巴西桑托斯盆地含油气系统划分与评价

巴西桑托斯盆地深水区白垩系—新生界的油气绝大部分分布于圣保罗高地,其次分布于盆地陆坡坳陷区。盆地的下白垩统区域性蒸发岩盖层为盐下油气藏的形成提供了保证。根据盆地的构造格局以及烃源岩、储集层和油气分布的特征,划分出两个含油气系统:下白垩统含油气系统和上白垩统含油气系统,下白垩统含油气系统还可划分为盐下和盐上两个成藏组合。划定了含油气系统在盆地中的分布范围。认为圣保罗高地下白垩统盐下Guaratiba群湖相碳酸盐岩层系最有勘探潜力,盆地北部和中部的上白垩统土伦阶Ilhabela段浊积岩和新生界Marambaia组内浊积岩储层具有较大的勘探潜力,西南部下白垩统盐上Guaruja组海相碳酸盐岩储层亦有一定的勘探潜力。     

西藏措勤盆地的上古生界-下中生界：潜在的油气沉积建造

新的地层和古生物学研究结果表明,措勤盆地在晚古生代一早中生代不存在长达75Ma以上的沉积间断．其中,晚二叠世-晚三叠世诺利期都是海相碳酸盐岩地层,晚三叠世瑞替期-早中侏罗世为陆缘碎屑岩地层．两者之间为角度不整合接触．措勤盆地在晚二叠世-晚三叠世诺利期一直处于海相碳酸盐岩盆地中．晚三叠世瑞替期-早中侏罗世仍然是接受巨厚沉积的低洼地区。从宏观的油气勘探的战略评价角度看．措勤盆地在中二叠世栖霞期-晚三叠世诺利期的海相碳酸盐岩地层具有生油层的性质,上三叠统瑞替阶-中下侏罗统具有盖层的性质,两者之间的角度不整合具有储集层的性质。措勤盆地中二叠统-下侏罗统构成一个油气的有利勘探层系．称为古格层系。     

西藏措勤盆地的上古生界—下中生界：潜在的油气沉积建造

新的地层和古生物学研究结果表明,措勤盆地在晚古生代一早中生代不存在长达75Ma以上的沉积间断．其中,晚二叠世-晚三叠世诺利期都是海相碳酸盐岩地层,晚三叠世瑞替期-早中侏罗世为陆缘碎屑岩地层．两者之间为角度不整合接触．措勤盆地在晚二叠世-晚三叠世诺利期一直处于海相碳酸盐岩盆地中．晚三叠世瑞替期-早中侏罗世仍然是接受巨厚沉积的低洼地区。从宏观的油气勘探的战略评价角度看．措勤盆地在中二叠世栖霞期-晚三叠世诺利期的海相碳酸盐岩地层具有生油层的性质,上三叠统瑞替阶-中下侏罗统具有盖层的性质,两者之间的角度不整合具有储集层的性质。措勤盆地中二叠统-下侏罗统构成一个油气的有利勘探层系．称为古格层系。     

南海南部海域曾母盆地油气地质特征

曾母盆地是位于南海南部的一个大型新生代沉积盆地,具有面积大、沉积速率快、沉积厚度大的特点。国内外油气勘探和研究表明,曾母盆地具有十分良好的油气地质条件,主要发育渐新统海陆过渡相炭质页岩、煤层、海相泥岩和下—中中新统海相泥岩两大套烃源岩,以及渐新统—中新统砂岩和中—上中新统灰岩或礁灰岩两大套储层。康西坳陷和东巴林坚坳陷为盆地两个主要生烃区。纵向上,油气主要赋存于下中新统砂岩和中上中新统碳酸盐岩,前者以含油为主,后者以含气为主;横向上,曾母盆地具有南油北气的特征,气田主要分布在东部南康台地上和西部斜坡上,油田主要赋存在巴林坚地区。油气分布具有明显的分区性,主要与盆地不同构造单元构造和沉积作用的差异性相关。     

华北地区古生界海相油气潜力分析

华北地区自早元古代结晶基底形成以后的沉积盖层发育演化可划分为五个阶段:拗拉槽—克拉通边缘(Pt_2—Pt_3);克拉通—被动大陆边缘(∈—T_1);裂谷盆地(T_2—K);拉张断陷盆地(E);坳陷盆地(N—Q)。中、上元古界—古生界海相碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩为该区海相油气勘探提供了多套勘探层系和广阔空间,并以二次生烃(再生烃)为特征,构成再生烃油气系统。海相油气勘探的有利地区,一般古生界保存完好,二次生烃强度大,且为晚期成藏。划分出了13个古生界二次生烃的有利区块,它们一般位于中一新生代沉积凹陷区,海相烃源岩主要为奥陶系碳酸盐岩和石炭系一二叠系煤系地层,二次生烃强度在5×10~8～70×10~8 m~3/km~2范围。作为多种沉积盆地类型并存的叠合盆地,具有多旋回构造运动、多套生储盖组合、多阶段生烃的特征,使同一区域内有多种油气系统的叠合,构成复合油气系统。区内存在古生古储再生烃油气系统、古生新储再生烃油气系统、新生古储油气系统等几种基本类型的油气系统。对华北地区海相油气的勘探应重视印支运动和燕山运动的破坏作用及后期沉降导致的二次生烃作用,尤其是在中—古生界地腹保存较完整、且晚白垩世—早第三纪再次埋藏发生二次生烃作用的地区应该具有良好的勘探前景,是天然气勘探的重要地区。     

