俄罗斯-蒙古地学断面地壳模型的地质-地球物理资料综合研究（英文）

地学断面是指地壳的垂直剖面,主要通过对地质和地球物理资料的综合分析来揭示构造带的性质及其空间关系。横断面的研究所采用的数据基本包括100km宽区域地质图、上地壳的地质剖面图、重磁图(沿横断面的重磁剖面图)以及地壳的地震波速度、密度和其他地球物理属性的剖面图。这些数据被用于构建综合的数据剖面图(结果图),以展示各种地球动力学条件下(裂谷、海洋、碰撞带、造山盆地、大陆地台和岩浆弧,包括安第斯岛弧、活动大陆边缘、海沟、弧前和弧后盆地)的特定的岩石组构。本项目的研究目标是根据研究区现存的地质和地球物理数据的综合解释,统一图例,建立研究区深部剖面,以确定地体的空间关系及其在板块构造方面的地球动力学性质。前人已分别对东西伯利亚南部和蒙古境内的多个地体进行了构造划分,并对它们的地球动力学性质和时空关系进行了分析。研究结果显示该系列地体为早古生代、中晚古生代和晚古生代—早中生代的岛弧和微大陆。此外,研究还识别出了中—晚古生代和晚古生代—早中生代安第斯型活动大陆边缘、晚古生代—早中生代被动大陆边缘和早白垩世裂谷。与岛弧和安第斯型活动大陆边缘相关的岩体被推覆至相邻大陆和微陆块上,部分推覆宽度可达150km。目前已开展泥盆纪到晚侏罗世时期蒙古-鄂霍次克海地区的古地球动力学重建。"非地槽"型花岗岩类岩浆作用在板块构造方面找到了直接且合理的解释,其中泥盆纪—石炭纪和二叠纪—三叠纪岩浆作用区域对应于安第斯型活动大陆边缘,中—晚侏罗世岩浆作用则与西伯利亚/蒙古-中国大陆板块碰撞有关。碰撞岩浆作用中亚碱性(地幔)元素的存在及其所在的构造区域在很大程度可以说明蒙古-鄂霍次克海闭合后,巨厚大陆岩石圈下曾经发生过持续的大洋裂谷活动(地幔热点)。在早白垩世时期,大陆裂谷活动影响到了同一时期正在发生的大陆汇聚作用。西伯利亚南部边界大部分具有安第斯型活动大陆边缘性质,这也是蒙古—鄂霍次克缝合线沿线蛇绿岩数量较少的原因。因为当汇聚大陆一个具有安第斯类型的活动边缘,而另一个具有被动边缘时,前者的大陆地壳会最终逆冲到后者之上,并因此破坏掉先前出露的蛇绿杂岩体。部分被破坏的蛇绿岩块是俯冲带保留下来的海山残余,其可能成为增生-俯冲楔体的混沌复合体的一部分。然而,由于快速俯冲作用,这种楔形体在晚二叠世—早侏罗世的积累并不是西伯利亚活动边缘的典型特征。沿地学断面综合的地质和地球物理资料分析表明,亚洲大陆是在显生宙时期由部分前寒武纪微陆块构造拼贴而成的。前寒武纪地块间存在不同宽度的已变形且剥蚀强烈的显生宙火山弧,它们也被归类为特定地体。     

赣东北樟树墩早侏罗世水北组碎屑锆石研究及其地质意义

赣东北樟树墩地区早侏罗世盆地处于江南造山带东南缘,揭示盆地沉积物质来源对于认识和探讨周缘早中生代造山事件和古地理格局具有重要意义。对樟树墩早侏罗世盆地开展了岩相学、碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素研究。结果表明: 盆地为类磨拉石建造与内陆湖沼含煤建造,碎屑锆石年龄跨度大(2 431~263 Ma),未出现同沉积或准同沉积的碎屑锆石; 碎屑锆石年龄呈现极强的早古生代峰值(420~380 Ma,ε_Hf(t)为-10.7~-3.0, T_DM^C为2.08~1.58 Ga)、弱的新元古代峰值(858~663 Ma,ε_Hf(t)为-18.8~-6.7, T_DM^C为2.79~2.09 Ga)和晚古生代峰值(370~355 Ma),另有少量早中生代((263±5) Ma)、中—古元古代(2 431~1 224 Ma)碎屑锆石记录。碎屑锆石年龄和Hf同位素组成与华夏地块西北武夷山地区所出露地质体组成相似,而与扬子东南缘地质体组成存在显著差异,其碎屑物质主要来自陆内西北武夷山地区前寒武纪基底和古生代地质体,少量碎屑物质可能来源于浙西北地区,具有被动型大陆边缘盆地沉积特征。综合区域上早中生代盆地研究成果,认为江南造山带东段景德镇—黄山东南在早—中侏罗世并未整体隆升剥蚀,华南内陆中生代的构造-岩浆活动是其周缘多板块俯冲汇聚的构造响应,晚三叠世—早侏罗世古太平洋板块向东亚大陆的俯冲造成华南东南部隆升,使其开始为内陆盆地提供物源,至早—中侏罗世之交构造体制转换为古太平洋板块的俯冲消减。     

