北方某城市运河下段周边地下水PAHs污染特征

有机污染特征研究可为采取有效的地下水污染防治措施提供科学依据,对饮水安全、可持续发展、生态平衡具有重要意义。选取北方某城市运河下段,根据实测数据,评价了河段周边地下水PAHs类有机物的污染程度,分析了有机污染特征及成因。结果表明:地下水中16项PAHs测试指标全部检出,但大多为微量检出,仅个别指标在个别井中超标,污染程度总体为轻度污染。典型河段地下水有机污染具有丰富度高、主要污染物少、污染程度低、毒性不强及浅层井水质污染重于深层井的特征。     

我国69个城市地下水有机污染特征研究

全国31个省的69个城市地下水有机污染检测结果表明,在检测的791个样品中有383个至少有一项有机污染组分被检出,检出率为48.42％;有18个样品的单项有机污染组分超标,除苯并[a]芘外,超标组分全部为挥发性有机物,其超标率由高到低分别为:四氯化碳0.75％、苯0.5％、氯仿0.25％、1,2-二氯乙烷0.25％、三...     

浅层地下水卤代烃污染初步研究

笔者通过对某地区浅层地下水中卤代烃（三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯和三溴甲烷）的测试、研究和分析,阐明了该地区浅层地下水中卤代烃污染物主要是三氯甲烷、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯,主要污染来源是露天堆放的垃圾场、排污河渠和特殊工业企业;确定了污染源分布和包气带岩性是决定该地区卤代烃污染的两个主要因素,冲洪积扇顶部和潜水－承压水过渡带是卤代烃污染的高浓度区;最后对该地区卤代烃污染物的形成和迁移转化机理进行了初步探讨。     

沈阳地区河水及沿岸地下水中卤代烃的污染特征

选择沈阳地区主要河流(浑河、蒲河、细河、沈抚灌渠)地表水及其沿岸地下水进行卤代烃的定量分析,研究并探讨了卤代脂肪烃和卤代单环芳烃的污染分布特征。浑河和蒲河河水中卤代烃检出率较低,以二氯甲烷为主,检出率为33.3%。检出率高值区主要在细河和沈抚灌渠,13种卤代烃被检出。在30个站点地表水样品中有6个站点卤代烃个别化合物浓度超过我国生活饮用水卫生标准。在13个监测井中,有1个井水的1,2-二氯乙烷浓度(101.1μg/L)超标。卤代烃污染以细河上游和中游以及沈抚灌渠上游最为突出。在细河上游大于镇和中游彰驿镇河水中卤代烃的含量较高,可能与沿岸化工企业有关。沿岸土壤层中砂层为受污染的河水对浅层地下水的补给提供了条件,造成浅层地下水污染,对当地生态系统和人类健康构成潜在的威胁。     

廊坊市地下水重金属污染现状分析及保护对策

重金属对人体健康有利也有害,一方面,重金属是人体所需必不可少的微量元素之一;另一方面,重金属含量严重超标时,会损害人的中枢神经系统、肾脏系统、肝功系统以及致癌等。结合廊坊市近十年地下水水质重金属项目的资料,分析了廊坊地区重金属污染现状并提出保护对策。     

鲁北平原浅层地下水有机污染特征及污染来源分析

本文在对鲁北平原水文地质条件及污染源现状分析的基础上,对浅层地下水进行了高密度的样品采集、高精度的污染物组分测试及污染程度研究,分析研究结果表明:鲁北平原浅层地下水在部分地区受到有机物污染,污染程度总体较低,个别地区出现中度污染和重度污染。检出的有机污染物共13种,个别有机物含量高。浅层地下水污染区的分布及污染程度,与油田采油区位置及石油化工企业的分布具有相关性。     

广西南宁朝阳溪对浅层地下水污染特征研究

文章利用5个钻孔和3个水井监测资料,分析了广西南宁朝阳溪排污沟对周边浅层地下水的影响。结果表明,朝阳溪排污沟对周边浅层地下水产生了明显的污染,特征污染物为氨氮,浓度超过地下水环境质量Ⅲ类水质标准1~65.75倍,氨氮浓度随距朝阳溪的距离增大而逐渐减小,且具有季节变化特征,丰水期污染程度明显低于枯水期。分析认为,浅层地下水的三氮主要来源于排入朝阳溪的人畜粪便;多环芳烃主要来源于草、木、煤燃烧;DDT来源于历史残留,BHCs则来源于上游林丹的使用和远距离大气沉降。      

