钙华非经典沉积的纳米生长过程与调控机制初探——以九寨沟—黄龙钙华形成为例

钙华是自然界重要的岩溶碳酸盐沉淀之一,其形成过程往往受到生命活动的影响,弄清钙华生物沉积作用有助于更好地理解钙华微岩相结构和地球化学特征的气候环境指示意义。本文以黄龙-九寨沟钙华形成为例,阐述黄龙-九寨沟现代钙华纳米结晶特征、纳米钙华的生长和集合体形态,分析模拟实验中生物有机质对钙华生长和形貌的调控原因,揭示了生物活动和代谢产物对纳米钙华成核、生长及钙华晶体形貌的调控两途径四阶段机制;为探究钙华成因、碳酸钙生长调控机制、钙华退化的因素及其保护和可持续利用钙华景观具有重要的科学价值。      

基于微岩相分析的藻类在钙华沉积中的作用研究——以四川黄龙为例

在地表环境下,钙华沉积常常是物理化学和生物沉积过程共同作用的结果。藻类因其在钙华沉积环境中具有较大的生物量及其自身拥有多样的代谢方式,对钙华沉积过程和形态具有重要影响。本研究以四川黄龙钙华为例,通过对典型沉积点的水化学、藻类群落组成和现代钙华微岩相结构进行综合分析,来揭示藻类在钙华沉积中的作用。研究发现,黄龙钙华沉积环境中分布的藻类主要包括蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻等。这些藻类代谢活动会在一定程度上改变沉积水体水化学环境,但在快速流动的水体中,其影响有限。不同藻类群落常常形成几百微米至1~2 mm厚的微生物席或生物膜层,作为碳酸钙沉积发生的重要场所,即钙华沉积活动层。在该活动层内,藻体及其分泌的胞外聚合物（EPS）能够为碳酸钙晶体生长提供大量成核位点和生长模板,从而极大地促进钙华沉积。同时,EPS可以控制或影响碳酸钙结晶形态及钙华微岩相结构。准确认识和量化藻类在钙华沉积中的作用还需要继续开展更多微观尺度方面的研究,以便更好地理解钙华沉积机制,并为准确解译古老钙华岩相结构和地球化学特征奠定基础,同时为预测钙华景观演化和保育提供更多科学依据。      

雪宝顶区块流域钙华形成的生物作用研究

钙华不仅具有重要的景观旅游价值,而且对确定区内碳酸盐沉积特征、环境演化规律及同期环境生物的作用与贡献有重要的研究意义。本文在对比国内外典型钙华特征的基础上,以黄龙和九寨沟为例,对雪宝顶区块流域内钙华的沉积特征、环境化学与生物作用进行阐述,指出了雪宝顶区块流域冷水型钙华的形成与演化是化学沉积-溶解作用、生物沉积与溶蚀作用等共同作用的结果,并受非生物、生物因素影响。在雪宝顶冷水型钙华的形成过程中,微生物协同参与了钙华的沉积与溶蚀过程,通过自身新陈代谢促活动促使使钙离子结晶,并诱导晶型变化;其他生物体如植物、藻类等或以间接的方式促进或加快了钙华形成,或为钙华生长提供模板和体量。      

深湖相泥岩的成因类型和组合演化

本文通过对渤海湾地区东营盆地沙三段的研究,区分了深湖相泥岩的岩相类型。根据各类岩相的结构、沉积构造和层序、有机地球化学、元素地球化学、矿物成分、生物组合等特征对深湖相泥岩的成因类型进行了划分,并讨论了各成因系列的沉积作用。在此基础上分析了湖盆发展不同阶段由于盆地地形、湖水性质、骨架沉积体系的改变及深湖相泥岩成因类型组合的演化特征。     

深湖相泥岩的成因类型和组合演化

本文通过对渤海湾地区东营盆地沙三段的研究,区分了深湖相泥岩的岩相类型。根据各类岩相的结构、沉积构造和层序、有机地球化学、元素地球化学、矿物成分、生物组合等特征对深湖相泥岩的成因类型进行了划分,并讨论了各成因系列的沉积作用。在此基础上分析了湖盆发展不同阶段由于盆地地形、湖水性质、骨架沉积体系的改变及深湖相泥岩成因类型组合的演化特征。     