满归地区早侏罗世岩浆作用及其地质意义

通过对满归地区主体岩浆岩锆石U-Pb同位素年代学和地球化学研究,探讨了其形成时代、构造背景及地质意义。研究区存在大量早侏罗世侵入岩和少量早侏罗世中酸性火山岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年结果为(199±1)~(184±1) Ma,类型为细中粒石英闪长岩、中粒花岗闪长岩、细中粒二长花岗岩、中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩、流纹岩、英安岩和安山岩,不是前人划分的新元古代—古生代,揭示了研究区有强烈的中生代早期构造-岩浆作用。岩石地球化学反映: 岩石为准铝质—过铝质高钾钙碱性Ⅰ型岩浆岩; 轻重稀土元素分馏明显,(La/Yb)_N= 3.42~32.96,Eu元素亏损程度不遵从岩石从基性到酸性增强的演化规律; 大离子亲石元素Ba相对富集,Rb、Sr相对亏损,高场强元素Th、U 相对富集,Nb、Ti、Y 相对亏损。岩浆来源与构造分析表明,石英闪长岩与中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩来源于壳幔混合岩浆,中酸性火山岩、花岗闪长岩和细中粒二长花岗岩来源于地壳物质部分熔融作用,其形成与蒙古—鄂霍茨克缝合带的演化有关。地质和地球化学研究表明: 蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋壳中段可能在中三叠世末开始俯冲,至早侏罗世封闭,碰撞高峰时期在早侏罗世,晚于以往认为的晚三叠世。漠河逆冲推覆构造可能形成于蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋东段闭合过程中自北向南挤压的远程效应。蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋中段、东段闭合时限对探讨东北地区中侏罗世—晚白垩世盆岭构造形成具有重要的参考作用。     

蒙古-鄂霍次克褶皱系地质特征及其构造属性讨论

将蒙古-鄂霍次克褶皱系的地质构造特征及其演化进程,置于古亚洲洋和滨太平洋构造域的宏观格架中加以对比研究,可以看出,蒙古-鄂霍次克构造带属于复合褶皱系.依据其主体特征,可以分为西、东两部分.西部地区,杭盖-肯特-达斡尔褶皱带的晚新元古代-晚古生代地质特征,与古亚洲洋构造域演化进程的特征类同,早中生代构造演化与古亚洲洋构造域板块汇聚后的大陆裂解有关,晚中生代叠加了大规模走滑和逆冲作用.东部地区,褶皱系的主体属于滨太平洋活动大陆边缘中生代构造演化的一部分,西段的中生代陆缘弧盆系和大型走滑断裂带叠加在古欧亚大陆板块及古生代褶皱带之上,东段的中晚侏罗-早白垩世乌达-穆尔加陆缘褶皱-逆冲带被晚白垩世的锡霍特-阿林、鄂霍次克-楚科奇大陆边缘火山岩带斜截并覆盖.     

东昆仑造山带东段晚古生代—早中生代构造岩浆演化与成矿作用

东昆仑造山带位于中央造山系西段,在长期的地质演化过程中构造岩浆活动频繁,其中晚古生代—早中生代岩浆活动与成矿关系最为密切。本文系统总结了东昆仑造山带晚古生代—早中生代岩浆岩的分布、演化和成因,对典型矿床的地质特征进行分析,探讨东昆仑东段晚古生代—早中生代构造岩浆演化与成矿作用的联系。东昆仑晚古生代—早中生代构造岩浆演化可分为俯冲阶段(277~240 Ma)、同碰撞阶段(240~230 Ma)和后碰撞阶段(230~200 Ma),壳幔岩浆混合作用贯穿于古特提斯构造演化全过程。镁铁质岩浆岩主体为受俯冲流体交代的地幔部分熔融,花岗质岩浆岩主体为幔源岩浆底侵镁铁质下地壳部分熔融形成。东昆仑造山带东段俯冲阶段壳幔岩浆混合作用不仅带来成矿物质,使部分元素含量增高,还带来热源;经过成矿流体物理化学条件改变,导致大量矿物质沉淀,形成矿床,主要成矿金属组合为Cu、Mo、Au,矿床规模相对较小;同碰撞阶段由于受到挤压应力,岩浆岩出露较少,矿床多沿大型断裂带分布,主要成矿金属组合也以Cu、Mo、Au为主;后碰撞阶段由于岩石圈地幔拆沉,东昆仑整体处于拉张环境,为地幔物质参与成矿和成矿流体运移提供了通道。特别是同碰撞和后碰撞的转换阶段,是东昆仑造山带东段晚古生代—早中生代的主要成矿期,主要成矿金属组合为Cu、Pb、Zn、Fe。     

