海上油气化探技术及应用

海域油气化探测量指标一般为海底沉积物中的烃类及其蚀变产物和海水介质中的烃类,以烃类浓度及其蚀变产物为主要测量对象的油气化探是评价海上油气远景为数不多的重要方法之一。目前底层水采样分析与海底沉积物取芯分析已成为海上油气化探一种有效且相对经济的技术组合,海底沉积物取芯测量和海水嗅探器现场分析是海上油气化探的主要手段。国内外众多海域油气化探研究结果证实,海域油气化探在含油气远景区块识别和含油气远景构造油气属性判识方面可以提供重要的地球化学信息。     

塔里木盆地凝析气田的地质特征及其形成机制

塔里木盆地凝析油气资源丰富,已发现了二十余个凝析气田,包括库车坳陷的陆相油气来源的凝析气田和台盆区海相烃源岩来源的凝析气田;储层有碎屑岩,也有碳酸盐岩;时代自奥陶系至新生代均有分布。这些凝析气田的气油比分布在600~19900m³/m³,凝析油含量40~750g/m³;储层温度在78~155℃;地层压力在37~111MPa。研究认为,塔里木盆地凝析气藏的成因类型可以分为原生凝析气藏和次生凝析气藏。其中,以库车坳陷迪那2凝析气田为代表的煤系烃源岩在高演化阶段(镜质体反射率Ro为1.2%~2.0%),即凝析油和湿气生成带所形成的原生腐植型凝析气藏或煤成型凝析气藏。次生凝析气藏包括两类:陆相油气来源的多期充注,晚期干气对早期油藏发生混合改造,形成了以牙哈为代表的陆相油气成因的次生凝析气藏;以海相油气来源,多期油气充注与晚期干气气侵,造成蒸发分馏,在运移、聚集和成藏过程中烃体系分异、富化,发生反凝析作用,从而导致次生凝析气藏的形成。随着塔里木盆地勘探向深层转化,地层的温度和压力逐渐增高,烃类演化程度的升高,不同生烃阶段的烃体系混合也将更为普遍,次生凝析气藏也将更为普遍,因此,以海相油气来源的次生成因型凝析气藏将成为勘探的主体。     

利用油包裹体丰度识别古油藏和限定成藏方式

储集层中残留烃类数量指示了它在地质历史中的古含油饱和度,它包括赋存于孔隙和裂隙之中的烃类和胶结物中的烃类流体包裹体,目前采用的分析技术有储层可溶烃数量和成分(抽提、TLC-FID、HPLC、ROCK-EVAL),油包裹体丰度(含油包裹体颗粒指数GOI,荧光颗粒定量QGF)、储层固体沥青数量(SBI)与流体包裹体地层学(FIS)。利用油包裹体丰度可识别古油藏,判识古油水界面(POWC),寻找再运移石油,确定天然气或凝析气藏早期是否有石油充注事件,识别次生油藏,寻找下伏油藏,限定油气充注模式。本文以塔里木盆地牙哈凝析气气藏与英南2气藏为例,展示了如何利用油包裹体丰度识别古油藏和限定成藏方式。     

储层烃类包裹体类型识别与PVT模拟方法

正确判识烃类包裹体的类型与准确的PVT模拟结果对于含油气盆地储层包裹体研究和应用有着重要的意义。目前有关烃类包裹体类型的分析方法有显微冷冻测温分析、荧光光谱分析、显微激光拉曼光谱分析及傅里叶变换红外光谱分析等方法。显微测温分析是研究包裹体相变特征的基本方法,也是判断烃类包裹体含油类型的简单而有力的工具。根据烃类包裹体的相变特征结合光谱分析结果可以识别不同类型的油气,如重质油、轻质油、湿气、干气和凝析气等。根据其临界点的高低也可以判断其含油类型。在对烃类包裹体判识的基础上,对包裹体进行PVT模拟是准确获取油气成藏温压条件的重要手段,但PVT模拟的难点是难以获取单个烃类包裹体的成分,这将是未来烃类包裹体研究的重要内容之一。     

跃进地区一间房组流体包裹体特征及油气成藏期次

通过对跃进地区一间房组流体包裹体样品分析研究,据油气、含烃盐水包裹体显微特征及均一温度特征,结合区域地层埋藏史,确定目的层油气成藏时间及期次,为进一步分析成藏过程和指导油气勘探提供依据。研究发现:①跃进地区包裹体类型丰富,有单一液相油包裹体、气液两相油包裹体、含气盐水包裹体、单一盐水包裹体、三相烃类包裹体(气+油+水)、单一纯气相包裹体6种。油包裹体显示黄绿和蓝绿色2种荧光,指示一间房组油气成藏分2个期次;②同生盐水包裹体均一温度主峰为90℃～105℃和110℃～125℃,对应燕山晚期(143～99 Ma)和喜山期(22～2 Ma)2个成藏期,且两期都是油气同时充注,油藏具"早生晚储"特征。     

