造山带混杂岩及相关术语

中国造山带面积约占全国陆域面积的3/5。造山带区由于经历过复杂的多岛洋演化,陆缘增生与陆-陆碰撞等多期次强烈的构造活动,形成了类型多样的混杂岩。混杂岩的识别与分类是造山带地质编图的重点与难点。本文介绍国际国内对混杂岩概念的理解,对与混杂岩紧密相关的名词术语,如蛇绿岩和蛇绿混杂岩、俯冲增生杂岩、杂岩、岩片和超岩片、非史密斯地层、构造地层、洋板块地层、对接缝合带、叠接缝合带等的含义进行了阐述。针对中国造山带地质特征,中国造山带混杂岩可划分出沉积混杂、构造混杂、沉积-构造复合混杂三大类。沉积混杂主要发生在威尔逊旋回的早期阶段(洋拉张阶段),构造混杂和沉积-构造复合混杂主要发生在威尔逊旋回的晚期阶段(洋俯冲消减-碰撞阶段),俯冲增生杂岩是俯冲带由俯冲消减-碰撞作用形成的构造混杂岩。     

洋板块地质研究进展

中国存在多个时代、多种类型的造山带,发育了多种多样的俯冲增生杂岩带,经历了复杂多变的洋陆转换过程,如何揭示包括洋内演化和洋陆转换等的造山过程一直是一个难题。为此,中国区域地质志项目组提出了洋板块地质研究,试图通过对造山系俯冲增生杂岩带、蛇绿岩带等洋岩石圈地质建造、结构构造进行系统研究,再造洋岩石圈从洋中脊形成到海沟俯冲消亡、转换成陆的地质作用全过程。本文介绍了洋板块地质提出到现今主要的研究进展,包括四个方面。一是,初步建立了洋板块地质格架,洋板块地质的研究包括俯冲增生杂岩的物质组成、蛇绿岩类型及其形成的构造环境、洋板块沉积组合和洋板块地层、岛弧火成岩组合、洋陆转换的过程和机制、洋-陆转换过程与成矿作用等重要内容。二是,识别出北山牛圈子—马鬃山、嘉荫—依兰、陈蔡、东昆仑布青山—阿尼玛卿、鹰扬关、大洪山、甘孜—理塘、新余神山—新干神政桥等中国陆域62条主要的俯冲增生杂岩带/增生杂岩带。俯冲增生杂岩带是认识、理解造山系时空结构、组成和演化的关键。三是,在祁连地区识别出较为完整的洋内弧岩石组合。洋盆演化形成大陆过程中的洋内俯冲带是大陆的诞生地,洋内俯冲作用形成的洋内弧是洋盆演化形成大陆的初始弧。洋内弧火成岩组合序列的发现为研究洋陆转换过程提供了岩石学依据。祁连造山带是洋板块地质研究的经典地区之一。研究显示,当金山出露完整的洋内弧岩石组合,这些岩石记录了洋内弧从初始俯冲到发育成熟的全过程,为探讨祁连造山带原特提斯洋构造演化提供了新的依据。四是,制定了洋板块地质构造图编图方案,编图内容主要包括俯冲增生杂岩带、岩浆弧、高压-超高压带、俯冲期和碰撞期构造形变要素和构造演化等。编图单元分为三级:一级为俯冲增生杂岩带;二级为岩片;三级包括基质和岩块。编图过程中需要明确岩浆弧的性质和归属,明确图面上某一岩浆弧与哪个蛇绿混杂岩或大洋配套。图面上对于构造要素的表达重点是区分俯冲和碰撞阶段。通过构造变形的时态、相态、位态研究,识别俯冲期和碰撞期的构造变形形迹。这是洋板块地质初步的研究成果,以俯冲增生杂岩带的研究为基础,探讨特提斯洋等大洋的演化、中国东部古太平洋/太平洋转换与中新生代成矿关系等重大基础地质问题是洋板块地质研究下一步的工作方向。目前,洋板块地质的研究还处于试点阶段,洋板块地质与成矿的成因联系等重大地质问题尚需今后更深入地研究。     