蒙古-鄂霍次克构造带的形成与演化

蒙古-鄂霍次克洋于志留纪打开,志留纪-二叠纪该大洋板块向其两侧地块持续俯冲,形成与俯冲相关的古生代岩浆岩带,同时在大洋北侧的杭盖-肯特-达斡尔地区形成巨厚复理石建造,并不断有海山与其发生拼贴;二叠纪末,蒙古-鄂霍次克洋在其西段杭盖地区发生闭合,形成依旧具有大洋性质的喇叭状蒙古-鄂霍次克大海湾,此时,杭盖地区磨拉石建造大范围不整合覆盖于二叠纪之前复理石建造之上;三叠纪-中侏罗世,杭盖以东地区,蒙古-鄂霍次克洋板块继续向其两侧地体俯冲,在北蒙古-外贝加尔地区及中蒙古-额尔古纳地区形成与俯冲相关的中生代岩浆岩带;中-晚侏罗世-白垩纪,蒙古-鄂霍次克洋迅速闭合,大洋两侧地块发生碰撞拼贴,产生强烈构造变形,最终形成蒙古-鄂霍次克构造带。伴随蒙古-鄂霍次克构造带的形成,其中段的艾伦达瓦地区发生强烈的韧性剪切变形,形成艾伦达瓦韧性剪切带,该剪切带面理平均产状为327°/22°,线理平均产状为322°/19°,带内S-C组构及不对称旋转碎斑,指示上盘由北西往南东强烈的推覆型剪切运动。同时,通过确定该剪切带原岩及后期侵入剪切带的未变形伟晶岩脉锆石U-Pb年龄,限定了蒙古-鄂霍次克构造带的形成时代约为174~163Ma;白垩纪,伴随造山后的构造垮塌,外贝加尔地区广泛发育拉张盆地和变质核杂岩,并伴随大规模的岩浆活动。志留纪-二叠纪末,蒙古-鄂霍次克洋的演化与古亚洲洋的演化密切相关;三叠纪-早侏罗世,大洋板块主要为正常俯冲阶段;中-晚侏罗世,蒙古-鄂霍次克洋迅速关闭,主要与"东亚汇聚"事件有关;白垩纪岩浆岩,拉张盆地和变质核杂岩的形成,与造山带增厚地壳的垮塌及地幔岩浆上涌有关。     

从安第斯到冈底斯：从洋- 陆俯冲到陆- 陆碰撞

全球造山系类型主要分为增生型和碰撞型两大类。现今,全球两大巨型造山系的研究表明：环太平洋增生造山系正在经历洋- 陆俯冲过程,新特提斯- 喜马拉雅碰撞造山系经历过洋- 陆俯冲之后又步入陆- 陆碰撞阶段。其中,安第斯造山带是东太平洋Lazaca 大洋板块多阶段向东俯冲在南美大陆之下后形成的以“大洋板块深(陡)- 浅(平)俯冲交替、洋岛- 地体增生拼贴、碰撞和俯冲型高原隆升”为特征的现代“安第斯岛弧带”和“安第斯- 科迪勒拉俯冲型增生造山系”。位于亚洲大陆内部的冈底斯造山系经历了新特提斯洋盆向北俯冲、消减和洋盆闭合以及印度- 亚洲碰撞的两重阶段,具体包括早中生代开始的新特提斯“多洋岛”形成和向拉萨地体的多阶段俯冲汇聚,致使洋岛 地体增生碰撞形成冈底斯岩浆弧,继而铸造了晚白垩世的“安第斯型”俯冲增生造山系;在俯冲和碰撞转换阶段发生了岩浆大爆发并形成冈底斯初始高原;而后才进入印度- 亚洲陆陆碰撞阶段,形成大规模的E- W向逆冲断裂、走滑断裂和S- N向裂谷系。因此,安第斯是冈底斯的前半生,冈底斯的今天是安第斯的未来。研究冈底斯的构造演化,特别是早期的构造岩浆活动,必须与安第斯俯冲增生的历史进行对比。     

