西藏墨竹工卡地区早侏罗世花岗岩地球化学、岩石成因及其地质意义

为了研究南冈底斯晚三叠世-早侏罗世时期岩浆岩的成因类型和构造背景，针对墨竹工卡地区的松多黑云母二长花岗岩体进行岩相学、年代学、全岩地球化学研究.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示，松多黑云母二长花岗岩结晶年龄为190.2±2.9 Ma，形成于早侏罗世.在地球化学组成上，黑云母二长花岗岩具有低TiO₂（0.68%~0.75%），富SiO₂（65.22%~66.13%）、Al₂O₃（16.26%~16.73%）、Na₂O（4.05%~4.29%）、K₂O（3.96%~4.24%）的特点，显示钾玄岩系列和弱过铝质（A/CNK=1.04~1.11）的主量元素地球化学特征；在微量元素蛛网图上，具有富集Rb、Th、K、Zr、Hf元素和亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti、P元素的特征；锆石饱和温度介于805~835℃，FeOT/MgO比值高，样品显示出具有部分A型花岗岩特征.结合前人研究表明，晚三叠世-早侏罗世时期南冈底斯岩浆岩构造背景与新特提斯洋北向俯冲有关，松多黑云母二长花岗岩形成于新特提斯洋板片北向俯冲引起的弧后伸展环境；其成因与软流圈上涌导致幔源岩浆底侵引起下地壳的部分熔融有关.      

西藏南冈底斯带拢布村花岗岩LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb年龄及其成因

在一定条件下,花岗岩对于研究古大洋板块俯冲消减及陆-陆碰撞等板块演化过程具有重要的意义.拢布村花岗岩体位于西藏南冈底斯带中段,有关南冈底斯带花岗岩类形成年代仍存在不同认识.通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得拢布村花岗岩的形成年龄为157.0Ma±2.9Ma,表明南冈底斯带存在晚侏罗世岩浆活动.拢布村花岗岩富集Rb、Ba、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,显示出岛弧岩浆岩的特征,指示晚侏罗世南冈底斯带存在新特提斯洋北向欧亚大陆的早期俯冲运动.研究表明,拢布村花岗岩为洋壳板块俯冲消减作用背景之下上覆地幔楔部分熔融的产物.     

新特提斯洋早期俯冲的岩浆岩记录及其成矿——西藏日喀则西北部花岗岩类锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素

拉萨地体南缘的晚三叠世—中侏罗世岩浆岩被认为是新特提斯洋早期北向俯冲的岩浆记录,并形成与之相关的雄村特大型斑岩-浅成低温热液铜-金矿床。对该时期岩浆岩成因背景的研究有助于评价其成矿潜力。选取拉萨地体南缘日喀则西北部花岗岩类进行锆石U-Pb测年及Lu-Hf同位素分析。花岗岩类LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果为175~180.1Ma,εHf(t)平均值为+13.4,显示幔源特征,为岛弧(洋内弧)背景成因,具有斑岩铜金成矿潜力。结合前人对拉萨地体南缘晚三叠世—白垩纪岩浆岩的研究,认为拉萨地体南缘未被剥蚀的晚三叠世—白垩纪火山岩中有可能保存有新特提斯洋俯冲形成的斑岩铜金成矿系统。     

