内蒙古锡林郭勒盟乌兰图嘎锗矿地质特征及勘查工作简介

乌兰图嘎锗矿是在内蒙古自治区境内首次发现的与褐煤共生的特大型锗矿床,计算锗金属量达１６００ 余吨。该矿床不仅规模大、品位富,而且矿床地质条件简单,埋藏浅、易露采。本文将该矿床成矿地质背景、矿床规模、形态及其品位变化,锗的赋存状态、富集规律等地质特征,和矿床地质勘查工作及锗煤提锗加工技术等主要内容作一简单介绍     

乌兰图嘎富锗煤中微量元素在不同密度级煤中的分布特征

煤系关键金属的开发利用对于缓解我国战略性矿产资源紧缺具有重要意义。内蒙古胜利煤田乌兰图嘎低阶煤中除富集关键金属Ge以外,同时富集有害元素Be、F、As、Hg、Sb和W,出于对关键金属的提取利用及环境保护2个方面考虑,须对研究区煤炭进行洗选处理。基于前期研究认识,浮选对于乌兰图嘎煤中As、Sb和W脱除效果相对较好,对于F和Hg的脱除效果较差,基于此,采用浮沉实验(重选法)以及XRD、XRF、SEM-EDS和EMPA等实验方法和测试手段,研究关键金属Ge以及Be、F、As、Hg等有害元素在不同密度级煤中的分布特征,结果表明:(1) 乌兰图嘎煤中矿物主要包括石膏、石英、黄铁矿、高岭石等,矿物含量随煤密度级增大而增加,电子探针分析结果表明,Co、As、Sb和Hg赋存在黄铁矿中。(2) 经过重选,低密度精煤中Ge元素富集,表明Ge主要以有机态存在,Be、F、As等可能与有机质相关,或者赋存在嵌布于有机质中的微细粒矿物中,煤中Hg和大部分亲石性元素在高密度级煤中含量较高,表明其赋存在矿物中。(3) 重选对于Hg元素的脱除效果较好,对Be、F、As和一些亲硫或亲铁性元素浮选脱除效果优于重选。建议乌兰图嘎低阶煤使用重选?浮选联合脱除法进行有害元素的脱除。      

中国锗矿成矿规律与开发利用现状

锗是一种银灰色性脆的金属,在地壳中的含量约为0.0007%,属于稀散元素,是制造红外光学仪器的关键材料,2018年被美国内政部列为35种关键性矿产之一。中国的锗资源储量占全球的41%,产量占全世界的71%,拥有类似于稀土的全球影响力。已查明资源储量的锗矿区主要分布在内蒙古和云南等14个省(自治区),其中约一半的查明锗资源储量与煤矿伴生,其余大部分与铅锌矿等有色金属矿产伴生。锗可以出现在不同时代的各种矿床当中,主要包括中低温热液型多金属矿床、含锗有机岩矿床和沉积改造型三大类型,以前二者为主,占所有锗矿资源量的64%。我国高品位的富锗煤矿是世界上少有的优质资源,但尚未得到充分的开发利用。国际上主要从煤灰残渣中回收,我国除了煤矿中回收锗(如云南的临沧含锗煤矿、内蒙的乌兰图嘎)之外,也从有色金属冶炼厂综合回收(如广西大厂、云南会泽)。     

对煤中锗矿化若干问题的思考——以临沧锗矿为例

本文在综述煤中锗矿化国内外研究现状的基础上，以临沧锗矿为例，深入讨论了在煤系地层中形成超大型独立锗矿床的特殊条件。结果表明，煤是锗成矿极有利的围岩，煤能否富集锗主要取决于有无富锗流体与煤相互作用。     