洋板块地层学的概念、模式、组成及失序变化*

着重介绍了洋板块地层的概念、模式、组成及失序变化特征。造山带混杂岩和大陆边缘增生复合体是经历俯冲碰撞消亡后的古洋沉积记录,利用微体古生物地层学和同位素年代学方法可以重建造山带混杂岩和大陆边缘增生复合体的原始地层。洋板块地层(学)是用来描述沉淀在洋壳基底之上的沉积岩和火成岩序列的术语,其开始于洋中脊形成,终止于该洋中脊被移入到汇聚边缘增生楔。从造山带混杂岩中重建的古大洋地层的基本组成大体相似,但因大洋岩石圈的岩浆背景不同,造成不同时期和不同类型的洋板块地层组成也会有差异。在前人研究成果的基础上, 笔者通过对不同类型洋板块地层进行分类,介绍了如何从经历碰撞造山过程的增生造山带进行洋板块地层的重建。引入“洋板块地层学”概念的主要目的在于通过对因俯冲增生而消亡的具有洋壳基底的构造洋盆和边缘海盆地的地层单元进行重建,恢复已消失洋的地层组成单元,这对造山带地层解析、造山带构造古地理恢复、重大构造变革期古地理学研究和板块重建等都将起到积极的促进作用。     

古老造山带洋板块地层*

重点分析和总结了由前寒武纪增生复合体和造山带混杂岩重建的古老造山带洋板块地层,包括由英国威尔士安格尔西岛新元古代莫纳超群混杂岩重建的太平洋洋板块地层、由澳大利亚西北部皮尔巴拉早太古代克里夫维尔绿岩带重建的古印度洋洋板块地层。澳大利亚东皮尔巴拉地块大理石坝地区早太古代玄武岩-硅质岩-碎屑岩序列与日本二叠纪-三叠纪洋板块地层在岩石组成和地球化学特征方面具有高度的相似性,这一认识将为早太古代洋板块地层的沉积环境从高热流洋脊扩张区经过热点向低热流海沟陆源碎屑沉积区转变这一过程提供有力支持。从增生造山带洋板块地层保存的岩石记录看,不同年代洋板块地层的主要物质组成和岩石类型相似,因此在地球38亿年的演化进程中,洋壳扩张、海洋沉积、俯冲及增生的过程并没有显著变化;但随着时间推移,年轻造山带洋板块性质和洋板块地层组成与古老造山带相比,可能会发生一些变化。就古老造山带洋板块地层而言,前寒武纪的地幔温度略高,太古代局部熔融显著,熔融量大大超过洋壳扩张速率,因而没有形成席状岩墙群。     

对雅鲁藏布江缝合带嘎学组和泽当组的新认识

在1:5万区域地质调查的基础上,对雅鲁藏布江缝合带北带与蛇绿岩相伴产出的嘎学组和泽当组进行了综合研究,并就其岩石地球化学参数及构造环境与蛇绿岩进行了对比。结合相关古生物及同位素年龄资料,初步认为: 嘎学组和泽当组火山岩与蛇绿岩是不同时代、不同成因类型的产物,嘎学组和泽当组形成于晚侏罗世—早白垩世与洋内俯冲相关的洋内弧构造环境,为洋板块地层序列的前弧玄武岩类(FAB型); 在后期俯冲碰撞过程中,嘎学组和泽当组主体被改造成混杂岩,或呈断夹片(块)状残存于混杂岩带中,表现为俯冲增生杂岩带的构造组合样式。该认识对合理恢复并建立雅鲁藏布江缝合带北带洋板块地层序列具有重要的地质构造意义。     

关于发展洋板块地质学的思考

为揭示造山带物质组成和结构构造,发展洋板块地质学,阐明大陆形成演化过程和动力来源,应用板块构造理论和地质学方法,对造山带俯冲增生杂岩带、蛇绿岩带等大洋岩石圈板块地质建造、结构构造进行系统研究,寻找俯冲带岛弧前弧火成岩组合;研究洋板块初始俯冲过程中,从前弧玄武岩到玻安岩、高镁安山岩,再到弧拉斑玄武岩和钙碱性熔岩的岩浆作用分阶段递进演变历史,以揭示洋盆向大陆转化的原始弧性质和前弧火成岩组合及洋陆转换过程,为建立和发展洋板块地质学奠定科学基础.     