冈底斯弧南缘侏罗纪火成岩时空分布和地球化学组成变化特征及其对地壳增生的指示北大核心CSCD

冈底斯弧南缘广泛出露有中生代和新生代火成岩,是青藏高原火成岩最发育的地区之一,记录了新特提斯洋北向俯冲、消减和随后的印度大陆与欧亚大陆碰撞等地质过程。对中生代尤其是侏罗纪火成岩的研究对于理解新特提斯洋早期俯冲及青藏高原南缘早期增生具有显著意义。对位于冈底斯南缘平行于雅鲁藏布江缝合带东西向展布的侏罗纪火成岩年代学和地球化学数据进行了总结,结果表明:(1)侏罗纪岩浆活动高峰期集中于早中侏罗世(192~168 Ma);(2)侏罗纪岩浆作用主要活动范围位于雅鲁藏布江以北附近,在北纬29.48°以北相对缺乏中晚侏罗世岩浆活动,而且早侏罗世岩浆活动相对于南边也更加平静,且以酸性岩浆活动为主;(3)侏罗纪火成岩微量元素也呈一些规律性变化,如Ba/La、Ba/Th比值随着时代的演化呈现出递增的趋势,很可能表明板片来源流体贡献逐渐增加,Nb/Th和Nb/La由西向东均呈现递减趋势,表明地壳混染作用很可能逐渐增强;(4)侏罗纪火成岩的微量元素组成空间上的变化特征指示在早侏罗世早期冈底斯弧南缘就已经存在正常地壳厚度,并且随着新特提斯洋的北向俯冲,其有逐渐增厚的趋势。     

西藏南部米拉山地区早侏罗世花岗岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

中南拉萨地块内部早侏罗世时期岩浆岩的成因差异对新特提斯洋的早期演化具有指示意义,本次工作选取位于洛巴堆－米拉山断裂带两侧的宗沃花岗岩体和仲达花岗岩体作为研究对象,进行详细的岩相学、年代学和全岩地球化学分析.锆石U-Pb定年结果分别为193.8±2.2 Ma和197.5±1.8 Ma,指示了区内的早侏罗世岩浆事件.宗沃花岗岩与仲达花岗岩样品均具有较高的SiO₂含量(69.80%~74.64%)与较低的A/CNK值(0.98~1.07),且富集轻稀土元素及Rb、Th、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素.全岩地球化学特征指示两处样品均属典型的Ⅰ型火山弧岩浆岩.结合前人的研究成果表明,中南拉萨地块内部的早侏罗世岩浆岩形成于新特提斯洋北向俯冲下的陆内弧环境.本次工作的研究结果结合区域内早侏罗世岩浆岩的全岩地球化学和同位素数据,指示南拉萨地块内早侏罗世岩浆岩主要来源于新生下地壳,而中拉萨地块内早侏罗世岩浆岩的岩浆源区存在着更多古老下地壳成分的加入.      

西藏中冈底斯扎布耶茶卡北部晚侏罗世则弄群火山岩的锆石U-Pb年代学及其成因意义

冈底斯带晚中生代构造演化模式一直存在争议。此次研究了中冈底斯带扎布耶茶卡北部区域则弄群火山岩的野外特 征和锆石U-Pb年龄。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,扎布耶茶卡北部则弄群火山岩主要喷发于154.2~142.1 Ma。研究首次获得 晚侏罗世的则弄群火山岩年龄为154 Ma,比前人提出的则弄群火山岩浆活动起始时间（130 Ma） 提前了24 Ma,据此将则 弄群的时代定为晚侏罗世至早白垩世。根据研究获得的最新年代学数据,结合冈底斯带火山岩的前人研究资料,显示冈底 斯带中生代弧火山岩具有从南向北逐渐年轻的趋势。因此,最早期南冈底斯弧中生代火山岩可能与新特提斯洋板片北向俯 冲有关,晚侏罗世至早白垩世的中冈底斯带弧火山岩受到了新特提斯洋板片北向俯冲和班公湖-怒江洋板片南向俯冲的双 重影响,早白垩世中期的北冈底斯带弧火山岩则与班公湖-怒江洋板片的南向俯冲密切相关。研究成果为冈底斯带晚中生 代构造演化模式提供了火山岩方面的新证据。     

