异特征。其次通过隧道建设背景下地表水漏失、隧道涌水情况及隧道施工揭露岩溶现象验证在多级水流系统耦合效应下深部岩溶发育特征。结果表明:渗流区以区域水流系统为主,隧道涌水量巨大,水流通道连通性良好,地表水基本干涸,深部岩溶发育强烈;分流区除了近河谷地带以局部水流系统为主、深部岩溶发育较弱以外,宽缓分水岭地带的地下水流动仍然以区域性流动为主,深部岩溶较发育,隧道涌水量较大,地表水与深部岩溶地下水水力联系较好,隧道建设对地表水影响严重;外流区以局部浅循环为主,深部岩溶发育程度弱,深部岩溶水与地表水水力联系较弱,地表水漏失程度一般。本研究不但拓宽了托特多级水流系统的应用领域,为岩溶发育理论研究提供了新的角度,同时为深埋岩溶隧道建设的危险性评价及引发的环境负效应研究提供理论指导。     

豫北平原第四系地下水系统研究

根据地质、水文地质、水动力特征以及地下水与地表水的联系将豫北平原第四系地下水分为：漳卫河地下水系统和黄河地下水系统,并进一步划分为7个地下水亚系统。在此基础上对各地下水系统特征进行了详细的论述与研究。     

鄂尔多斯高原植被生态分区及其水文地质意义

保护生态环境是鄂尔多斯高原地下水可持续开发利用中亟待解决的问题。在查清植被生态群落分布特征的基础上,通过分析植被演替的自然驱动因素,将鄂尔多斯高原的植被生态划分为基岩台地植被生态水文地质区、沙盖基岩植被生态水文地质区、沙地植被生态水文地质区和滩地植被生态水文地质区。结果表明,气象和地形地貌控制着区内植被生态的总体分布格局,包气带和地下水因素控制着植被生态的演替,沙地植被生态和滩地植被生态的生长发育与地下水关系密切,是地下水开发时保护植被生态的靶区。     

糯扎渡水电站坝址区地下水水质及其成因分析

分析了糯扎渡水电站坝址区地下水化学成分、水质特征和形成机制，并应用图示法和聚类分析法，探讨了坝区地下水化学特征及其规律。认为坝址区各水体有一定的水力联系。     

水文站网布设方法在黄河河源区的应用

基于黄河河源区干、支流水文站实测同步系列年径流资料,对黄河河源区进行水文分区。根据线性内插精度理论和径流递增率理论计算出黄河河源区干流应布设水文站的下限、上限数,根据相邻区域代表站所控制区域间径流递变率的要求及内插水文特征值精度的要求计算出河源区应布设区域代表站的下限、上限数。提出布设黄河河源区干流与支流区域代表站数的建议。     

Mechanical and chemical denudation of drainage areas

The considerable tectonic activity which occurred in the present geologic epoch probably furnishes the reason for the lack of extensive formation of structural eluvium in Siberia and the Black Sea area, the authors suggest. In the more than 70 rivers surveyed in this study if was found that the predominant chemical elements dissolved in the water were readily soluble ones, with little silica as a rule. A striking fact is that the chemical weathering index decreases, while the modulus of solid runoff increases, the more rugged the relief.--AGI Staff.     

New method of quantitatively describing drainage areas

The aim was to introduce a new method, the DAZ method (drainage area zonation), to quantify environmental parameters, such as bedrocks, soil type, and land use in drainage areas. The work was carried out within the framework of the Swedish project Liming—mercury. Two important points in the project are that there are quantifiable relationships between the character of the drainage area and the lake and that several limnological and morphometric parameters may have an impact on the Hg content in fish. The DAZ method accounts for the fact that, for example, a certain soil type does not have an even distribution in the whole drainage area. To get a simple yet relevant measure of the influence of, for example, soil type on the lake character, the drainage areas were divided into zones using a special transparent paper placed on the map. The method gives normalized values depending on: (1) distance between the object and the given lake, (2) the main direction of water flow in the drainage area, and (3) the area of the environmental parameter (for example, area of bedrock). In the DAZ method, dot counting is used for determination of area. The dot-counting method has been compared with other methods for area determination (planimeter and square counting). Dot counting is the fastest and the counting of squares the most time consuming. The statistical reliabilities of the dot method and the planimeter method were compared. The planimeter is best for large homogeneous objects. Dot counting, on the other hand, is very well suited for heterogeneous objects. The statistical certainty of area determination depends on size, heterogeneity, and form of the objects, as well as the time dedicated to the determination. A nomogram is also given, which illustrates the relationship between the number of counts, that is, the number of times the transparent dotted paper is put on the map and the dots counted, the error in the area determination, and the statistical reliability.     