青藏高原中的古特提斯体制与增生造山作用

青藏高原古特提斯体系的特征表现为古特提斯洋盆中多条状地体的存在,多俯冲、多岛弧增生体系的形成和多地体汇聚、碰撞造山的动力学环境,其构架包括4条代表古特提斯洋壳残片的蛇绿岩或蛇绿混杂岩(昆南-阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带、金沙江-哀牢山-松马蛇绿岩带、羌中-澜沧江-昌宁-孟连蛇绿岩带和松多蛇绿岩带)、5条火山岩浆岛弧带(布尔汗布达岛弧岩浆带、义敦火山岩浆岛弧带、江达-绿春火山岛弧带、东达山-云县火山岛弧带和左贡-临沧岛弧-碰撞岩浆带)、4个陆块或地体(松潘-甘孜地体、羌北-昌都-思茅地体、羌南-保山地体)、3条洋壳深俯冲形成的高压-超高压变质带(金沙江得荣高压变质带、龙木错-双湖高压变质带、松多高(超)压变质带),以及5条弧前增生楔或增生杂岩(西秦岭增生楔、巴颜喀拉-松潘-甘孜增生楔、金沙江增生楔、双湖-聂荣-吉塘-临沧增生楔、松多增生杂岩)。古特提斯洋盆的俯冲增生造山作用普遍存在于青藏高原古特提斯复合造山体中,构成与多条古特提斯蛇绿岩带(缝合带)相伴随的俯冲增生杂岩带(链)。古特提斯俯冲增生杂岩带包括由弧前强烈变形的沉积增生楔、以及高压变质岩、岛弧岩浆岩、蛇绿岩和外来岩块组成的混杂体,代表在洋盆俯冲过程中的活动陆缘的地壳增生。     

洋板块地层在造山带构造-地层区划中的应用

自元古宙以来地球表面洋陆位置不断变化，洋的面积总比陆地面积大.分布于大陆造山带区的古缝合带是古大洋或古大陆边缘小洋盆消亡的残迹，是洋板块地层研究的主要对象.针对占中国陆域3/5面积的造山带洋板块地层分布区，提出一级（称“构造-地层大区”）和二级（称“构造-地层区”）构造-地层的区划准则.将洋板块地层分为对接带型和叠接带型两大类，分别对应于构造-地层大区和构造地层区.对接带型以含N-MORB型蛇绿岩为标志，是古大洋消亡的残迹；叠接带型以含SSZ型蛇绿岩为标志，是古大陆边缘小洋盆消亡的残迹.对接带内的洋脊（蛇绿岩）、洋岛海山、洋内弧等亚型建造因卷入俯冲带内被肢解，多数呈残缺不全的岩块包裹在强烈构造剪切形变的远洋细碎屑和海沟浊积岩建造（称为基质）之中，呈俯冲增生杂岩带展布，对应于构造-地层区；对某些形体巨大的亚类（巨大的洋岛海山、裂离地块、大面积的深海平原硅质岩等建造），进入海沟俯冲带内很难被完全肢解，呈逆（仰）冲地质体大面积分布，可归为构造-地层区.叠接带型可进一步划分出与弧前盆地、火山弧（含弧间和弧背盆地建造）和弧后盆地等二级构造-地层区划单元.      

那丹哈达地体及周缘中生代变形与增生造山过程

东亚陆缘中生代增生造山过程及变形响应一直以来都是中国区域地质研究的重大课题,也是东亚地质构造演化的一个难点和热点。其中一个最为关键的科学问题就是,古太平洋板块(Izanagi)何时开始启动俯冲?对中生代东亚大陆边缘产生何种影响?那丹哈达地体出露于中国东北,为一套构造混杂岩系,是中国境内由古太平洋板块俯冲-增生形成的唯一证据,为解决这一问题提供了可能。本文通过总结大量前人最新的岩石学、同位素年代学、沉积岩石组合、主干断裂、岩浆活动、古生物及古地磁等资料,试图厘定那丹哈达地体构造属性、增生过程、拼贴时间以及古太平洋板块开始俯冲的时间,并与周缘地体进行对比。结果表明:(1)那丹哈达增生杂岩分为饶河杂岩和跃进山杂岩,饶河杂岩具有洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的特征,不是前人认为的蛇绿岩,可称之为洋岛(海山)杂岩;跃进山杂岩具有洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)的特征,是典型的蛇绿岩,同时暗示古太平洋板块可能于晚三叠世开始启动俯冲,并在136~131 Ma期间就位于现今位置。(2)那丹哈达与日本丹波—美浓—尾足地体都是侏罗纪增生楔,在沉积岩石组合和年龄、放射虫类型及分布、地质构造等特征上都非常相似,在中新世日本海打开之前应是一个统一的超级地体。     