酸解烃技术在油气勘探中的应用

酸解烃技术作为油气化探的主要方法之一,在油气勘探中已取得了明显的效果,但该方法的应用效果也受到较多因素的影响。笔者运用数理统计方法研究干扰因素及其抑制方法,取得了一定的成效。利用经过抑制干扰后的酸解烃指标,可对我国主要含油气盆地区域地球化学场特征进行划分,对油气藏和油气储层进行预测和判识并揭示烃类的垂向微运移。     

渤南洼陷流体包裹体特征与成藏期流体压力恢复

渤南洼陷油气资源丰富,成藏过程复杂,但其油气成藏时期的动力条件尚不明确.利用流体包裹体显微荧光、均一温度和冰点测试技术,恢复了渤南洼陷主力储层油气成藏期次及其对应的地层压力.研究区沙三段烃类包裹体发黄白色和黄绿色荧光,均一温度为80~130 ℃,为明化镇中后期至今一期成藏;沙四段烃类包裹体灰黄色、黄绿、蓝绿色3种荧光,存在70~80 ℃和90~130 ℃两个温度区间,对应着东营期、明化镇初期至今两期油气充注,且以晚期充注为主.油气运聚时期普遍发育异常高压,第一期成藏时压力系数相对较低;第二期随着烃源岩生烃量的增加,异常压力持续增大、超压范围不断扩展,压力系数高达1.80,为大规模的油气运移提供了充足的动力条件,并控制了洼陷区油气的聚集与宏观分布.      

ODP/IODP典型水合物站位稳定带界限和水合物分布的地球化学识别标志

本文采用ODP/IODP典型站位样品实测和相关数据搜集对比研究的方法,进行了多种游离烃甲烷及相关指标在水合物形成过程中的地质作用和地球化学特征研究,以及酸解烃甲烷与围岩组分和沉积中自生碳酸盐、浊积岩的关系及地球化学特征的研究,据此筛选出判识水合物稳定带(GHSZ)的地球化学标志。结果显示:(1)下伏地层中游离甲烷异常是天然气水合物稳定带孔隙中赋存动态甲烷的反映,由于指标测试方法和沉积物状态的差异,深部水合物稳定带上呈现出特定的两种游离烃甲烷指标HS和VAC正负拆离分隔的异常模式;(2)酸解烃与地层吸附甲烷能力和围岩组分性质密切相关,对应于水合物最佳赋存条件的自生碳酸盐和浊流岩,酸解烃甲烷具有显著的量化异常特征;(3)水合物形成过程中甲烷通量促进了甲烷厌氧氧化反应(AMO)和自生碳酸盐的生成。酸解烃甲烷与浅层自生碳酸盐具有显著的对应关系,弥补了浅部沉积中游离烃甲烷异常具多源和多解性的不足;(4)游离烃甲烷异常组合模式和酸解烃甲烷量化异常分布是GHSZ和有利水合物赋存条件的综合反映,能够为水合物稳定带和带内水合物聚集的判识提供依据。     

塔里木盆地迪那2大型凝析气田的地质特征及其成藏机制

塔里木盆地库车坳陷迪那2凝析气田是中国目前发现的储量规模最大的凝析气田,含气层位为古近系苏维依组与库姆格列木群;储集岩以粉砂岩、细砂岩为主,属于低孔低渗储层,近似于致密砂岩气.气藏储量丰度大于15亿方/km2,气油比为8100～12948m3/m3,凝析油含量60～80g/m3;储层温度129 ～ 138℃,地温梯度为2.224℃/1OOm;地层压力为105 ～106MPa,压力梯度为0.39MPa/1OOm,压力系数为2.06～2.29,属于常温超高压凝析气藏.天然气以湿气为主,碳同位素较重,属于典型的煤成气;原油碳同位素较重,生物标志化合物体显出陆相油特征.研究认为,油气主要来自阳霞凹陷侏罗系煤系烃源岩;圈闭形成时间较晚,根据热史、埋藏史、烃源岩热演化史、流体包裹体等资料以及天然气碳同位素动力学拟合的油气充注成藏时间都表明,迪那2凝析气田的成藏时间是在2.5Ma以来,是一个典型的晚期快速充注成藏的大型凝析气田.晚期前陆逆冲挤压作用在形成超压的同时,发生了储层的致密化和烃类的充注,储层致密化过程与烃类充注同步.     