某石油化工污染场地地下水中挥发性有机物污染特征及成因分析

为了解典型污染场地浅层地下水微量有机污染特征,对西北某省会城市石油化工场地地下水中的挥发性有机污染物（VOCs）污染情况进行了调查。结果表明,污染场地地下水样品中挥发性有机污染物检出率为100%;检出率较高的是氯代烃和苯系物,检出率分别为60%和40%。超标组分为苯和1,2-二氯丙烷,苯超标率为30%,1,2-二氯丙烷超标率10%,苯最大检出浓度达1515μg/L。场地内的原油储存罐、污水隔油池的渗漏以及石油冶炼、机械加工过程工业废水不合理排放均为该场地地下水VOCs的重要来源;VOCs的理化性质以及污染场地地下水防污性能差是影响该场地地下水环境中VOCs归宿的主要因素。     

黄河下游平原地下水有机污染特征分析

以大量的地下水测试数据为基础,从污染源分布及水文地质条件入手,对黄河下游平原地下水中有机污染物类型及污染程度进行了深入研究。黄河下游平原地下水普遍受到有机物污染并形成多个典型有机污染区,有机物总检出率为35．5％,检出的有机污染物种类达29种,单个样品检出的有机物种类最多达19种,部分有机物含量超过地下水饮用标准,致使地下水质量恶化。地下水污染区的分布及污染程度与污染源的种类和分布具有很好的相关性。     

某油田地下水污染特征及其机理分析

在对某油田石油类污染物分布特征研究的基础上,对其进入地下水的途径进行分析。研究表明,除石油类外,CODMn、Cl-、NO3-N和TDS具异常变化,这些异常变化已成为石油类污染的参考指标。含水层污染程度主要以严重污染和中度污染为主,下段含水层中的石油类污染物的浓度明显高于上段含水层。地下水遭受污染的途径类型分为地表渗透型和优势通道渗漏型,但地表渗透型污染对研究区地下水的威胁性相对来说较小。由构造活动、地下水开采引发的地裂缝形成的优势通道渗漏型污染是地下水污染的主要途径。     

The origin and distribution of nitrate in groundwater from village wells in Kotagede, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The causes and nature of nitrate pollution of wells in a village within Kotagede, a subdistrict of the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, were investigated in a detailed hydrological study. Nitrate concentrations in groundwater frequently exceeded the WHO recommended limit of 50 mg L^− 1. Groundwater nitrate concentrations were measured over a 19-month period in monitoring wells and in piezometers placed strategically in relation to sewage tanks within the village. Results indicate that the tanks are major sources of nitrate in the groundwater and that the input is markedly dependent on rainfall, resulting in a surge of nitrate into the groundwater at the beginning of each wet season. That the tanks are a major source was confirmed by measuring nitrate in soil cores obtained by augering close to selected tanks. Washrooms, where people wash themselves, are not significant sources of nitrate. Faecal coliform counts in groundwater from a random selection of wells are very high. The results have implications for the siting of wells and toilets within villages in Indonesia. Received, January 1999/Revised, August 1999/Accepted, August 1999     

Origin of light volatile hydrocarbon gases in mud volcano fluids, Gulf of Cadiz — Evidence for multiple sources and transport mechanisms in active sedimentary wedges

Widespread mud volcanism across the thick (≤ 14 km) seismically active sedimentary prism of the Gulf of Cadiz is driven by tectonic activity along extensive strike–slip faults and thrusts associated with the accommodation of the Africa–Eurasia convergence and building of the Arc of Gibraltar, respectively. An investigation of eleven active sites located on the Moroccan Margin and in deeper waters across the wedge showed that light volatile hydrocarbon gases vented at the mud volcanoes (MVs) have distinct, mainly thermogenic, origins. Gases of higher and lower thermal maturities are mixed at Ginsburg and Mercator MVs on the Moroccan Margin, probably because high maturity gases that are trapped beneath evaporite deposits are transported upwards at the MVs and mixed with shallower, less mature, thermogenic gases during migration. At all other sites except for the westernmost Porto MV, δ¹³C–CH₄ and δ²H–CH₄ values of ~ − 50‰ and − 200‰, respectively, suggest a common origin for methane; however, the ratio of CH₄/(C₂H₆ + C₃H₈) varies from ~ 10 to > 7000 between sites. Mixing of shallow biogenic and deep thermogenic gases cannot account for the observed compositions which instead result mainly from extensive migration of thermogenic gases in the deeply-buried sediments, possibly associated with biodegradation of C₂₊ homologues and secondary methane production at Captain Arutyunov and Carlos Ribeiro MVs. At the deep-water Bonjardim, Olenin and Carlos Ribeiro MVs, generation of C₂₊-enriched gases is probably promoted by high heat flux anomalies which have been measured in the western area of the wedge. At Porto MV, gases are highly enriched in CH₄ having δ¹³C–CH₄ ~ − 50‰, as at most sites, but markedly lower δ²H–CH₄ values < − 250‰, suggesting that it is not generated by thermal cracking of n-alkanes but rather that it has a deep Archaeal origin. The presence of petroleum-type hydrocarbons is consistent with a thermogenic origin, and at sites where CH₄ is predominant support the suggestion that gases have experienced extensive transport during which they mobilized oil from sediments ~ 2–4 km deep. These fluids then migrate into shallower, thermally immature muds, driving their mobilization and extrusion at the seafloor. At Porto MV, the limited presence of petroleum in mud breccia sediments further supports the hypothesis of a predominantly deep microbial origin of CH₄.     