陆地热泉钙华研究进展与展望

陆地热泉钙华是沉淀于富Ca2+和HCO₃-热泉（普遍T≥30℃）的陆地碳酸盐沉积物/岩。热泉钙华独特的形成环境、岩石矿物学特征、地球化学特征和流体性质对古环境、古气候、早期生命起源、新构造运动、陆相热水沉积学、地热资源等方面研究具有重要指示意义。尽管相关学者对陆地热泉钙华开展了相关研究,但由于热泉钙华沉积-成岩过程中受复杂外界条件控制,其时空分布、沉积特征、矿物组成、地球化学特征、微生物作用、流体来源、成岩作用、古气候记录等系列科学问题有待深入研究。在国内外大量文献的基础上,结合研究团队对云南腾冲火山地热区热泉钙华的认识,综述了目前国内外学者对陆地热泉钙华的研究进展,总结了热泉钙华研究意义,提出了当前热泉钙华研究存在的问题及下步研究方向,为更加全面地认识陆地热泉钙华沉积及未来研究提供启示。     

南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡表层沉积物中元素的地球化学相关性与影响因素初探

通过对南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡26个站位表层沉积物的地球化学组成的因子分析和相关分析,探讨了影响表层沉积物地球化学特征的主要因素。揭示了控制沉积物特征的地球化学作用。结果表明,岛（陆）架－－岛坡区表层沉积物地球化学特征较复杂,受到多种因素的影响,最主要的是受沉积区离岸远近和水深大小等因素控制的钙质生物、硅质生物和陆源碎屑的沉积作用,其次为中酸性火山碎屑沉积作用与基性火山碎屑的沉积作用;海槽－－陆坡区有层沉积物地球化学特征主要由硅质碎屑沉积和粘土质陆源、火山碎屑在时空旧的交替沉积所控制,宇宙源沉积、自生沉积、碱性火山碎屑沉积、热液作用等的影响较小。     

碳酸盐生物沉积作用的研究现状与展望

碳酸盐矿物是地球上最丰富的矿物之一,碳酸盐沉积在许多地质过程中起着非常重要的作用.生物沉积碳酸盐的现象在自然界普遍存在,其中又以生物沉积碳酸钙(CaCO3)为主.生物从周围环境中选择性地吸取元素,在严格的生物控制下,组装成功能化的碳酸盐结构;生物也可以通过改变周围的环境诱导碳酸盐的沉积或自身参与碳酸盐的沉积.不同生物对碳酸盐沉积的作用扣机理不同,综述了海洋动植物、藻类生物、菌类生物对碳酸盐的沉积作用及其机理以及实验室模拟调控CaCO3生物矿化方面的一些研究成果和研究现状,提出未来亟待解决的一些重要问题,并指出生物沉积碳酸盐研究所具有的巨大应用前景.     

陆地热泉硅华研究进展与展望

陆地热泉硅华是活动地热环境下,富含硅酸盐热液流体在地表形成的沉积物,其独特的微生物结构及地球化学特征对潜在地热资源、古环境、古气候、早期生命起源等研究具有重要指示意义。尽管近年来地质学家对形成陆地热泉硅华的热源类型、硅华结构特征、共生矿物、同位素及微量元素特征、微生物在成岩中的作用等方面做了不少研究,但由于热泉硅华沉积-成岩过程中受包括热储岩性、热泉水蒸发冷却、pH值改变、微生物生长等复杂外界条件影响,其形成环境、发育特征和控制因素等系列科学问题有待深入探讨。在国内外大量文献调研的基础上,结合近期对云南腾冲热海地热区硅华的研究,综述了目前国内外对陆地热泉硅华的研究进展,总结了陆地热泉硅华具有矿物种类多样、结构形态丰富、地球化学特征复杂、与地热系统热源关系密切等基本特征,还总结了影响陆地热泉硅华形成中冷却、蒸发、pH值、阳离子效应、微生物活动等非生物和生物控制因素,提出了当前陆地热泉硅华研究存在硅华结构成因解释不明确、微生物与热泉硅华微结构间的关系及微量元素和同位素地球化学研究薄弱、人类活动对硅华沉积影响使得研究更复杂等问题,指出下一步应加强同位素分馏、微量元素及常量元素在硅华沉积-成岩中的作用机理研究;通过全面的地球物理-化学-微生物关系分析,明确热泉硅华成因;弄清控制硅华沉积的因素及微生物在硅华生长中的作用;深入了解热泉硅华形成的复杂性及其在全球范围内的相关性,从而更加全面地认识陆地热泉硅华沉积,并为下一步研究提供启示。     