藏南冈底斯岩基东段石炭纪岩浆作用记录

藏南冈底斯岩基记录了大量中生代和新生代以来的岩浆作用信息,虽然晚古生代的岩浆岩报道较少,但对限定拉萨地块在新特提斯洋俯冲之前的构造作用具有重要意义。本文通过综合已有资料,进一步对加查县和朗县晚古生代花岗岩开展了锆石U-Pb地质年代学及全岩元素地球化学组成的研究。加查县和郎县花岗片麻岩的原岩年龄分别为~344.8Ma和344.0~362.0Ma,表明加查和朗县岩体都形成于石炭纪。这些岩石具有较高的SiO₂含量（67.46%~75.33%）,Al₂O₃含量较低（12.66%~15.82%）,CaO含量为0.79%~4.32%,FeO和MgO的含量分别为0.48%~3.00%和0.28%~1.64%。依据它们的K₂O/Na₂O比值,这些岩石可分为富钾和富钠两个演化系列。这些岩石富集轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,但Zr和Hf无明显异常。地球化学特征和年代学信息表明：（1）冈底斯岩基东段石炭纪花岗岩形成于弧后伸展环境,可能与古特提斯洋向冈瓦纳大陆北缘的俯冲作用有关;（2）镁铁质岩浆演化形成富钠花岗岩,幔源岩浆和中下地壳岩熔体的混合形成富钾花岗岩;和（3）石炭纪岩浆作用持续时间至少~30Myr。     

冈底斯带南部桑日高分异I型花岗岩的岩石成因及其动力学意义

冈底斯岩浆岩带位于西藏南部的拉萨地体南缘,它形成于特提斯洋和印度-亚洲大陆长期俯冲碰撞过程中,是青藏高原花岗岩最发育的地区。前人对冈底斯岩浆带中各类型花岗岩的成因、源区、时空分布以及其地球动力学意义进行了详细大量的研究,但是对高分异花岗岩的具体成因、演化过程以及在70~65Ma拉萨地块的地球动力学演化过程研究较少。本文选择冈底斯南缘白垩纪末桑日花岗岩进行研究,揭示了桑日花岗岩的岩石学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄、锆石Hf同位素特征和地球化学特征。本文样品LA-ICP-MS测得的锆石U-Pb年龄为67~66Ma。桑日花岗岩属于高钾钙碱性系列,具有高Si O2(74.26%~76.93%)、高K2O+Na2O(7.87%~8.56%),低P2O5(0.02%~0.04%)和Ca O(0.28%~1.00%),以及富集K、Rb、Th,亏损Nb、P、Ti的高分异I型花岗岩的特征。在锆石Hf同位素上,桑日花岗岩εHf(t)0(+4.6~+10.9),且具有Hf不均一的特征。结合前人研究,本文认为桑日花岗岩是高分异I型花岗岩,在特提斯洋板块北向俯冲过程中,板片回转,俯冲洋壳脱水产生的流体进入地幔楔,引发地幔楔发生部分熔融产生镁铁质幔源物质并底侵上涌,导致浅部地壳发生部分熔融,并与幔源岩浆混合,从而在浅部形成混源岩浆房,最终在侵位与成岩后期经历高程度的分异演化形成的。     

藏南冈底斯岩基日多地区花岗岩体形成时代和地球化学特征

冈底斯岩基广泛发育三叠纪-中新世的岩浆岩,是研究与新特提斯洋北向俯冲和印度-欧亚大陆碰撞相关的构造岩浆作用特征的天然实验室。日多地区花岗岩体位于藏南墨竹工卡县东侧日多乡附近,其主体为花岗岩,被花岗闪长玢岩脉侵入。锆石U-Pb地质年代学表明:主体花岗岩形成于62.7±0.5Ma,侵入其中的花岗闪长玢岩脉形成于59.5±1.5Ma,并捕获了大量的侏罗纪岩浆岩锆石(155.4±1.8Ma)。日多地区花岗岩体的全岩地球化学特征为:(1)高Si O_2、Na_2O、Al_2O_3,低Fe O~T、MgO、Ti O_2;(2)富集轻稀土(LREE),亏损重稀土(HREE)及高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、P元素;(3)具有Eu负异常,总体显示高钾钙碱性、过铝质花岗岩和岛弧型岩浆岩特征。锆石Hf同位素特征暗示其岩浆源区为基性下地壳物质。花岗闪长玢岩脉裹挟大量侏罗纪岩浆型锆石,表明冈底斯岩基拉萨以东地区可能经历了较广泛的晚侏罗世岩浆作用。     