Effects of fault activities on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in the Zhu I Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea

Faults can act as either conduits or barriers for hydrocarbon migration, because they have complicated anisotropic flow properties owing to their complicated three-dimensional structures. This study focuses on the Zhu I Depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB), China. In this area, hydrocarbon migration and accumulation occurred over a relatively short period of time and were contemporaneous with fault activation, so the characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulations can be used to deduce the effect of active faults on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. This study addresses the effect of fault activity on flow properties during hydrocarbon migration through a quantitative and comparative analysis of fault activity vs hydrocarbon accumulation. The fault slip rate and shale smear factor parameters were used to characterise faulting and elucidate its effect on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Active faults are generally excellent vertical conduits with strong fault activation resulting in vertical migration of most hydrocarbons and little preservation; traps near faults with fault slip rates greater than 20 m/Ma rarely contain commercial oil and gas accumulations. Faulting can form shale smear, which, if continuous, can act as a barrier to hydrocarbon migration. An active fault can allow hydrocarbon transport from deeper formations and to be trapped by continuous shale smear in shallower strata. Most of the oil and gas in the Zhu I Depression have accumulated near faults with a moderate fault slip rate (<20 m/Ma) and development of continuous shale smear (SSF<4–6).     

Arsenic contamination in groundwater from parts of Ambagarh-Chowki block, Chhattisgarh, India: source and release mechanism

Arsenic contamination in tube-well water in Ambagarh-Chowki block, central India, is restricted to local areas confined within the N-S trending Dongargarh rift zone. Affected areas are preferentially located in acid volcanics, close to shear zones and also in granites. Dug-wells even in severely contaminated areas generally have As concentration ≤10 μg/l. But in Kaurikasa area, several tube-wells and dug-wells are severely polluted. Weathered rocks and soils are also enriched in As from severely contaminated areas. As preferentially occurs in iron-enriched soil and similarly altered biotite, chlorite in granite. As sorbed in hydrated iron oxide (HFO) that preferably occurs in acid-leachable fraction and possibly as coatings on kaolinite, illite and goethite in soil or as coatings and along cleavage traces on weathered biotite and chlorite. Reductive dissolution of HFO released sorbed As to groundwater and enriched it in Fe. Pyrite in volcanic and shear zone rocks, although locally As-bearing is a minor source of As in groundwater.     

常德市地下水应急水源地应急供水可行性评价及方案研究

寻找地下水应急水源地、建立应急供水机制,是城市发生日常供水障碍时保障居民用水安全、维护社会稳定的重要措施。通过分析常德市规划区水文地质条件,圈定了5个地下水应急水源地,总结了同类型城市地下水应急水源地的选址原则,并从水量、水质、开采能力3个方面对水源地进行了可行性分析。结合现有城市供水管网及地下水开采井保留情况,分别考虑了人均用水量最低标准20 L/d和一般标准50 L/d两种状态下的应急供水方案。应急供水每人20 L/d状态下,保留井的现有供水能力可以满足应急供水需求,而应急供水每人50 L/d状态下,河洑水源地和芦荻山水源地保留井的现有供水能力不足,建议增加开采井以满足应急供水需求。     

Submarine groundwater discharge enhances primary productivity in the Yellow Sea,China:Insight from the separation of fresh and recirculated components