中亚造山带东南部晚古生代-早中生代地壳增生和古亚洲洋演化:来自内蒙古东南部林西-东乌旗地区岩浆岩的证据SCIEI北大核心CSCD

本文在系统收集内蒙古林西-东乌旗地区晚古生代-早中生代岩浆岩的年代学、岩石地球化学以及锆石Hf同位素资料基础上,通过分析岩浆岩岩石组合随时空的变化规律,并结合区域地质资料,探讨了中亚造山带东南部洋盆演化和地壳增生等重要地质问题。研究结果表明,二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿岩带南、北两侧晚古生代-早中生代岩浆岩在年代学上显示不同的活动期次,具有不同岩石组合和地球化学特征,指示它们分属于不同的构造岩浆岩带。蛇绿岩带以北晚泥盆世-中二叠世岩浆活动在时间上呈连续分布的特征,并在晚石炭-早二叠世时期达到活动峰值。火成岩构造组合分析表明,晚泥盆世-石炭纪和早-中二叠世岩浆活动分别与二连浩特-贺根山洋盆向乌里雅斯太大陆边缘之下的俯冲和洋盆闭合后俯冲板片断离引起的软流圈上涌造成的区域伸展背景有关。蛇绿岩带以南岩浆活动时间上呈现石炭纪、早-中二叠世、晚二叠世-三叠纪幕式分布特征,各期岩浆活动前锋有随时间向南迁移的趋势。这三期岩浆活动分别与古亚洲洋板片向宝力道岛弧之下的俯冲、板片后撤以及洋盆消失之后古板块的碰撞造山作用有关。锆石Hf同位素分析表明,中亚造山带东南部晚古生代至早中生代时期存在显著的地壳增生;其中二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿岩带以北表现为地壳的垂向增生,以南表现为地壳的侧向增生。     

从安第斯到冈底斯:从洋-陆俯冲到陆-陆碰撞

全球造山系类型主要分为增生型和碰撞型两大类。现今,全球两大巨型造山系的研究表明:环太平洋增生造山系正在经历洋-陆俯冲过程,新特提斯-喜马拉雅碰撞造山系经历过洋-陆俯冲之后又步入陆-陆碰撞阶段。其中,安第斯造山带是东太平洋Lazaca大洋板块多阶段向东俯冲在南美大陆之下后形成的以"大洋板块深(陡)-浅(平)俯冲交替、洋岛-地体增生拼贴、碰撞和俯冲型高原隆升"为特征的现代"安第斯岛弧带"和"安第斯-科迪勒拉俯冲型增生造山系"。位于亚洲大陆内部的冈底斯造山系经历了新特提斯洋盆向北俯冲、消减和洋盆闭合以及印度-亚洲碰撞的两重阶段,具体包括早中生代开始的新特提斯"多洋岛"形成和向拉萨地体的多阶段俯冲汇聚,致使洋岛-地体增生碰撞形成冈底斯岩浆弧,继而铸造了晚白垩世的"安第斯型"俯冲增生造山系;在俯冲和碰撞转换阶段发生了岩浆大爆发并形成冈底斯初始高原;而后才进入印度-亚洲陆陆碰撞阶段,形成大规模的E-W向逆冲断裂、走滑断裂和S-N向裂谷系。因此,安第斯是冈底斯的前半生,冈底斯的今天是安第斯的未来。研究冈底斯的构造演化,特别是早期的构造岩浆活动,必须与安第斯俯冲增生的历史进行对比。     

东南大陆边缘早侏罗世火成岩特征及其构造意义

东南大陆边缘早侏罗世火成岩主要呈双峰式火山岩、基性超基性杂岩体及A型花岗岩等形态产出。本文运用岩石学探针技术,通过早侏罗世火成岩岩石学与地球化学研究,并与晚中生代火成岩作对比,提出早侏罗世火成岩的形成与南岭东段近EW向张性断裂活动有关,标志着印支挤压造山的结束;之后东南大陆进入晚中生代NE向活动大陆边缘俯冲造山阶段,经历了挤压造山—剪切拉张过程,并在晚白垩世末期进入又一轮后造山拉张裂解阶段,即中生代时东南大陆边缘经历了早中生代(三叠纪—早侏罗世)和晚中生代(中侏罗世—晚白垩世)两期造山事件,其中早侏罗世的区域拉张作用是特提斯构造域向滨太平洋构造域转换的前奏,构造域转换可能始于中侏罗世(165Ma)。     