西藏冈底斯带侏罗纪岩浆作用的时空分布 及构造环境

在新近完成的1：25万区域地质调查资料和相关研究成果的基础上,初步研究了西藏冈底斯带侏罗纪岩浆作用的分布特点及其年代学,并利用已有的地球化学数据重点分析了早期关注程度较低的侏罗纪花岗岩类岩浆作用的性质。目前在冈底斯弧背断隆带未发现侏罗纪火山岩;在冈底斯东部地区,早侏罗世岩浆活动几乎同时发生于南冈底斯（叶巴组火山岩和鸟郁、尼木花岗岩类）、冈底斯弧背断隆带（宁中、金达、布久花岗岩类）和北冈底斯（聂荣花岗岩类）,中晚侏罗世接奴群和拉贡塘组火山岩断续分布于北冈底斯,晚侏罗世岩浆活动零星分布于沙莫勒一麦拉一洛巴堆～米拉山断裂以北。将冈底斯侏罗纪岩浆活动置于时空框架内分析发现,南冈底斯和北冈底斯在侏罗纪时主要受俯冲作用的影响．而冈底斯弧背断隆带和中冈底斯自早侏罗世以来除了受到俯冲作用的影响外,还受到自东向西逐步扩展的碰撞作用的影响。结合古地磁重建资料和其他新发现．认为冈底斯带侏罗纪这种岩浆活动的特点可用班公湖一怒江洋壳向南、新特提斯洋壳向北的双向剪刀式（剪刀口向西张开）俯冲模式来解释。     

Late Triassic Granites From the Quxu Batholith Shedding a New Light on the Evolution of the Gangdese Belt in Southern Tibet

The Gangdese magmatic belt formed during Late Triassic to Neogene in the southernmost Lhasa terrane of the Tibetan plateau. It is interpreted as a major component of a continental margin related to the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic slab beneath Eurasia and it is the key in understanding the tectonic framework of southern Tibet prior to the India-Eurasia collision. It is widely accepted that northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust formed the Gangdese magmatic belt, but the occurrence of Late Triassic magmatism and the detailed tectonic evolution of southern Tibet are still debated. This work presents new zircon U-Pb-Hf isotope data and whole-rock geochemical compositions of a mylonitic granite pluton in the central Gangdese belt, southern Tibet. Zircon U-Pb dating from two representative samples yields consistent ages of 225.3±1.8 Ma and 229.9±1.5 Ma, respectively, indicating that the granite pluton was formed during the early phase of Late Triassic instead of Early Eocene(47–52 Ma) as previously suggested. Geochemically, the mylonitic granite pluton has a sub-alkaline composition and low-medium K calc-alkaline affinities and it can be defined as an I-type granite with metaluminous features(A/CNK1.1). The analyzed samples are characterized by strong enrichments of LREE and pronounced depletions of Nb, Ta and Ti, suggesting that the granite was generated in an island-arc setting. However, the use of tectonic discrimination diagrams indicates a continental arc setting. Zircon Lu-Hf isotopes indicate that the granite has highly positive εHf(t) values ranging from +13.91 to +15.54(mean value +14.79), reflecting the input of depleted mantle material during its magmatic evolution, consistent with Mg~# numbers. Additionally, the studied samples also reveal relatively young Hf two-stage model ages ranging from 238 Ma to 342 Ma(mean value 292 Ma), suggesting that the pluton was derived from partial melting of juvenile crust. Geochemical discrimination diagrams also suggest that the granite was derived from partial melting of the mafic lower crust. Taking into account both the spatial and temporal distribution of the mylonitic granite, its geochemical fingerprints as well as previous studies, we propose that the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic slab beneath the Lhasa terrane had already commenced in Late Triassic(~230 Ma), and that the Late Triassic magmatic events were formed in an active continental margin that subsequently evolved into the numerous subterranes, paleo-island-arcs and multiple collision phases that form the present southern Tibet.     