大陆中洋壳俯冲增生杂岩带特征与识别的重大科学意义

大洋或弧后洋盆俯冲增生是大陆地壳增长的主导地质作用.重建大陆中消亡的洋地层岩石组合序列是当代大陆动力学和地学研究的重大前沿.洋壳消减杂岩带的厘定是洋板块地质构造重建乃至全球大地构造研究之纲,是理解区域大地构造形成演化及动力学的核心.俯冲增生杂岩带的基本特征:(1)俯冲增生杂岩带物质组成的共性是:以强烈构造变形洋底沉积的硅质岩-硅泥质岩-粉砂岩、凝灰岩;弧-沟浊积岩等为基质;以洋岛-海山灰岩-玄武岩及塌积砾岩,洋内弧残留岩块,超镁铁质蛇绿岩、绿片岩、蓝片岩等为岩块.(2)变形样式:同斜倒转冲断叠瓦构造、增生柱前缘重力滑动构造以及泥质岩的底辟构造;增生楔前缘变形和增生形式受控于大洋或弧后洋盆的规模和洋壳的俯冲速度,也取决于陆缘碎屑供给量及洋底沉积厚度和岩性.(3)宽度和厚度:厚常达几千米,宽达几十公里至数百公里,延长上千公里,是洋壳俯冲消亡过程洋盆地层系统及陆缘沉积物加积的结果.(4)形成机制:是大陆碰撞前大洋(或弧后洋盆)岩石圈俯冲消减的产物.结合带中的早期俯冲增生杂岩带往往卷入晚期的构造混杂作用.     

Architecture and composition of ocean floor subducted beneath northern Gondwana during Neoproterozoic to Cambrian: A palinspastic reconstruction based on Ocean Plate Stratigraphy (OPS)

The Blovice accretionary complex, Bohemian Massif, hosts well-preserved basaltic blocks derived from an oceanic plate subducted beneath the northern active margin of Gondwana during late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian. The major and trace element and Hf–Nd isotope systematics revealed two different suites, tholeiitic and alkaline, whose composition reflects different sources of melts within a back-arc basin setting. The former suite has composition similar to mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), yet with striking enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and Pb paralleled by depletion in Nb, in agreement with its derivation from depleted mantle fluxed by subduction-related fluids. In contrast, the latter suite has composition similar to ocean island basalts (OIB) with variable contribution of ancient, recycled crustal material. We argue that both suites represent volcanic members of Ocean Plate Stratigraphy (OPS) and indicate that the oceanic realm consumed by the Cadomian subduction was a complex mosaic of intra-oceanic subduction zones, volcanic island arcs, and back-arc basins with mantle plume impinging the spreading centre. Hence, the basalt geochemistry implies that two distinct domains of oceanic lithosphere may have existed off the Gondwana’s continental edge: an outboard domain, made up of old and less buoyant oceanic lithosphere (remnants of the Mirovoi Ocean surrounding former Rodinia?) that was steeply subducted and generated the back-arcs, and young, hot, and more buoyant oceanic lithosphere generated in the back-arcs and later involved in accretionary complexes as dismembered OPS. Perhaps the best recent analogy of this setting is the Izu Bonin–Mariana arc–Philippine Sea in the western Pacific.     

Ocean Plate Stratigraphy in East and Southeast Asia

Ancient accretionary wedges have been recognised by the presence of glaucophane schist, radiolarian chert and mélange. Recent techniques for the reconstruction of disrupted fragments of such wedges by means of radiolarian biostratigraphy, provide a more comprehensive history of ocean plate subduction and successive accretion of ocean floor materials from the oceanic plate through offscraping and underplating.Reconstructed ocean floor sequences found in ancient accretionary complexes in Japan comprise, from oldest to youngest, pillow basalt, limestone, radiolarian chert, siliceous shale, and shale and sandstone. Similar lithologies also occur in the mélange complexes of the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and other regions. This succession is called ‘Ocean Plate Stratigraphy’ (OPS), and it represents the following sequence of processes: birth of the oceanic plate at the oceanic ridge; formation of volcanic islands near the ridge, covered by calcareous reefs; sedimentation of calcilutite on the flanks of the volcanic islands where radiolarian chert is also deposited; deposition of radiolarian skeletons on the oceanic plate in a pelagic setting, and sedimentary mixing of radiolarian remains and detrital grains to form siliceous shale in a hemipelagic setting; and sedimentation of coarse-grained sandstone and shale at or near the trench of the convergent margin.Radiolarian biostratigraphy of detrital sedimentary rocks provides information on the time and duration of ocean plate subduction. The ages of detrital sediments becomes younger oceanward as younger packages of OPS are scraped off the downgoing plate.OPS reconstructed from ancient accretionary complexes give us the age of subduction and accretion, direction of subduction, and ancient tectonic environments and is an important key to understanding the paleoenvironment and history of the paleo-oceans now represented only in suture zones and orogenic belts.     