The Baikal-Vitim Fold System: Structure and geodynamic evolution

New data on the stratigraphy, structure, isotopic age, geochemistry, and geodynamic characteristics of the lithotectonic complexes of the Baikal-Vitim Fold System are reported. In particular, it is shown that Middle and Upper Paleozoic rocks are widespread along with Precambrian and Lower Paleozoic sequences. The Baikal-Vitim Fold System is characterized by cyclic evolution and comprises four structural stages: Baikalian (Riphean-Vendian), Caledonian (Cambrian-Early Silurian), Variscan (Late Silurian-Early Carboniferous), and Hercynian (Middle Carboniferous-Permian). A specific set of lithotectonic complexes formed in certain geodynamic settings corresponds to each stage. According to the proposed model, the Variscan and Hercynian complexes developed under conditions of progressively changing geodynamic settings of passive (Late Silurian-Middle Devonian), Andean-type active (Middle Devonian-Early Carboniferous), and Californian-type (Middle Carboniferous-Permian) continental margins. The Middle and Late Paleozoic evolution of the Baikal-Vitim Fold System is correlated with that of the Mongolia-Okhotsk Belt (Aga paleooceanic basin).     

Tectonics and geodynamics of the western Central Asian Fold Belt (Kazakhstan Paleozoides)

On the basis of stratigraphical and geological data, paleogeographical and palinspastic reconstructions of the Kazakhstan Paleozoides were done; their multistage geodynamic evolution was considered; their tectonic zoning was proposed. The main stages are described: the initiation of the Cambrian and Ordovician island arcs; the development of the Kazakhstan accretionary–collisional composite continent in the Late Ordovician as a result of continental subduction and the amalgamation of Gondwana blocks with the island arcs (a long granitoid collisional belt also formed in this period); the development of the Devonian and Carboniferous–Permian active margins of the composite continent and its tectonic destruction in the Late Paleozoic.In the Late Ordovician, compensated terrigenous and volcanosedimentary complexes formed within Kazakhstania and developed in the Silurian. The Sakmarian, Tagil, Eastern Urals, and Stepnyak volcanic arcs formed at the boundaries with the Ural, Turkestan, and Junggar–Balkhash Oceans. In the late Silurian, Kazakhstania collided with the island arcs of the Turkestan and Ob'–Zaisan Oceans, with the formation of molasse and granite belts in the northern Tien Shan and Chingiz. This was followed by the development of the Devonian and Carboniferous–Permian active margins of the composite continent and the inland formation of the Early Devonian rift-related volcanosedimentary rocks, Middle–Late Devonian volcanic molasse, Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous rift-related volcanosedimentary rocks, terrigenous–carbonate shelf sediments, and carbonaceous lake–bog sediments, and the Middle–Late Carboniferous clastic rocks of closed basins. In the Permian, plume magmatism took place on the southern margin of the Kazakhstan composite continent. It was simultaneous with the formation of red-colored molasse and the tectonic destruction of the Kazakhstan Paleozoides as a result of a collision between the East European and Kazakhstan–Baikal continents.     

Intra-oceanic arcs of the Paleo-Asian Ocean

The paper reviews and integrates geological, geochronological, geochemical and isotope data from 21 intra-oceanic arcs (IOA) of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO), which have been identified in the Central Asian Orogenic belt, the world largest accretionary orogeny. The data We discuss structural position of intra-oceanic arc volcanic rocks in association with back-arc terranes and accretionary complexes, major periods of intra-oceanic arc magmatism and related juvenile crustal growth, lithologies of island-arc terranes, geochemical features and typical ranges of Nd isotope values of volcanic rocks. Four groups of IOAs have been recognized: Neoproterozoic – early Cambrian, early Paleozoic, Middle Paleozoic and late Paleozoic. The Neoproterozoic – early Cambrian or Siberian Group includes eleven intra-oceanic arcs of eastern and western Tuva-Sayan (southern Siberia, Russia), northern and southwestern Mongolia and Russian Altai. The Early Paleozoic or Kazakhstan Group includes Selety-Urumbai, Bozshakol-Chingiz and Baydaulet-Aqastau arc terranes of the Kazakh Orocline. The Middle Paleozoic or Southern Group includes six arc terranes in the Tienshan orogen, Chinese Altai, East-Kazakhstan-West Junggar and southern Mongoia. Only one Late Paleozoic intra-oceanic arc has been reliably identified in the CAOB: Bogda in the Chinese Tienshan, probably due to PAO shrinking and termination. The lithologies of the modern and fossil arcs are similar, although the fossil arcs contain more calc-alkaline varieties suggesting either their more evolved character or different conditions of magma generation. Of special importance is identification of back-arc basins in old accretionary orogens, because boninites may be absent in both modern and fossil IOAs. The three typical scenarios of back-arc formation - active margin rifting, intra-oceanic arc rifting and fore-arc rifting were reconstructed in fossil intra-oceanic arcs. Some arcs might be tectonically eroded and/or directly subducted into the deep mantle. Therefore, the structural and compositional records of fossil intra-oceanic arcs in intracontinental orogens allow us to make only minimal estimations of their geometric length, life span, and crust thickness.     