Geochronology of the Duguer range metamorphic rocks,Central Tibet: implications for the changing tectonic setting of the South Qiangtang subterrane

The Duguer area represents one of the few occurrences of high-grade metamorphic rocks in the ‘Central Uplift’ zone of the Qiangtang terrane, central Tibet. The metamorphic rocks consist mainly of orthogneiss, paragneiss, and schist. To better understand the formation of these rocks, seven samples of gneiss and schist from the Duguer area were selected for in situ zircon U–Pb analysis and Ar–Ar dating of metamorphic minerals. The results suggest two distinct metamorphic stages, during the Late Triassic (229–227 Ma) and Late Jurassic (150–149 Ma). These stages correspond to the closure of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean and northward subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys oceanic crust, respectively. We suggest that the Late Triassic metamorphic rocks of the Duguer area in the central South Qiangtang subterrane provide evidence of continental collision between the North and South Qiangtang subterranes, following the subduction of oceanic crust. It is likely that deep subduction of oceanic crust occurred along the Longmu Co–Shuanghu–Lancangjiang suture zone (LSLSZ), which would have hindered exhumation owing to the high density of oceanic crust. Subsequent break-off and delamination of the subducted oceanic slab at ~220 Ma may have resulted in exhumation of high-pressure and high-grade metamorphic rocks in the South Qiangtang subterrane. The Late Jurassic ages of metamorphism and deformation obtained in this study indicate the occurrence of an Andean-type orogenic event within the South Qiangtang subterrane. This hypothesis is further supported by an apparent age gap in magmatic activity (150–130 Ma) along the magmatic arc, and the absence of Late Jurassic sediments.     

Late Triassic crustal growth in southern Tibet: Evidence from the Gangdese magmatic belt

The Gangdese magmatic belt, located in the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane and carrying significant copper and polymetallic mineralization, preserves important information relating to the tectonics associated with Indian–Eurasian collision and the crustal growth of southern Tibet. Here we investigate the Quxu batholith in the central domain of the Gangdese magmatic belt and report the occurrence of hornblende gabbros for the first time. We present petrologic, zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic and bulk-rock chemistry data on these rocks. The hornblende gabbros display sub-alkaline features, and correspond to tholeiite composition. They also show medium K calc-alkaline to low K affinity. The rocks show enrichment in LILEs and LREEs, but are depleted in HFSEs, indicating a subduction-related active continental margin setting for the magma genesis. Our computations show that the gabbroic pluton was emplaced in the middle-lower crustal depth of ca. 18 km. Zircons from the hornblende gabbros yield crystallization age of ca. 210 Ma, revealing a late Triassic magmatic event. Combined with available data from the Gangdese magmatic belt, our study suggests that the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust beneath the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane might have been initiated not later than the Norian period of Triassic. Zircons from the hornblende gabbro show positive ε_Hf(t) values of 9.56 to 14.75 (mean value 12.44), corresponding to single stage model ages (T_DM1) in the range of 256 Ma to 459 Ma, attesting to crustal growth in the southern Lhasa terrane associated with the subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust.     

Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the Erguna massif basement,NE China – subduction history of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic crust

We present new geochronological and geochemical data for granites and volcanic rocks of the Erguna massif, NE China. These data are integrated with previous findings to better constrain the nature of the massif basement and to provide new insights into the subduction history of Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic crust and its closure. U–Pb dating of zircons from 12 granites previously mapped as Palaeoproterozoic and from three granites reported as Neoproterozoic yield exclusively Phanerozoic ages. These new ages, together with recently reported isotopic dates for the metamorphic and igneous basement rocks, as well as Nd–Hf crustal-residence ages, suggest that it is unlikely that pre-Mesoproterozoic basement exists in the Erguna massif. The geochronological and geochemical results are consistent with a three-stage subduction history of Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic crust beneath the Erguna massif, as follows. (1) The Erguna massif records a transition from Late Devonian A-type magmatism to Carboniferous adakitic magmatism. This indicates that southward subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic crust along the northern margin of the Erguna massif began in the Carboniferous. (2) Late Permian–Middle Triassic granitoids in the Erguna massif are distributed along the Mongol–Okhotsk suture zone and coeval magmatic rocks in the Xing’an terrane are scarce, suggesting that they are unlikely to have formed in association with the collision between the North China Craton and the Jiamusi–Mongolia block along the Solonker–Xra Moron–Changchun–Yanji suture zone. Instead, the apparent subduction-related signature of the granites and their proximity to the Mongol–Okhotsk suture zone suggest that they are related to southward subduction of Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic crust. (3) A conspicuous lack of magmatic activity during the Middle Jurassic marks an abrupt shift in magmatic style from Late Triassic–Early Jurassic normal and adakite-like calc-alkaline magmatism (pre-quiescent episode) to Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous A-type felsic magmatism (post-quiescent episode). Evidently a significant change in geodynamic processes took place during the Middle Jurassic. Late Triassic–Early Jurassic subduction-related signatures and adakitic affinities confirm the existence of subduction during this time. Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous post-collision magmatism constrains the timing of the final closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean involving collision between the Jiamusi–Mongolia block and the Siberian Craton to the Middle Jurassic.     