内蒙古北山地区百合山蛇绿混杂岩带的厘定及其洋盆俯冲极性——基于1∶5万清河沟幅地质图的新认识

造山带内蛇绿混杂岩带结构与组成的精细研究可为古板块构造格局重建和古洋盆演化提供最直接证据。北山造山带内存在多条蛇绿混杂岩带,记录了古亚洲洋古生代以来的俯冲和闭合过程,然而其大地构造演化长期存在争议。红石山—百合山蛇绿混杂岩带位于北山造山带北部,主要由蛇绿(混杂)岩和增生杂岩组成,具典型的"块体裹夹于基质"的混杂岩结构特征,发育紧闭褶皱、无根褶皱、透入性面理和双重逆冲构造。蛇绿混杂岩带中岩块主要由超镁铁质-镁铁质岩(变质橄榄岩、辉石橄榄岩、异剥辉石岩、蛇纹岩)、辉长岩、玄武岩、斜长花岗岩、硅质岩等洋壳残块以及奥陶纪火山岩、灰岩等外来岩块组成,基质则主要为蛇纹岩、砂板岩及少量的绿帘绿泥片岩;在蛇绿混杂岩带北侧发育有台地相灰岩与深水浊积岩组成的沉积混杂块体,具滑塌堆积特征。蛇绿混杂岩带内发育三期构造变形,前两期为中深构造层次下形成的透入性变形,第三期为浅表层次的脆性变形,未形成区域性面理。空间上,由增生杂岩和蛇绿(混杂)岩组成的百合山蛇绿混杂岩带共同仰冲于绿条山组浊积岩之上,具有与红石山地区蛇绿混杂岩带相似的岩石组成、构造变形和时空结构特征。百合山蛇绿混杂岩带南侧发育同期的明水岩浆弧,由晚石炭世石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩以及白山组岛弧火山岩组成,其与百合山蛇绿混杂岩带共同构成了北山造山带北部石炭—二叠纪的沟-弧体系,指示了红石山—百合山洋盆向南俯冲的极性。     

The origin and emplacement of the Lajishankou ophiolite complex in the South Qilian belt: evidences from geological mapping

Many ophiolite complexes like those of Oman and New Caledonia represent fragments of ancient oceanic crust and upper mantle generated at supra‐subduction zone environments and have been obducted onto the adjacent rifted continental margin together with the accretionary complexes and intra‐oceanic arcs. The Lajishan ophiolite complexes in the Qilian orogenic belt along the NE edge of the Tibet‐Qinghai Plateau are one of several ophiolites situated to the south of the Central Qilian block. Our geological mapping and petrological investigations suggest that the Lajishankou ophiolite complex consists of serpentinite, wehrlite, pyroxenite, gabbro, dolerite, and pillow and massive basalts that occur in a series of elongate fault‐bounded slices. An accretionary complex composed mainly of basalt, radiolarian chert, sandstone, mudstone, and mélange lies structurally beneath the ophiolite complex. The Lajishankou ophiolite complex and accretionary complex were emplaced onto the Qingshipo Formation of the Central Qilian block which shows features typical of turbidites deposited in a deep‐water environment of passive continental margin. Our geochemical and geochronological studies indicate that the mafic rocks in the Lajishankou ophiolite complex can be categorized into three distinct groups: massive island arc tholeiites, 509 Ma back‐arc dolerite dykes, and 491 Ma pillow basaltic and dolerite slices that are of seamount origin in a back‐arc basin. The ophiolite and accretionary complex constitute a Cambrian‐early Ordovician trench‐arc system within the South Qilian belt during the early Paleozoic southward subduction of the South Qilian Ocean prior to Early Ordovician obduction of this system onto the Central Qilian block.     