A Cordilleran model for the evolution of Avalonia

Striking similarities between the late Mesoproterozoic–Early Paleozoic record of Avalonia and the Late Paleozoic–Cenozoic history of western North America suggest that the North American Cordillera provides a modern analogue for the evolution of Avalonia and other peri-Gondwanan terranes during the late Precambrian. Thus: (1) The evolution of primitive Avalonian arcs (proto-Avalonia) at 1.2–1.0 Ga coincides with the amalgamation of Rodinia, just as the evolution of primitive Cordilleran arcs in Panthalassa coincided with the Late Paleozoic amalgamation of Pangea. (2) The development of mature oceanic arcs at 750–650 Ma (early Avalonian magmatism), their accretion to Gondwana at ca. 650 Ma, and continental margin arc development at 635–570 Ma (main Avalonian magmatism) followed the breakup of Rodinia at ca. 755 Ma in the same way that the accretion of mature Cordilleran arcs to western North America and the development of the main phase of Cordilleran arc magmatism followed the Early Mesozoic breakup of Pangea. (3) In the absence of evidence for continental collision, the diachronous termination of subduction and its transition to an intracontinental wrench regime at 590–540 Ma is interpreted to record ridge–trench collision in the same way that North America's collision with the East Pacific Rise in the Oligocene led to the diachronous initiation of a transform margin. (4) The separation of Avalonia from Gondwana in the Early Ordovician resembles that brought about in Baja California by the Pliocene propagation of the East Pacific Rise into the continental margin. (5) The Late Ordovician–Early Silurian sinistral accretion of Avalonia to eastern Laurentia emulates the Cenozoic dispersal of Cordilleran terranes and may mimic the paths of future terranes transferred to the Pacific plate.This close similarity in tectonothermal histories suggests that a geodynamic coupling like that linking the evolution of the Cordillera with the assembly and breakup of Pangea, may have existed between Avalonia and the late Precambrian supercontinent Rodinia. Hence, the North American Cordillera is considered to provide an actualistic model for the evolution of Avalonia and other peri-Gondwanan terranes, the histories of which afford a proxy record of supercontinent assembly and breakup in the late Precambrian.     

敦化-密山断裂带的平移距离:来自松嫩-张广才岭-佳木斯-兴凯地块古生代-中生代岩浆作用的制约

敦化-密山断裂带是郯庐断裂北段的重要分支之一,其大规模左行走滑发生的时限以及平移距离一直存在较大争议。本文系统地总结了松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘、佳木斯地块以及兴凯地块之上古生代-中生代火成岩的锆石U-Pb年代学资料,结合其空间分布特征,对敦化-密山断裂带的平移时限及距离提供了制约。研究表明,松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘与兴凯地块在古生代-中生代期间具有类似的岩浆活动历史,两个地块之上该时期的岩浆作用可以划分为8个主要期次:中-晚寒武世(ca.500~516Ma)、早奥陶世(ca.480~486Ma)、晚奥陶世(ca.450~456Ma)、中志留世(ca.426~430Ma)、早二叠世(ca.285~292Ma)、晚二叠世(ca.255~260Ma)、晚三叠世(ca.202~210Ma)和早侏罗世(ca.185~186Ma)。相比之下,佳木斯地块中的古生代-中生代早期岩浆事件则集中在晚寒武世(~492Ma)、晚泥盆世(~388Ma)、早二叠世(~288Ma)、晚二叠世(~259Ma)和早侏罗世(~176Ma),而晚奥陶世-志留纪和晚三叠世的岩浆活动在佳木斯地块未见报道。早白垩世晚期(ca.105~110Ma)和晚白垩世(ca.90~94Ma)的岩浆活动在三个地块均存在。上述结果表明兴凯地块东缘与松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘在早古生代经历了共同的地质演化历史,而中生代早期,兴凯地块西缘与松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘经历了同样的岩浆作用历史。上述结果暗示,敦化-密山断裂可能经历了至少两次平移,分别发生在中-晚二叠世-早三叠世和中-晚侏罗世-早白垩世,推测其总的平移距离约400km。结合研究区中生代期间的构造演化历史,敦化-密山断裂中生代的左行平移应与中-晚侏罗世-早白垩世期间古太平洋板块(Izanagi板块)的斜向俯冲相联系。     