黄龙与黄石钙华微生物沉积作用比较研究

本文通过调查黄龙风景区水体的环境地质特征与微生物群落结构及多样性,并与黄石公园对比分析,探讨了两种特殊地理环境下的微生物群落结构和多样性及其对钙华沉积的影响。结果表明:黄龙沟泉水属于地下冷泉,且景区内覆盖着大量植被,水体中有大量藻类和细菌;黄石公园猛犸象温泉区泉水属于地下热泉,植被覆盖率很低,泉水中微生物多为嗜热菌,藻类较少。黄龙与黄石钙华主要由方解石组成并且微生物参与了钙华的形成过程。微生物对钙华沉积的作用,主要分为模板作用、产物诱导作用和代谢调控作用,对比探讨了特殊地质环境下的微生物对钙华沉积的贡献,指出微生物沉积作用在钙华沉积过程中的重要性,可为黄龙钙华“黑化”防治提供理论依据。      

Biological Processes Responsible for Travertine Deposition: A Review and Future Prospect

The investigation of biological processes responsible for travertine deposition allows us to better understand the travertine petrographic and geochemical signatures as proxies of climatic and environmental change. This paper reviewed the organisms associated with travertines, the biotic micro-fabrics formed within travertines, the biological processes associated with travertine precipitation and their controls on travertine geochemical properties. Prospects of the future research on biological processes responsible for travertine precipitation were provided. Bacteria, algae and mosses are the most important organisms that involve in the precipitation of travertines. The growth of these organisms leads to the formation of a range of various porosity, crystal fabrics and lamination within travertines. Three main biological processes responsible for travertine deposition can be classified, including \mathrm{①} a process of aquatic plant growth generating a turbulent condition and consequent CO₂ evasion, \mathrm{②} a metabolic (mainly photosynthetic) process mediating carbonate precipitation and \mathrm{③} a ‘surface-control’ process influencing nucleation and crystal growth. These processes play an important role in the migration and transformation of elements in travertine-depositing system and thus determine the properties of water chemistry and geochemistry of carbonate deposits. Travertine deposits have great potential to be valuable records for the geobiological study. Further investigation is required to simultaneously track biotic and abiotic interactions in modern travertine-depositing environments and quantify the contribution of these two processes and apply the results to accurately interpret travertine records.     

钙华的形成环境与特征及在油气储集方向的探讨

钙华是一种特殊的化学或生物化学沉积,它们在大陆内部广泛地分布且含有重要的地质信息,是一种特殊的油气储集体。影响钙华沉积的因素复杂多样,在调研钙华的形成过程及分类的基础上,从气候环境、水文地质条件、水体物理化学条件、生物活动及构造活动五个方面讨论钙华形成的控制因素;并从沉积环境与模式、沉积速率等方面将新疆塔北地区的钙华与国外钙华沉积体进行类比,发现塔北钙华沉积体在温暖湿润的环境下表现出良好的季节性分层,五道班地区钙华在沉积时汇入了大量的陆源碎屑,受生物活动影响较大;硫磺沟地区的钙华沉积则是伴随断裂活动所形成热液上涌的产物。通过对比发现,塔北露头缝洞内充填的钙华内部孔隙发达、连通性较好,并有良好的含油显示,故钙华具备一定的储集能力。     

Determination of horizontal extension from fissure-ridge travertines: a case study from the Denizli Basin,southwestern Turkey

Travertine deposits reflect some aspects of the regional tectonics because of the close association between travertine deposits and active fractures, that later of which provide conduits along which travertine-depositing waters may rise. Fissure-ridge travertines form above extensional fissures which are located in the hanging walls of normal faults, in step-over zones between fault segments, or in active or recently active) volcanic provinces. Numerous active and inactive fissure-ridge travertines are located in the hanging walls of normal faults in the Denizli Basin. A typical fissure-ridge comprises a central fissure along its long axis and flanking bedded travertines dipping away from the fissure. Central fissures of travertine ridges have been dilating since the initiation of the fissures. Samples from both the margins and centres of banded travertine deposits were dated by Th/U methods in order to determine dilation rates. Individual fissures have been dilating at average rates of between 0.008 and 0.1 mm yr^–1 during travertine deposition, and ~ 0.001 and 0.007 mm yr^–1 after cessation of travertine deposition. There is a noticable decrease in dilation rate from west to east in the Denizli Basin, and this decrease in dilation rate may be related to decrease in overall extension in southwest Turkey, which decreases eastward.     