中国大型煤-锗矿床成矿模式研究进展:以云南临沧和内蒙古乌兰图嘎煤-锗矿床为例

锗元素是研究得最多也是开发利用最好的煤中可利用伴生元素。在自然界中所有的煤都含有锗,但是能富集成锗矿床的只是极少数,多数煤中锗含量甚微。中国目前已发现的具有开采价值的煤-锗矿床有两个,分别是位于云南西部的新生代盆地的临沧煤-锗矿床和内蒙古的中生代盆地的乌兰图嘎煤-锗矿床。但这两个煤锗矿床地质因素各有不同,文中对其不同点进行了比较。中国云南省煤中含锗的情况最为丰富多样,其研究程度较高,处于成熟开发阶段。云南省西部含有富锗煤的新生代盆地的基底都是可提供丰富锗源的花岗岩。盆地内煤中锗分布不均一与两类花岗岩提供的锗源有一定关系。内蒙古胜利煤田内富锗煤矿床正处于开发阶段。矿产地西部附近出露二长花岗岩和闪长岩为主要的锗源供给。胜利煤田和伊敏煤田煤中锗的赋存状态和地质条件与临沧的差异较大。二连盆地群与煤油气相关的地质研究成果较为丰富,如果进一步开展普查找矿工作,将有可能发现新的矿点。     

临沧锗矿含碳硅质灰岩的成因及其与锗成矿的关系

临沧锗矿是我国近年发现的具有独立开采价值且接近超大型规模的锗矿床，其富锗含煤段中存在薄层含碳硅质灰岩，深入研究含碳硅质灰岩的成因对于揭示锗矿床的成因具有重要的意义。通过对薄层含碳硅质灰岩岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素和碳、氧同位素的系统研究，并与典型的陆相热水沉积物进行对比，得出以下初步认识：（1）含碳硅质灰岩属陆相热水沉积成因；（2）含碳硅质灰岩的微量元素和稀土元素可能主要来自基底的二云母花岗岩；（3）煤中锗主要由形成含碳硅质岩等热水沉积岩的热水带来。     

内蒙古自治区胜利煤田乌兰图嘎锗矿富集规律及地球化学特征

<正>锗元素在现代高新科技中具有很高的经济价值和应用价值,是一种很重要的稀土元素。内蒙古乌兰图嘎锗矿是近些年发现的超大型锗矿床,其规模和品位都是全国之冠。煤中锗元素的富集主要与有机质相关,主要形成于水动力较弱、偏碱性的还原环境中。火山作用产生的岩浆热液活动和相关构造带对锗元素的富集和运移也有重要影响,岩石中的锗元素以岩浆热液的为载体进行运移,最终在成煤沼泽中被有机质吸收富集。在相对稳定的静水环境中,锗元素含量越高,腐殖质就会吸收越多的锗元素,所以锗元素就会富集     

东北赋煤区煤中锗元素分布特征及富集控制因素

通过对大量煤田（矿区）勘查资料煤中锗含量化验数据的统计分析,以矿区（煤田）为统计单元,确认东北赋煤区主要矿区（煤田）煤中锗含量平均值为1~5 μg/g,均分布在中国煤锗含量平均值附近;即使在典型煤-锗矿床乌兰图嘎所在的胜利煤田和五牧场所在的伊敏煤田,统计煤中锗平均值分别为2.63 μg/g和3.30 μg/g,没有明显的升高,胜利、伊敏煤田其他井田,煤中锗含量平均值均与中国煤中锗含量平均值相差不大,煤中锗的富集表现为在小范围内聚集;煤中锗富集区域常可见热液矿物,结合前人对典型煤-锗矿床的研究,认为煤中锗主要由热液携带进入,热液侵入为煤中锗的富集提供了有利条件。本次工作在二连、海拉尔盆地新发现一批煤中锗异常点,由于煤中锗的富集通常范围较小,已有煤田勘查资料显示有未能控制到锗富集的范围,这些异常点很值得做进一步工作。      