塔中地区中深5井寒武系油气成藏期次研究

塔里木盆地塔中地区中深5井在中下寒武统揭示了工业性油气显示。为厘定中深5井寒武系油气成藏期次,对溶孔充填方解石及微裂缝中检测到的大量与含烃(油、气)包裹体共生的盐水包裹体进行系统检测。基于紫外光、透射光显微镜下观察、均一温度测试、激光拉曼气体组分分析等技术手段,结合中深5井埋藏史-热史特征,对寒武系油气成藏期次开展研究。结果表明:塔中地区中深5井上寒武统阿瓦塔格组发育3期不同类型烃类包裹体,对应3期成藏过程;中深5井寒武系发育3期油气充注过程,第一期与第二期为加里东晚期原油充注过程,对应均一温度为90℃~110℃、130℃~140℃;第三期为喜山期天然气充注过程,对应均一温度为160℃。     

Protoliths and phase petrology of whiteschists

Whiteschists appear in numerous high- and ultrahigh-pressure rock suites and are characterized by the mineral assemblage kyanite + talc (+-quartz or coesite). We demonstrate that whiteschist mineral assemblages are well stable up to pressures of more than 4 GPa but may already form at pressures of 0.5 GPa. The formation of whiteschists largely depends on the composition of the protolith, which requires elevated contents of Al and Mg as well as low Fe, Ca, and Na contents, as otherwise chloritoid, amphibole, feldspar, or omphacite are formed instead of kyanite or talc. Furthermore, the stability field of the whiteschist mineral assemblage strongly depends on XCO₂ and fO₂: already at low values of XCO₂, CO₂ binds Mg to carbonates strongly reducing the whiteschist stability field, whereas high fO₂ enlarges the stability field and stabilizes yoderite. Thus, the scarcity of whiteschist is not necessarily due to unusual P–T conditions, but to the restricted range of suitable protolith compositions and the spatial distribution of these protoliths: (1) continental sedimentary rocks and (2) hydrothermally and metasomatically altered felsic to mafic rocks. The continental sedimentary rocks that may produce whiteschist mineral assemblages typically have been deposited under arid climatic conditions in closed evaporitic basins and may be restricted to relatively low latitudes. These rocks often contain large amounts of the clay minerals palygorskite and sepiolite. Marine sediments generally do not yield whiteschist mineral assemblages as marine shales commonly have too high iron contents. Sabkha deposits may have too high CO₂ contents. Protoliths of appropriate geochemical composition occur in and on continental crust. Therefore, whiteschist assemblages typically are only found in settings of continental collision or where continental fragments were involved in subduction. Our calculations demonstrate that whiteschists can form by closed-system metamorphism, which implies that the chemical and isotopic composition of these rocks provide constraints on the development of the protoliths.     

首波震相跟踪测定sPn震相与震源深度

在数字观测的优势条件下,利用sPn震相的动力学特征与运动学特征,sPn震相可以通过跟踪首波震相来快速、可靠地测定进而测出发生在地壳内地震的震源深度。     

Thermodynamic properties and phase stability of wadsleyite II

The thermodynamical stability of a newly observed wadsleyite II phase in the Mg₂SiO₄ system is studied by the density functional theory. The wadsleyite II equation of state has been derived. The phase boundaries of Mg₂SiO₄ polymorphs: wadsleyite, wadsleyite II and ringwoodite are studied using the quasi-harmonic approximation at high external pressures. Clapeyron slopes determined for wadsleyite II–ringwoodite and wadsleyite–wadsleyite II boundaries are 0.0047 and 0.0058 GPa/K, respectively. It is shown that the wadsleyite II phase is not thermodynamically preferred in the pure Mg₂SiO₄ system and will probably not occur between wadsleyite and ringwoodite phases.     

High-temperature phase transitions and elasticity of silica polymorphs

The single-crystal acoustic velocities of α- and β-quartz were measured by Brillouin spectroscopy to a maximum temperature >1,500°C at room pressure. From these velocities, the single-crystal elastic moduli were calculated up to 1,050°C, exceeding the temperature range of previous measurements by 350°C for the elastic moduli and by 710°C for acoustic velocities. The ordinary refractive index (n _o) of α- and β-quartz was measured from room temperature to 800°C. In the temperature interval from ∼950 to 1,000°C a subtle change in the temperature derivative of the longitudinal acoustic velocity was observed in platelet geometry for all measured directions. The high-temperature acoustic velocity data may indicate the presence of a second phase, presumably β-cristobalite, that nucleates below 1,000°C.