内蒙古狼山地区石炭纪-三叠纪岩浆作用及其构造意义

华北地块北缘广泛发育石炭纪-三叠纪岩浆岩,岩浆岩的时空展布及反映的构造背景对研究古亚洲洋的俯冲增生作用具有重要的意义.然而,目前的研究集中在华北地块北缘中东部,该期岩浆活动的向西延伸有待深入研究.通过对狼山地区近年来获得的晚古生代-早中生代岩浆岩岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素数据的综合分析,结果表明该区经历了早石炭世-晚二叠世、中-晚三叠世两期构造岩浆作用.其中,早石炭世-晚二叠世岩浆活动时限在338~251 Ma,岩性主要为辉长岩、角闪辉长岩、闪长岩、石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩及二长花岗岩,辉长岩类的微量元素蛛网图及稀土元素配分型式与岛弧火山岩的曲线类似,花岗岩类具高Sr（>250×10-6,平均值为425×10-6）低Y（6.89×10-6~24.30×10-6）的特点.中-晚三叠世岩浆活动时限在245~228 Ma,岩性主要为正长花岗岩,花岗岩具高K₂O/Na₂O（1.48~1.58）、低Sr（154×10-6~49×10-6）低Yb（1.01×10-6~1.38×10-6）的特点,稀土配分曲线表现为轻稀土略富集、Eu负异常中等-强（Eu*=0.54~0.23）、重稀土平坦的近似海鸥型,总体反映了后造山花岗岩的地球化学特征.结合构造判别图解及区域地质资料,结果表明狼山地区早石炭世-晚二叠世为俯冲挤压的构造背景,中-晚三叠世则进入了后造山伸展的构造阶段.狼山地区晚古生代-早中生代发育的两期构造岩浆作用与华北陆块北缘中东部（330~265 Ma及250~200 Ma）类似,古亚洲洋的向南俯冲形成了华北陆块北缘近东西向延伸的晚古生代岩浆岩带,华北陆块与其北缘增生造山带拼贴作用的时限为二叠纪末-三叠纪初.      

Subduction of spreading ridges as a factor in the evolution of continental margins

The subduction of spreading ridges creates a special geodynamic setting distinguished by the interference of convergent and divergent boundaries between lithospheric plates and their long-term interaction accompanied by the formation of characteristic geological complexes and structures. The available data on subduction of the contemporary Chile Ridge make it possible to reconstruct such settings in the geological past. The subduction of the spreading ridge leads to uplift of the continental margin, cut off the accretionary wedge by means of tectonic erosion, emplacement of a fold-thrust structure and longitudinal strike-slip faults, and creates settings favorable for obduction of the young oceanic lithosphere. A lithospheric window expressed in geological and geophysical features opens beneath the continental margin at the continuation of the ridge axis. The subduction-related volcanic activity ceases above this window, giving way to specific proximal magmatism close to the boundary with the ocean and distal magmatism at a distance from this boundary. The proximal bimodal magmatism was related to the sources of tholeiitic basalts characteristic of the ridge involved in subduction and to the partial melting of its oceanic crust and sediments. The distal basaltic magmatism is a product of melting of the fertile oceanic asthenosphere ascending through the lithospheric window with subsequent transformation of magma in the mantle wedge and the continental crust. The use of the Chilean tectonotype for paleoreconstructions is limited by the diverse settings of ridge subduction. The Paleogene magmatism at the Pacific margin of Alaska, where the kinematics of subduction was close to the Chilean subduction, is similar to the proximal igneous rocks of Chile in composition and zoning, retaining some geological differences. Another aspect of the paleoreconstruction is discussed on the basis of Jurassic and Cretaceous granitoids of the Ekonai Terrane of the Anadyr-Koryak System and terranes of southern Alaska. These localities are known for a special, accretionary type of granitoids in the forearc region related to anatectic magma formation without participation of the plunging ridge. Proceeding from comparison with the Chilean tectonotype, the criteria for the identification of granitoids varying in their origin are considered. The effect of subducting ridges on continental margins changed over geologic time and was subject to the rhythm of supercontinental cycles.     