Submarine groundwater discharge(SGD)is being increasingly recognized as a significant source of nutri-ent into coastal waters,and generally comprises two components:submarine fresh groundwater dis-charge(SFGD)and recirculated saline groundwater discharge(RSGD).The separate evaluation of SFGD and RSGD is extremely limited as compared to the conventional estimation of total SGD and associated nutrient fluxes,especially in marginal-scale regions.In this study,new high-resolution radium isotopes data in seawater and coastal groundwater enabled an estimation of SGD flux in a typical marginal sea of the Yellow Sea.By establishing 226Ra and 228Ra mass balance models,we obtained the SGD-derived radium fluxes,and then estimated the SFGD and RSGD fluxes through a two end-member model.The results showed that the total SGD flux into the Yellow Sea was equivalent to approximately 6.6 times the total freshwater discharge of surrounding rivers,and the SFGD flux accounted for only 5.2％-8.8％of the total SGD.Considering the nutrient concentrations in coastal fresh and saline groundwater,we obtained the dissolved inorganic nutrient fluxes(mmol m-2 yr-1)to be 52-353 for nitrogen(DIN),0.21-1.4 for phosphorus(DIP),34-226 for silicon(DSi)via SFGD,and 69-262 for DIN,1.0-3.9 for DIP,70-368 for DSi via RSGD,with the sum of nutrient fluxes equaling to(1.8-9.3)-fold,(1.3-5.6)-fold and(2.0-9.5)-fold of the riverine inputs.Compared to the conventional estimation of the total SGD flux,the nutrient fluxes derived from the separation of SFGD and RSGD were(1.6-2.1),(1.6-1.8)and(4.0-4.9)times lower for DIN,DIP and DSi,respectively,indicating that the estimates by separating SFGD and RSGD could be conservative and representative results of the Yellow Sea.Furthermore,we suggested that SGD played an important role in nutrient sources among all the traditional nutrient inputs sources,providing 15％-48％,33％-68％and 14％-43％of the total DIN,DIP and DSi input fluxes into the Yellow Sea,and the high nutrient stoichiometric ratios(i.e.,DIN/DIP)in SGD probably contributed to the increasing ratios in the Yellow Sea.In addition delivering large amounts of nutrient into the Yellow Sea,SGD would create primary productivity of 10-49,1.6-6.8 and 8.8-42 g C m-2 yr-1 based on N,P and Si,which were equivalent to 5.2％-27％,0.9％-3.7％and 4.7％-23％of the total primary productivity,respectively.In par-ticular,the SFGD-derived DIN flux can be converted to primary productivity of 4.2-28 g C m-2 yr-1 thus demonstrating the disproportionately large role of SFGD in ecological environment of the Yellow Sea rel-ative to its flux.Therefore,we conclude that SGD,particularly SFGD,plays an important role as a nutrient source for the Yellow Sea,and not only affects nutrient budgets and structures but also enhances the pri-mary productivity.     

雪峰山西侧盆山过渡带震旦系-下古生界油气地质调查研究进展

近年来针对雪峰山西侧盆山过渡带震旦系-下古生界油气新区新层系所开展的主要油气地质综合调查研究工作及取得的主要进展有：一是综合利用野外地质调查、微古化石和同位素地层测试及以往资料成果,建立完善了震旦系-下古生界统一的多重地层划分对比方案,新建了几丁虫等典型微古化石剖面和同位素地层剖面;二是基本查明区内构造格架和主要褶皱、断裂、滑脱层的分布特征,明确雪峰山主要为准原地构造隆起成因;三是较高精度地恢复了震旦纪-早古生代重点时期岩相古地理面貌及其沉积充填演化序列,揭示了沉积相带对生储岩石发育分布的控制关系;四是更详细地圈定了震旦系-下古生界9个重点层组烃源岩和储集岩的发育分布特征,划分出3套有利生储盖组合;五是解剖总结认为构造抬升和断裂活动是区内及邻区古油藏形成的主要控制因素．其中断裂是决定现今油气保存与勘探选区最重要的因素之一;六是优选出利川-恩施等4个有利含气远景区及2个较有利含气远景区,为深入开展油气勘探目标区优选、实现油气勘探新发现奠定工作基础。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗地区X井油气显示特征与油气源探讨

根据内蒙古额济纳旗地区X井白垩系额济纳旗组、侏罗系麻木鸟苏组、古生界顶面风化壳等不同层段的油气显示特征和钻井泥浆烃类气体组分、甲烷C同位素的分析结果,认为侏罗系和白垩系油气显示特征相同,为油与气显示,气体样品的干燥系数(C_1/C_总)为0.80～0.87,甲烷C同位素δ~(13)C_1为-48.19‰～-50,87‰,表现了低成熟热解气的特征;古生界风化壳为气显示,天然气干燥系数(C_1/C_总)为0.91～0.92,甲烷C同位素δ~(13)C_1为-21.56‰-30.91‰,表现了高成熟热解气的特征.该井及邻区的中生界、古生界烃源岩干酪根类型及其演化程度具有显著的差别,中生界烃源岩以低成熟混合型干酪根为主,古生界烃源岩为成熟-高成熟(或过成熟)的混合型-腐泥型干酪根.表明该区存在以中生界侏罗系-白垩系低成熟烃源岩为油气源的油气系统和古生界高成熟(或过成熟)烃源岩为气源的油气系统,指示了古生界油气资源前景.