Fictive component model of pyroxenes and multicomponent phase equilibria

Pyroxenes are considered as ideal solid solutions of some real components (e.g. diopside or orthoenstatite) and some fictive or hypothetical components (e.g. orthodiopside or orthohedenbergite). Using the reversed experimental data in the CaO-MgO-SiO₂ system, the Gibbs free energy of formation of fictive orthodiopside and of fictive clinoenstatite have been determined in the temperature range of 1,000 to 1,600 °K. The data on free energies of components in the binary system can be used to extend the fictive component model to the ternary CaSiO₃-MgSiO₃-FeSiO₃ system. Using published phase diagrams on the pyroxene quadrilateral, Gibbs free energy of formation of fictive orthohedenbergite has been calculated. Application of the ideally mixing fictive component model to computation of phase equilibria leads to the determination of compositions of coexisting Fe-Mg-Ca pyroxenes at different temperatures.Abbreviations and symbols G _f ⁰ Gibbs free energy of formation from the elements at 1 bar and temperature - G ^Ex excess free energy of mixing in a solution - G molar Gibbs free energy - R gas constant - H enthalpy - S entropy - T absolute temperature - P pressure - KJ/M kilojoules per mole - j joules - Opx orthopyroxene - Cpx clinopyroxene - H hedenbergite - D diopside - E enstatite - F ferrosilite - X mole fraction - K equilibrium constant     

Heat capacity,entropy and phase equilibria of stishovite

The low-temperature heat capacity (C _P) of stishovite (SiO₂) synthesized with a multi-anvil device was measured over the range of 5–303 K using the heat capacity option of a physical properties measurement system (PPMS) and around ambient temperature using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The entropy of stishovite at standard temperature and pressure calculated from DSC-corrected PPMS data is 24.94 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, which is considerably smaller (by 2.86 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹) than that determined from adiabatic calorimetry (Holm et al. in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 31:2289–2307, 1967) and about 4% larger than the recently reported value (Akaogi et al. in Am Mineral 96:1325–1330, 2011). The coesite–stishovite phase transition boundary calculated using the newly determined entropy value of stishovite agrees reasonably well with the previous experimental results by Zhang et al. (Phys Chem Miner 23:1–10, 1996). The calculated phase boundary of kyanite decomposition reaction is most comparable with the experimental study by Irifune et al. (Earth Planet Sci Lett 77:245–256, 1995) at low temperatures around 1,400 K, and the calculated slope in this temperature range is mostly consistent with that determined by in situ X-ray diffraction experiments (Ono et al. in Am Mineral 92:1624–1629, 2007).     

Calculation of subsolidus phase relations in carbonates and pyroxenes

This formulation of the free energy of mixing in a binary system takes as parameters a Bragg-Williams type cooperative disordering energy and the difference in free energy between different structures for the end-members. Subsolidus phase relations in carbonate systems such as CaCO₃—MgCO₃ and CdCO₃—MgCO₃ are calculated. Similar equations also reproduce the topologies of subsolidus phase relations in pyroxenes, including orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene phase boundaries in the enstatitediopside and ferrosilite-hedenbergite systems, the pigeonite-augite solvus, and the stability field of iron-free pigeonite.     

天然文石-方解石的高温相变及热膨胀性质

利用高温粉末X射线衍射研究了高纯地质成因文石从室温到1 073 K的相变过程以及文石和方解石的热膨胀性质,并分析了地质成因与生物成因文石的差异和影响因素。结果表明:斜方晶系的文石在693～733 K转变为三方晶系的方解石,相变临界温度为723 K,摩尔体积增加5.97%;文石在300～663 K的体积热膨胀系数α(V)(10-5/K)随绝对温度T(K)的变化规律为:α(V)=3.59(79)+7.17(170)×10-3T,文石的热膨胀具有强烈的各向异性[轴向热膨胀系数α(c)α(b)α(a)];方解石在733～973 K的热膨胀系数α(10-5/K)为:α(V)=3.78(25),α(a)=-0.27(2),α(c)=4.31(29),a轴具有负热膨胀。生物成因的文石相变温度比合成和地质成因文石低60～140 K,粉末状文石相变温度低于单晶和未被破坏的整块文石;粉末状的生物成因文石和方解石与非生物成因的文石和方解石的热膨胀系数接近,然而整块的生物成因的文石有更小的热膨胀系数。