锗的重要迁移形式——锗氢化物

经对锗及其氢化物的物理化学性质、有关矿床矿物流体包裹体化学成分、主要含锗矿物及锗矿物的化学成分、内生锗矿物的共生伴生矿物特征等相关问题的研讨,认为锗氢化物、锗合金氢化物是锗成矿的重要迁移形式。     

临沧超大型锗矿床的沉积环境、成岩过程和热液作用与锗的富集

临沧超大型锗矿庆的形成与其沉积、成岩和热液作用有密切联系。详细研究了矿床煤岩产出特征、煤岩组成、无机矿物、微量元素、腐殖体反射率,认为该矿床中的锗主要源于盆地西缘的白云母花岗岩的风化作用。在沉积作用阶段,锗被湖水中的低等生物和腐殖酸富集,为形成矿化煤打下基础。临沧褐煤经历了泥炭化阶段、早期成岩阶段和热液改造阶段。泥炭化阶段,沉积物中锗被凝胶体吸附和配合。早期成岩阶段,与腐残酸结合的锗,在碱性还原条     

锗、银、金大型超大型矿床的有机地球化学研究

锗、银、金大型超大型矿床的有机地球化学研究庄汉平（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词有机质—金属相互作用褐煤型超大型锗矿床黑色页岩型银钒矿床卡林型金矿床有机地球化学有机质—金属相互作用是有关超大型矿床基础理论研究的重要内容之一。在以往...     

Ge-bearing coals of the Luzanovka Graben, Pavlovka brown coal deposit, southern Primorye

Results of the study of a new Ge-bearing area of the Pavlovka brown coal deposit are presented. Ge is accumulated in bed III₂ lying at the bottom of the Late Paleogene-Early Neogene coal-bearing sequence adjacent to the Middle Paleozoic granite basement. The Ge content in coals and coal-bearing rocks varies in different sections from 10 to 200–250 ppm, reaching up to 500–600 ppm in the highest-grade lower part of the bed. The metalliferous area reveals a geochemical zoning: complex Ge-Mo-W anomalies subsequently grades along the depth and strike into Mo-W and W anomalies. Orebodies, like those at many Ge-bearing coal deposits, are concentric in plan and dome-shaped in cross-section. Coals in their central parts, in addition to Ge, W, and Mo, are enriched in U, As, Be, Ag, and Au. Distribution of Ge and other trace elements in the metalliferous sequence and products of gravity separation of Ge-bearing coals is studied. These data indicate that most elements (W, Mo, U, As, Be) concentrated like Ge in the Ge-bearing bed relative to background values are restricted to the organic matter of coals. The electron microscopic study shows that Ge-bearing coals contain native metals and intermetallic compounds in association with carbonates, sulfides, and halogenides. Coal inclusions in the metalliferous and barren areas of the molasse section strongly differ in contents of Ge and associated trace elements. Ge was accumulated in the coals in the course of the interaction of ascending metalliferous solutions with organic matter of the buried peat bogs in Late Miocene. The solutions were presumably represented by N₂-bearing thermal waters (contaminated by volcanogenic CO₂) that are typical of granite terranes.     