温泉钙华沉积的影响因素

钙华是在泉水、河水、湖水、洞穴周围沉积的非海相碳酸钙沉积物。钙华是陆地水循环过程中物质迁移的一种表现形式,研究钙华的形成有助于了解局部水文循环中的物质迁移规律并间接了解古气候与古水文地质条件。部分温泉的泉口附近沉积有形态多样的钙华。本文综述温泉钙华的形成过程、钙华沉积的主要影响因素和它们之间的相互影响关系。水化学条件是钙华沉积的物质基础和必要条件,水动力条件是钙华沉积的充分条件,生物效应对钙华沉积起到加强的作用,沉积环境通过影响水化学条件或水动力条件间接控制钙华的沉积。     

Relative influence of biotic and abiotic processes on travertine fabrics,Satono‐yu hot spring,Japan

The relative influences of biotic and abiotic processes on travertine fabrics are still not well understood, despite increasing interest in the last decade to better understand the record of ancient microbial life and sedimentary fabrics in microbial hydrocarbon reservoirs. This study examines travertines at Satono‐yu hot spring in Japan (the temperature of water flowing over the travertine was ca 35°C), to better understand the interaction between depositional, hydrochemical and microbial parameters at different flow settings. Characteristics of the bulk hydrochemistry, mineralogy (exclusively aragonite) and the driving force for precipitation (primarily abiotic CO₂ degassing with some photosynthetic microbial contribution) were similar among all of the flow settings. Conversely, the increase in flow velocity suppressed the influence of photosynthesis and enhanced the abiotic precipitation due to the thinner diffusive boundary layer at the travertine surface–water interface. Additionally, the increase in flow velocity changed the microbial composition and decreased the bacterial diversity by reflecting their adhesion efficiency on the travertine substrate. The acidity of the cyanobacterial sheaths controls the aragonite nucleation rate and the resulting calcification, even at significantly high equilibrium CO₂ partial pressure (ca 22 to 28 matm), high dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (ca 35 to 38 mmol l^?1), and elevated aragonite saturation state (ca 20‐fold to 34‐fold). Therefore, the increase in flow velocity suppresses the microbial influence with respect to the increase in the saturation state, the nucleation site supply and pore space generation. Overall, this results in the predominance of abiotic precipitation under high flow velocities. Consequently, a sparse‐micritic fabric with abundant interlamina porosity forms under lower flow velocity where the microbial influence is effective, while a dense‐sparitic fabric with little inter‐crystalline porosity forms under higher flow velocity where abiotic precipitation prevails. These findings provide an essential base for assessing the formation processes of ancient travertines and comparable deposits from petrological fabrics.     

Manifestations of Quaternary syn-eruptive fluid circulations on carbonate veins,Central Anatolian Volcanic Province

In this study, we investigate the geochronological, geochemical and isotopic characteristics of two travertine sites surrounded by Quaternary eruption centres in central Anatolia with ample palaeo-eruption records. High-resolution carbonate precipitation records, revealed by U-Th dating, are clustered around 5–35, 60–100 and 120–170 ka and are well correlated with the dataset on eruptions as well as the position of fractures related to the volcanic centres. Syn-eruptive carbonate precipitation seems to occur due to the circulation of CO₂-rich fluids along the extensional fracture systems aligned tangentially to the related volcanic conduit and, therefore, the study of this system could be an alternative technique for the reconstruction of palaeo-eruptions. δ¹⁸O values of the studied travertines are within the range of meteogene fluids. Oxygen isotope compositions at around 130 ka match well with Glacial Termination II that is also recorded by climate proxies in various cave and benthic deposits throughout the world. It is likely that the studied carbonates were precipitated under similar fluid circulation conditions which are represented by a high rate of dilatation followed by a meteoric water influx into the extensional fractures.     

Determination and significance of the Mn(II) Zero-Field Splitting (ZFS) interaction in the geochemistry of travertines

An analytical approach, based on the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of Mn(II) in travertines, has been developed in order to obtain relevant information about the local inhomogeneity of calcite and about the thermodynamic conditions which control the formation of travertine deposits. This information is crucial to constrain the precipitation of travertine under different geochemical contexts. An empirical correlation between the spectral features and the zero-field splitting (ZFS) interaction has been established through numerical simulations of EPR spectra. The variability of the investigated parameters and the applicability of the method have been tested on several travertines from Central Italy.