中朝陆台北侧褶皱带构造发展的几个问题

中朝与西伯利亚陆台之间的乌拉尔—蒙古—鄂霍茨克褶皱系是古亚洲洋演化的结果。其发展分为两个大的阶段:早期阶段从中元古代起在北部形成蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋,到寒武纪初封闭,形成兴凯褶皱带;晚期阶段从震旦—寒武纪初起在南部形成乌拉尔—蒙古洋,到泥盆纪大洋封闭,形成早及中古生代褶皱带。这就是中朝与西伯利亚陆台边缘褶皱带发育不对称的原因。 乌拉尔—蒙古洋最后封闭的缝合带在内蒙古中部形成中古生代褶皱带。它包括贺根山蛇绿岩带,二道井—查干诺尔混杂体带和它们之间的锡林浩特花岗岩—变质岩带。后者是造山碰撞的中心,上泥盆统法门阶的磨拉石堆积主要沿此带分布。 石炭—二叠纪时,本区广泛兴起裂谷活动。这些裂谷发育在不同的基底之上,多数发生于不同时期构造带的界线上。它们在新增生的年青陆壳上形成,其特征不同于红海或东非型裂谷;其岩浆活动和变形、变质作用使年青陆壳增厚并更加稳固。     

Metamorphism and tectonic evolution of the Lhasa terrane,Central Tibet

The Lhasa terrane in southern Tibet is composed of Precambrian crystalline basement, Paleozoic to Mesozoic sedimentary strata and Paleozoic to Cenozoic magmatic rocks. This terrane has long been accepted as the last crustal block to be accreted with Eurasia prior to its collision with the northward drifting Indian continent in the Cenozoic. Thus, the Lhasa terrane is the key for revealing the origin and evolutionary history of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen. Although previous models on the tectonic development of the orogen have much evidence from the Lhasa terrane, the metamorphic history of this terrane was rarely considered. This paper provides an overview of the temporal and spatial characteristics of metamorphism in the Lhasa terrane based mostly on the recent results from our group, and evaluates the geodynamic settings and tectonic significance. The Lhasa terrane experienced multistage metamorphism, including the Neoproterozoic and Late Paleozoic HP metamorphism in the oceanic subduction realm, the Early Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic MP metamorphism in the continent–continent collisional zone, the Late Cretaceous HT/MP metamorphism in the mid-oceanic ridge subduction zone, and two stages of Cenozoic MP metamorphism in the thickened crust above the continental subduction zone. These metamorphic and associated magmatic events reveal that the Lhasa terrane experienced a complex tectonic evolution from the Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic. The main conclusions arising from our synthesis are as follows: (1) The Lhasa block consists of the North and South Lhasa terranes, separated by the Paleo-Tethys Ocean and the subsequent Late Paleozoic suture zone. (2) The crystalline basement of the North Lhasa terrane includes Neoproterozoic oceanic crustal rocks, representing probably the remnants of the Mozambique Ocean derived from the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. (3) The oceanic crustal basement of North Lhasa witnessed a Late Cryogenian (~ 650 Ma) HP metamorphism and an Early Paleozoic (~ 485 Ma) MP metamorphism in the subduction realm associated with the closure of the Mozambique Ocean and the final amalgamation of Eastern and Western Gondwana, suggesting that the North Lhasa terrane might have been partly derived from the northern segment of the East African Orogen. (4) The northern margin of Indian continent, including the North and South Lhasa, and Qiangtang terranes, experienced Early Paleozoic magmatism, indicating an Andean-type orogeny that resulted from the subduction of the Proto-Tethys Ocean after the final amalgamation of Gondwana. (5) The Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes witnessed Middle Paleozoic (~ 360 Ma) magmatism, suggesting an Andean-type orogeny derived from the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. (6) The closure of Paleo-Tethys Ocean between the North and South Lhasa terranes and subsequent terrane collision resulted in the formation of Late Permian (~ 260 Ma) HP metamorphic belt and Triassic (220 Ma) MP metamorphic belt. (7) The South Lhasa terrane experienced Late Cretaceous (~ 90 Ma) Andean-type orogeny, characterized by the regional HT/MP metamorphism and coeval intrusion of the voluminous Gangdese batholith during the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean. (8) During the Early Cenozoic (55–45 Ma), the continent–continent collisional orogeny has led to the thickened crust of the South Lhasa terrane experiencing MP amphibolite-facies metamorphism and syn-collisional magmatism. (9) Following the continuous continent convergence, the South Lhasa terrane also experienced MP metamorphism during Late Eocene (40–30 Ma). (10) During Mesozoic and Cenozoic, two different stages of paired metamorphic belts were formed in the oceanic or continental subduction zones and the middle and lower crust of the hanging wall of the subduction zone. The tectonic imprints from the Lhasa terrane provide excellent examples for understanding metamorphic processes and geodynamics at convergent plate boundaries.