Mineral and inorganic chemical composition of the Pernik coal, Bulgaria

The mineral and inorganic chemical composition of five types of samples from the Pernik subbituminous coals and their products generated from the Pernik preparation plant were studied. They include feed coal, low-grade coal, high-grade coal, coal slime, and host rock. The mineral matter of the coals contains 44 species that belong mainly to silicates, carbonates, sulphates, sulphides, and oxides/hydroxides, and to a lesser extent, chlorides, biogenic minerals, and organic minerals. The detrital minerals are quartz, kaolinite, micas, feldspars, magnetite, cristobalite, spessartine, and amphibole. The authigenic minerals include various sulphides, silicates, oxihydroxides, sulphates, and carbonates. Several stages and substages of formation were identified during the syngenetic and epigenetic mineral precipitations of these coals. The authigenic minerals show the greatest diversity of mineral species as the epigenetic mineralization (mostly sulphides, carbonates, and sulphates) dominates qualitatively and quantitatively. The epigenetic mineralization was a result of complex processes occurring mostly during the late development of the Pernik basin. These processes indicate intensive tectonic, hydrothermal and volcanic activities accompanied by a change from fresh to marine sedimentation environment. Thermally altered organic matter due to some of the above processes was also identified in the basin. Most of the trace elements in the Pernik coals (Mo, Be, S, Zr, Y, Cl, Ba, Sc, Ga, Ag, V, P, Br, Ni, Co, Pb, Ca, and Ti) show an affinity to OM and phases intimately associated with OM. Some of the trace elements (Sr, Ti, Mn, Ba, Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Ni, As, Ag, Yb, Sn, Ga, Ge, etc.) are impurities in authigenic and accessory minerals, while other trace elements (La, Ba, Cu, Ce, Sb, Bi, Zn, Pb, Cd, Nd, etc.) occur as discrete phases. Elements such as Sc, Be, Y, Ba, V, Zr, S, Mo, Ti, and Ga exceed Clarke concentrations in all of the coal types studied. It was also found that a number of elements in the Pernik coals (F, V, As, Pb, Mo, Li, Sr, Ti, Ga, Ni, Ge, Cr, Mn, etc.) reveal mobility in water and could have some environmental concerns.     

江西盘古山-黄沙黑钨矿石英脉矿床铋硫盐矿物再研究

江西于都盘古山－黄沙的铋硫盐矿物的种属较多,前已查明的有１７种,其中有未定久铋硫盐矿物２种,主要是ＰｂＳ－Ｂｉ２Ｓ３系列和ＰｂＳ－Ａｇ２Ｓ－Ｂｉ２Ｏ３系列的铋硫盐矿物。     

Anomalous Concentrations of Trace Elements in the Spetsugli Germanium Deposit (Pavlovka Brown Coal Deposit,Southern Primorye): Communication 2. Rubidium and Cesium

Data on Rb and Cs concentrations in typical (in terms of Ge content) and Ge-bearing coals, as well as host sedimentary rocks and underlying granites, are reported. It is shown that all Miocene deposits within ore zone are strongly enriched in these elements relative to Ge-barren areas of the deposit. The relative Cs accumulation is several times higher relative to Rb, because Ge-bearing sediments are characterized by anomalously low Rb/Cs ratio (up to 0.9). The average Cs concentration in coals (30.3 ppm) is more than one order of magnitude higher than the typical content in such rocks, while the maximal contents (57.2 ppm) exceed all known highest Cs contents found in solid fuel. Differences in Rb and Cs accumulation were found in the following sequence: coals (A^d < 50%)–coaly siltsones (50% < A^d < 75%)–coal-free and low-coaly silty sandstones and mudstones (A^d > 75%). The Rb content in this sequence increases, while the Cs content reaches maximum (up to 118.1 ppm) in the coaly siltstones. The anomalous Rb and Cs accumulation in Ge-bearing sediments is related to the circulation of volcanogenic thermal solutions, which are enriched in Ge, Rb, and Cs. It is suggested that Rb is mainly sorbed by clayey particles, whereas Cs is concentrated in the organic matter as well. This work presents the first data on high contents and distribution of Rb and Cs in Ge-bearing coals of the Pavlovka deposit. The data obtained make its possible to consider Rb and Cs as new associated elements of Ge mineralization, although their occurrence mode differs from that of Ge.     