青藏高原中部麻米地区晚侏罗世火山岩岩石成因及其地质意义

在青藏高原中部中拉萨地块之上新识别了一套晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期岩浆岩,本次对其中麻米地区出露的火山岩进行了锆石U-Pb定年与全岩主微量元素分析研究工作.测年结果显示麻米火山岩形成于晚侏罗世（152~150 Ma）,岩石地球化学具有高SiO₂、高全碱含量（Na₂O+K₂O）、低MgO、低P₂O₅的特征,并显示明显的Eu、Sr、Ba等元素的亏损,具有高分异I型花岗质岩石的特征.结合区域上报道的同期中酸性侵入岩资料,麻米酸性火山岩起源于古老地壳物质重熔并经历了广泛的结晶分异作用.本文研究表明中拉萨地块上晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期岩浆作用形成于洋壳俯冲背景,应该是新特提斯洋北向俯冲过程中引发的弧型岩浆事件.      

帕米尔高原Rushan-Pshart古特提斯洋或中特提斯洋争论的岩石地球化学证据

帕米尔高原上广泛分布的加里东期火山岩,印支期火山岩与燕山期火山岩被认为是块体依次向北俯冲拼贴到欧亚板块上的产物。特别是燕山期火山岩被认为是Rushan-Pshart中特提斯洋闭合的产物。但近年来地层古生物、火山岩证据不断表明Rushan-Pshart洋闭合时间在晚三叠一早侏罗世,由此限定Rushan-Pshart古特提斯洋性质,而帕米尔高原上广泛分布的燕山期火山岩是更南部的Shyok中特提斯洋闭合的产物。目前,中国境内Rushan-Pshart缝合带属性的研究工作展开较晚,研究程度较低。我们对塔什库尔干明铁盖沟一线燕山期火山岩带展开的工作发现零星分布的印支期花岗岩。印支期花岗岩错石U・Pb年龄显示岩体侵位时间在201 Ma左右。全岩主量元素特征表明岩石为I型高钾钙碱性闪长花岗岩;稀土元素在球粒陨石标准化图解中呈轻稀土元素相对富集,重稀土元素相对亏损的右倾海鸥型。明铁盖岩体的微量元素显示大离子亲石元素明显富集,而高场强元素明显亏损。稀土微量元素特征倾向花岗岩属性为岛弧型花岗岩,Sr-Nd-Hf同位素比值特征显示岩体形成于下地壳部分熔融环境。岩体的地化特征表明岩体形成的构造环境为板块汇聚的洋壳俯冲阶段,结合区域地质特征,我们将花岗岩体归为Rushan-Pshart古特提斯洋壳俯冲消减的产物。Rushan-Pshart缝合带传统上认为是中特提斯带,近年的研究进展认为其为古特提斯缝合带,本文的工作支持这种观点。Rushan-Pshart古特提斯缝合带的确立对帕米尔高原与青藏高原主体的块体对比提供了可信的对比方案,并对青藏高原新生代陆内变形方式的争论提供了可靠的证据。