利用DEM提取流域水系时洼地与平地的处理方法

在利用数字高程模型(DEM)模拟坡面流提取流域水系特征过程中,对洼地和平地的处理是首先需要解决的关键问题。针对现有方法对复杂地形DEM中平地、洼地及其复合情形处理效率和效果的不佳,提出了洼地的分类与归并、有效填洼、平地的分类、基于出流代价的河谷平地排水流向构建等新的处理方法,并在开发的软件系统中得到实现。实验结果表明:采用该方法可对复杂洼地进行有效处理,构建的河谷平地水流流向在顾及周边地形的同时向可能形成的河道收敛,避免了平行河道、伪河道等奇异河道的产生,由此提取的流域水系与实际自然水系基本一致。     

我国煤矿区矿井水污染问题及防控技术体系构建

煤炭开采必然产生大量的矿井涌水,我国目前的矿井水整体上表现出水质相对较差、水处理成本较高等问题。首先明确了我国典型矿区矿井水水质的主体特征:常规离子是造成矿井水水质差的主要化学组分;矿井水中有毒有害物质占比小,且基本优于地下水Ⅲ类水质量标准。其次,详细探讨了我国矿井水水质形成、演化的几个科学问题,包括不同水文地质结构下物理–化学作用所起的主导作用,时间效应对水质演化的影响,微生物群落结构特征及其与环境因素的相关关系,水动力场–化学场–微生物场–温度场的多场耦合问题等。接着重点介绍矿井水污染防控的技术方法,以减少矿井突(涌)水量和水资源保护为前提,以实现煤–水双资源协调开采、煤炭绿色开采为目标,以矿井水“阻断、减量、保护”为主要防控思路,围绕煤矿区矿井水阻断技术、污染负荷减量技术、污染区修复治理等科学问题展开分析;通过各种现有技术、方法、工艺,最大可能地降低吨煤矿井水处理成本,如采用井下预处理、地面深度处理、超深回灌封贮、生态资源化利用等。最后,提出研发煤矿区地下水及污染物的阻断材料和吸附材料、注浆装备、监测设备、投料设备、原位取样检测设备等,形成我国煤矿区矿井水污染防控技术体系。该技术体系的构建可对煤矿绿色开采、煤矿区深层地下水污染防控、闭坑矿井水污染防控、矿区地下水资源及生态环境保护利用等提供理论及技术支撑。      

长江流域典型区域土壤碳库变化及其影响因素

土壤碳库是全球碳库的重要组成部分,其微小幅度的碳源汇变化就可以较显著的影响大气碳库。本文选择长江流域多目标区域地球化学调查覆盖区,利用多目标区域地球化学调查数据和第二次全国土壤普查数据计算了土壤碳密度及储量,对比了20年来土壤碳库变化趋势,并分析土壤碳源汇的影响因素。结果表明：从20世纪80年代到2000年,研究区大部分区域土壤有机碳密度明显增加,尤其成都平原西部的龙门山地区、雅安南侧地区和贵阳周边地区,其增加量约为312.38 TgC。导致研究区土壤碳库增加的主要因素是,林地草地等植被恢复性生长、农业耕作水平提高,土地利用变化对研究区土壤碳库变化的影响较小,土壤侵蚀因素对研究区的水田基本没有影响,但对旱地影响比较明显,而气候变化对该区域土壤碳库没有明显影响。     

Gravitational drainage systems in urban areas: case study (Galaţi town, Romania)

The water leakage in the urban areas causes a continuous rise in the water table, with harmful effects. An experimental drainage system, based on horizontal well technology, was designed and implemented in a populated area. Groundwater flow modeling was used to assess the hydrodynamic efficiency of the system through drain conductance parameter estimation.     