兰坪盆地白秧坪Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag多金属矿集区元素共生分异机制及物质来源

兰坪白秧坪Cu-Ag多金属矿集区夹持于金沙江和澜沧江断裂之间,属兰坪-思茅中新生代坳陷带之兰坪盆地北部,可分东矿带和西矿带二部分。本文通过对白秧坪金属矿集区东西2个矿带的矿石矿物电子探针分析、成矿元素含量和组合分析及S同位素的讨论得出:(1)东西2个矿带矿石矿物组合类型及微量元素组合特征具明显不同,前者矿石矿物组分较为简单,西带较为复杂,不仅有Pb、Zn和Cu的独立矿物,还存在Co和Bi的矿物;(2)东矿带Ag、As、Cd、Pb、Sb和Zn的富集从南到北依次减弱,Bi的富集依次增强,Cu的富集趋势越往北越富集,亏损元素为Co、Cr、Ni和V;西矿带Ag、Pb、Zn的富集属吴底厂和李子坪矿段最富集,而Cu则在小丫口和白秧坪矿段最富集。亏损元素为Ba、Co、Cr、Ni和V,但各个矿段这些元素的亏损程度有所不同,有的矿段部分元素有稍富集趋势;(3)Co、Ni和Cr等微量元素西带高于东带,而Sr、Pb、Zn和Ba元素则东带高于西带,与各自的矿物组合类型一致,且元素的共生分异机制与构造分带存在一定的耦合关系;(4)兰坪盆地火山岩为白秧坪多金属矿集区提供了主要物源,Mo、Co和Ni等元素显示其成矿可能与隐伏基性-超基性岩浆有关的深部来源有关;S同位素特征表明东西矿带金属硫化物硫源均以幔源为主。     

Lincang superlarge germanium deposit in Yunnan Province,China: Sedimentation,diagenesis,hydrothermal process and mineralization

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河南省前河金矿控矿构造及其与成矿的关系

前河金矿控矿构造主要为发育在区域性卢氏-潘河-马超营断裂北侧的近东西向断裂构造,按断裂间的相互关系、蚀变矿物及其共生组合特征,划分出6次构造活动并相应划分出6个矿物生成阶段。以硅化、绿帘石化、绢云母化、绿泥石化等为标志的第二至第五阶段为成矿阶段。碎裂岩带是矿体的主要控矿构造类型;受节理控制的矿体多分布于控矿断裂的两侧。在断裂带中Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Mo、Ni等元素含量普遍增高。沿断裂微量元素的含量有一定变化,在矿区东段Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn含量相对增高,而Bi、Mo、Cr、Co、Ni等在西段较高。Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn等多集中分布在矿体上部;而Bi、Mo、Cr、Co、Ni等主要集中分布在矿体的中下部。据此认为东段目前所出露的矿体是整个矿体的中上部,而西段是整个矿体的中下部。故应注意在东段下部的找矿。     

应用偏光显微镜和电子探针技术研究安徽铜官山矽卡岩型铜铁矿床伴生元素金银铂钯铀的赋存状态

安徽铜官山矽卡岩型铜铁矿床富含多种稀有贵金属金银铂钯和铀,本文应用偏光显微镜与电子探针技术对该地区贵金属和铀矿物的含量、矿物种类、赋存状态及其嵌布特征进行研究,并利用电子探针Th-U-Pb定年技术推测铀矿物的形成时期。研究表明:金主要以银金矿独立矿物存在,成色均值约为638,与铜的硫化物密切依存,金矿物形成于成矿中晚期的中低温环境;银的独立矿物有银金矿、碲银矿、辉银矿,还与铜铋铅等以类质同象形式结合形成不同种类的矿物组合,且含量在74.15%~0.12%不等;铂钯矿物以含铂碲钯矿为主;铀以晶质铀矿独立矿物存在且与磁铁矿密切依存,晶质铀矿的形成年龄约为124±14 Ma,晚于岩体形成年龄(约139 Ma),早于黄铜矿和含金银铂钯等矿物,而与磁铁矿同在燕山中晚期形成。结合镜下观察,认为铜官山矽卡岩型铜铁矿床主要矿物生成顺序依次是:石榴子石-磁铁矿、晶质铀矿,含金银铂钯矿物,黄铜矿。本研究为贵金属选矿提供了线索,同时利用晶质铀矿的年龄数据界定了伴生贵金属的形成年代。