塞内加尔盆地成藏组合划分与资源潜力评价

西非塞内加尔盆地是全球近期油气勘探最活跃的前缘盆地之一。基于盆地最新的油气藏数据和勘探成果,应用石油地质综合研究和含油气系统分析的方法,研究了塞内加尔盆地的油气分布规律和主控因素,以成藏组合为评价单元,评估了待发现油气可采资源量,并探讨了盆地油气资源潜力和未来的勘探领域。研究表明,盆地发育3套含油气系统,志留系含油气系统、盐下三叠系含油气系统和白垩系含油气系统,白垩系含油气系统是最重要的含油气系统。区域上,盆地的油气主要分布于毛里塔尼亚次盆和北部次盆;层系上,油气主要储集于上白垩统赛诺曼阶、下白垩统阿尔比阶和中新统;埋深上,盆地油气储量集中分布于1 500~2 000 m和2 000~2500 m。油气富集的主要控制因素是生储盖的有效配置、优质的储层和圈闭及盐活动。资源评价结果表明,塞内加尔盆地待发现石油、天然气和凝析油的可采资源量分别为1 5083×106 bbl、363 Tcf(万亿立方英尺)和3270×106 bbl,合计7 8879×106 boe油当量,最具勘探潜力的成藏组合是上白垩统赛诺曼阶成藏组合和下白垩统阿尔比阶成藏组合。     

北山盆地群侏罗——白垩系生储盖特征及油气远景

北山地区在前寒武纪变质岩及古生代浅变质岩、火山岩基底之上发育了一系列中——新生代沉积盆地,盆内沉积了厚度较大的侏罗——白垩系,发育侏罗系和下白垩统两套生储盖组合。侏罗系组合在中口子盆地、公婆泉盆地和扎格高脑盆地发育较好,是本区寻找侏罗系油气藏的有利地区。下白垩统组合在中口子盆地、公婆泉盆地、扎格高脑盆地和黑鹰山盆地发育较好,但埋藏浅,缺乏区域性盖层,其石油地质条件不如侏罗系组合。油气勘探实践表明,该区含油气远景取决于油气保存条件和区域盖层的发育情况。     

中国海相层系油气地质理论的继承与创新

我国海相碳酸盐岩层系分布面积广,残余厚度大,油气显示多。由于我国海相碳酸盐岩的复杂性和勘探难度大的客观条件,制约了对碳酸盐岩层系油气资源潜力的认识。陆相生油理论的建立以及陆相盆地的成功勘探,使我国的石油工业走上了独立自主发展的道路。中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探经历了几多兴奋,几多困惑,勘探实践表明,随着理论认识的升华、科学技术的进步,新发现的海相碳酸盐岩层系油气田越来越多,越来越大,是我国油气资源战略接替的重要领域。中国东部的陆相油气勘探理论及国外海相油气勘探理论均不能有效的指导我国海相层系的油气勘探,海相油气地质理论必须在继承陆相与国外海相油气地质理论基本要素基础上,进一步创新适用于我国海相碳酸盐岩特点的油气地质理论。     

西藏格仁错北沿岸中二叠世珊瑚化石的发现

正海相二叠系是特提斯构造域西段的中东和西亚地区重要的油气产层。在特提斯构造域东段,羌塘盆地和措勤盆地是青藏高原的重要目标勘探盆地(赵政璋等,2001a;王剑等,2004,2009;付孝悦等,2005;王成善等,2006;刘家铎等,2007;南征兵等,2008,2012)。纪占胜等(2008)指出措勤盆地碳酸盐岩相的中、上侏罗统具有重大的油气勘探价值,同理,措勤盆地碳酸盐岩相的二叠系也具有重大的油气勘探价值。     

毛塞几比盆地油气成藏条件特征分析

西非毛塞几比盆地(又称塞内加尔盆地)已经成为世界油气勘探的热点区。通过对毛塞几比盆地近5年的油气勘探新发现的综合地质研究,明确了盆地油气成藏条件新特征。认为盆地发育下白垩统阿普特-阿尔布阶和上白垩统赛诺曼-土伦阶2套优质的海相烃源岩;发育下白垩统阿尔布阶陆架边缘三角洲砂岩储层和上白垩统下赛诺曼阶深水浊积砂岩2套有利储层,是盆地两套新目的层系。通过综合地质研究,总结出下白垩统阿尔布阶陆架边缘三角洲砂岩和上白垩统下赛诺曼阶深水浊积砂岩2类有利成藏组合,陆架边缘砂岩储层分布和深水区构造岩性复合圈闭条件分别是2个勘探新层系油气成藏的主控因素。对油气成藏条件特征的研究认识为明确盆地勘探潜力和方向起到了指导作用。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

Composition,formation conditions,and genesis of the Talatui gold deposit,the Eastern Transbaikal Region,Russia

The mineral composition of the Talatui gold deposit has been studied with modern methods. Previously unknown minerals (ilmenite, siegenite, glaucodot, wittichenite, matildite, hessite, pilsenite, zircon, tremolite, cummingtonite, hercynite, and goethite) have been identified in the ore. A high Re content has been detected in molybdenite. The spatiotemporal separation of Au and Ag is caused by different mineral species of these elements and their diachronous precipitation during the ore-forming process. Gold crystallized along with early mineral assemblages, beginning from virtually pure gold (the fineness is 996). Silver precipitated largely at the end of the process as hessite (Ag₂Te) and matildite (AgBiS₂). The temperature of ore deposition varied from 610 to 145°C, the pressure was 3370–110 bar, and the salt concentration ranged from 56.3 to 0.4 wt % NaCl equiv. The heterogeneous state (boiling) of fluid at the early stages has been documented. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid testify to its magmatic nature and the participation of meteoric water at late stages in the ore-forming process. Thermodynamic modeling reproduces the main specific features of ore formation, including separation of Au and Ag. A physicochemical model of the gold mineralization in the Darasun ore district has been proposed. On the basis of several attributes, the Talatui deposit has been referred to the prophyry gold-copper economic type.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.