OPS mélange: a new term for mélanges of convergent margins of the world

Ocean plate stratigraphy (OPS) is essential to understanding accretionary wedges and complexes along convergent plate margins. Mélanges within accretionary wedges and complexes are the products of fragmentation and mixing processes during and following OPS accretion. A new term, ‘OPS mélange’, is proposed here for mélanges composed mostly of blocks of OPS with an argillaceous matrix, and for a mixture of mélanges of multiple origins with either broken or coherent formations. An OPS mélange results from the fragmentation and disruption of OPS, without admixing of other components. Three major types of OPS mélange can be distinguished on the basis of their components: turbidite type, chert–turbidite type, and limestone–basalt type. These three types potentially form similar mélanges, but they are derived from different parts of the OPS, depending on the level of the decollement surface. The concept of ‘OPS mélange’ can be applied to most of the mélanges in accretionary prisms and complexes worldwide. In addition, this proposal recognizes a distinction between processes of fragmentation and mixing of OPS components, and mixing of ophiolite components, the latter of which results in serpentinite mélanges, not OPS mélanges. Mélanges composed of OPS sequences occur worldwide. The recognition of OPS mélanges is a key aspect of understanding tectonic processes at convergent margins, which result in mélange formation in orogenic belts globally.     

东北中生代增生杂岩及对古太平洋向欧亚大陆俯冲历史的制约

吉林-黑龙江东部地区的中生代增生杂岩,主要由吉林-黑龙江高压变质带和那丹哈达增生杂岩(或那丹哈达地体)组成。它们将为古亚洲洋与环太平洋构造域的转换作用,大洋板块地层(OPS)层序重建,特别是古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲历史提供重要的科学依据。吉林-黑龙江高压带分布在佳木斯-兴凯与松辽地块之间的具有高压变质带性质的缝合带,新的地质年代学研究表明其形成时代为210～180Ma,表明晚三叠-早侏罗世为南北向古亚洲洋关闭和西向俯冲增生开始的关键时期。那丹哈达增生杂岩则发育在佳木斯-兴凯地块东侧,并具体分为西部的跃进山杂岩和东部的饶河杂岩。新近发表的数据显示,跃进山杂岩就位时代为210～180Ma,这与佳木斯-兴凯地块西缘的吉黑高压带形成时代相似。而饶河杂岩就位时代为晚侏罗-早白垩世,最晚期就位的时代为早白垩世(137～130Ma)。因此,吉黑东部地区的中生代增生杂岩为古太平洋向欧亚大陆中生代的俯冲过程提供了关键的信息。     

Structure and tectonic evolution of the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Wandashan accretionary complex,NE China

The Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Wandashan accretionary complex (AC) in NE China is a key region for constraining the subduction and accretion of the Palaeo-Pacific Ocean; however, the protoliths and structure of the region remain poorly understood, resulting in debates regarding crustal growth mechanisms and subduction-related accretionary processes in Northeast China. In this contribution, we integrate detailed field observations, ocean plate stratigraphy (OPS) reconstruction, and associated geological data to determine the structure and tectonic evolution of the Wandashan AC. The Wandashan AC formed through the progressive incorporation of OPS units along an oceanic trench. The observed OPS comprises, in ascending order, Permian basalt and limestone, Middle Triassic–Early Jurassic chert, Middle Jurassic siliceous shale and mudstone, and Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous turbidite. Numerous NNE–SSW-striking thrust faults have segmented the OPS into a series of bedding-parallel tectonic slices that were successively thrust over the Jiamusi massif along a basal thrust (the Yuejinshan Fault), producing a large-scale imbricate thrust system. The Wandashan AC underwent oceanward accretion via multiple deformational processes. The OPS units were detached and rearranged along or within a decollement through offscraping, underplating, thrusting, and duplexing. The units were then emplaced over the Jiamusi massif along the basal thrust. The timing of accretion and thrusting is constrained to the latest Middle Jurassic to earliest Early Cretaceous (ca. 167–131 Ma). Reconstructed accretion-related structural lines within the Wandashan AC trend dominantly NE–SW, close to the direction of Jurassic extension at the eastern Asian continental margin. Large-scale left-lateral strike-slip movement on the Dunmi Fault during the late Early Cretaceous resulted in the folding of structural lines within the Wandashan AC, producing their present-day westward-convex orientation.