The scavenging of silver by manganese and iron oxides in stream sediments collected from two drainage areas of Colorado

Stream sediments of two well-weathered and aerated drainage areas of Colorado containing anomalous amounts of silver were allowed to react by shaking with nitric acid of different concentrations (1–10M). Silver, manganese, and iron simultaneously dissolved were determined by atomic absorption. The relationship between silver dissolution and the dissolution of manganese and/or iron was evaluated by linear and multiple regression analyses. The highly significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.913) between silver and manganese dissolution suggests that manganese oxides are the major control on the scavenging of silver in these stream sediments, whereas iron oxides only play a secondary role in this regard.     

Characterization of acid mine drainage sources in the Iberian Pyrite Belt: base methodology for quantifying affected areas and for environmental management

The present work aims to propose a methodology for quantifying the sources of acid mine drainage (AMD) and to characterize the magnitude of the affected areas in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (SW Spain). Such an approach allows the creation of a support tool for managing land and natural resources valorization, which may be easily applied in similar mining regions. The motivation and usefulness of this work can be realized by focusing on two main emerging strategic issues: (1) water resources management, with the example of Alcolea dam that will receive water from affected areas in the Iberian Pyrite Belt; and (2) mineral resources valorization, especially, regarding copper exploration due to increasing market prices. The used methodology included the following general steps: it started with an inventory of the mines in the Iberian Pyrite Belt, followed by field cartography campaigns and finally the quantification of affected areas and contaminant discharges. The results of the present work serve to confirm and quantify the magnitude of the AMD pollution in the Pyrite Belt. A total affected area of about 4,847 ha was estimated. Taking into account this figure and combining it with the annual average precipitation (650 L/m²) results in an estimation of 31,503,680 m³/year of discharging water affected by the presence of sulphides. In this scenario, a total annual contribution of 260,056 tonnes/year was obtained for sulphates, which means more than 712 tonnes a day. In the case of arsenic, a toxic element, the total annual contribution is more than 20 tonnes, or close to 55 kg/day. Regarding copper, this economically interesting metal translates into total contributions of 10,364 tonnes/year in the generating medium. This gave more than 28 tonnes/day, which today sits at 8,200 dollars/tonne. This result suggests that solutions aimed at recovering this resource should be searched. It may represent a financial return at the same time that it would mean overcome environmental liabilities.     

Active tectonic influence on the evolution of drainage and landscape: Geomorphic signatures from frontal and hinterland areas along the Northwestern Himalaya, India

The Kangra Re-entrant in the NW Himalaya is one of the most seismically active regions, falling into Seismic Zone V along the Himalaya. In 1905 the area experienced one of the great Himalayan earthquakes with magnitude 7.8. The frontal fault system – the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) associated with the foreland fold – Janauri Anticline, along with other major as well as secondary hinterland thrust faults, provides an ideal site to study the ongoing tectonic activity which has influenced the evolution of drainage and landscape in the region. The present study suggests that the flat-uplifted surface in the central portion of the Janauri Anticline represents the paleo-exit of the Sutlej River. It is suggested that initially when the tectonic activity propagated southward along the HFT the Janauri Anticline grew along two separate fault segments (north and south faults), the gap between these two fault and the related folds allowed the Sutlej River to flow across this area. Later, the radial propagation of the faults towards each other resulted in an interaction of the fault tips, which caused the rapid uplift of the area. Rapid uplift resulted in the disruption and longitudinal deflection of the Sutlej river channel. Fluvial deposits on the flat surface suggest that an earlier fluvial system flowed across this area in the recent past. Geomorphic signatures, like the sharp mountain fronts along the HFT in some places, as well as along various hinterland subordinate faults like the Nalagarh Thrust (NaT), the Barsar Thrust (BaT) and the Jawalamukhi Thrust (JMT); the change in the channel pattern, marked by a tight incised meander of the Beas channel upstream of the JMT indicate active tectonic movements in the area. The prominent V-shaped valleys of the Beas and Sutlej rivers, flowing across the thrust fronts, with Vf values ranging from <1.0–1.5 are also suggestive of ongoing tectonic activity along major and hinterland faults. This suggests that not only is the HFT system active, but also the other major and secondary hinterland faults, viz. the MBT, MCT, SnT, NaT, BaT, and the JMT can be shown to have undergone recent tectonic displacement.