丽江地震区应力场研究

通过现场调查工作,研究了丽江地区主要活动断裂的特征及现代活动性,分析了该地区构造应力场演化历史及现今构造应力场特征,探讨了丽江地震产生的机制,然后用离散元方法对该地区现今应力场进行了二维模拟,并进而深化了对丽江地震区应力场的认识。丽江地区处于川滇菱形断块的西南部,巨甸-九子海断块二级断块中的玉龙雪山-九子海三级断块上,该断块介于近南北向的楚波-白汉场断裂、北东走向丽江-小金河断裂和北西向中甸-永胜断裂之间,平面上成一顶角向东的三角形。在近南北向现今应力场的作用下,北东向的丽江-小金河断裂左旋走滑,北西向的中甸一永胜断裂右旋走滑,使两者所夹持的巨甸-九子海断块的主体部分发生向西的位移,在两者的复合部位,即断块的尖端附近,形成了局部的近东西向的拉张应力环境,从而使处于该部位的南北向玉龙雪山东麓断裂于1996年2月3日因发生了正断错动而导致了7．0级地震的发生。该地震后第三天,在其震中的正南方又发生了一次6．0级余震,其地震破裂是由北向南的一种撕裂,进而说明,本次地震的发生是由于玉龙雪山东麓断裂与中甸一永胜断裂复合部位拉张应力的强烈集中造成的。     

青藏高原东南缘丽江—剑川地区地应力测量与地震危险性

为获得川滇块体腹地现今的地应力场,分析边界断裂发生地震活动的危险性,进而探讨块体运动的动力学特征,2010—2011年,在青藏高原东南缘丽江—小金河断裂带西南段的丽江—剑川地区,开展2个300m钻孔水压致裂地应力测量。地应力测量结果揭示了研究区地壳浅表层现今主应力的分布规律。结合研究区部分中强震震源机制解及20世纪80年代地应力结果,分析了跨度近30a后该区构造应力场的变化特征,进而探讨了其动力学指示意义。依据断层滑动摩擦准则,讨论了丽江—剑川地区现今地震活动危险性。     

川滇地区重力场特征与地壳变形研究

对川滇地区重力场特征进行了研究,获得了研究区内地壳厚度分布及变形特征。总体上,研究区内地壳厚度从西北向东南逐渐减小。川滇菱形块体中内部出现了广泛的地壳增厚现象,并可能一直延伸至菱形块体的最南端。丽江-小金河断裂带在重力场特征上表现为龙门山断裂带向西南的延伸,其东侧主体构造走向等特征与扬子地块一致,推测丽江-小金河断裂带与龙门山断裂、红河断裂带一起构成了扬子地块的西边界。滇西地区布格重力一阶导数与现今地壳变形格局总体一致,主体构造方向为北北西-近南北向,代表了“新”构造主体构造线的方向;上延至45km后,主体构造上转变为以近东西向为主。     

丽江—小金河断裂南段全新世古地震研究

丽江-小金河断裂是川滇菱形块体内部的一条重要活动断裂,它将川滇菱形块体一分为二,成为陆块内一条重要的横向活动构造带。通过地质学和现今地壳形变观测的方法,获得的丽江-小金河断裂活动速率均在3~5mm/a左右,属于活动强烈的活动断裂。并且该区域破坏性地震频发,本文通过古地震探槽的开挖,对丽江-小金河断裂南段的古地震进行分析,并结合历史地震记录,得到了几点认识:①全新世以来,丽江-小金河断裂南段发生了至少三次古地震事件,分别发生在6540±100 cal yr BP至5420±160 cal yr BP之间、2770±40 cal yr BP至770±100 cal yr BP之间,以及最新地震时间晚于770±100 cal yr BP。②探槽揭露的最新一次古地震事件很可能为历史地震记录的1751年5月25日剑川63/4级地震。     

丽江—小金河断裂南段全新世古地震研究

丽江-小金河断裂是川滇菱形块体内部的一条重要活动断裂,它将川滇菱形块体一分为二,成为陆块内一条重要的横向活动构造带。通过地质学和现今地壳形变观测的方法,获得的丽江-小金河断裂活动速率均在3~5mm/a左右,属于活动强烈的活动断裂。并且该区域破坏性地震频发,本文通过古地震探槽的开挖,对丽江-小金河断裂南段的古地震进行分析,并结合历史地震记录,得到了几点认识:①全新世以来,丽江-小金河断裂南段发生了至少三次古地震事件,分别发生在6540±100 cal yr BP至5420±160 cal yr BP之间、2770±40 cal yr BP至770±100 cal yr BP之间,以及最新地震时间晚于770±100 cal yr BP。②探槽揭露的最新一次古地震事件很可能为历史地震记录的1751年5月25日剑川63/4级地震。     

虎跳峡地区新生代以来应力场演化及断裂新活动性探讨

本文通过对虎跳峡地区的实地调查、区域地质图的详判、断层擦痕矢量解和震源机制解等综合分析,探讨了研究区新生代以来区域构造应力场的演化,并对研究区的主要断裂活动性进行了分析。研究结果表明,新生代以来区域应力场的演化次序为早第三纪东西向、中新世近南北向、上新世北西向、早更新世北北东向、中更新世早期近东西向以及晚更新世以来北北西向多期应力场;区内北西向中甸—永胜断裂的新活动性强,其次是丽江—小金河断裂,楚波—白汉场断裂活动性较弱。     

攀西层状岩体成因模式

一、攀西层状岩体成因模式(一)元古代晋宁期本区曾发育一个规模巨大的古裂谷.小江断裂至西部与地槽交界处只代表古裂谷的一半.会理群和盐边群都是裂谷沉积,但后者形成较晚,沉积深度较大.推测盐源—丽江拗陷基底可能有更深水的沉积物.小江断裂、安宁河断裂、金河—程海断裂和小金河断裂,都是当时形成的裂谷边界断层.小金河至锦屏山断裂带和     

芦山地震的发生对周围断层影响的数值模拟

芦山地震发生后,地震的发生造成周围断层应力变化值得关注。本文基于川滇地区的三维非线性有限元模型,利用芦山地震同震静态滑移量结果,分析地震的发生对川滇地区主要断裂的同震加卸载效应。初步结果表明,芦山地震的发生造成龙门山断裂中南段、岷江断裂、马尔康断裂、鲜水河断裂北西段、大凉山断裂南段、小江断裂南段不同程度的应力增加。其中龙门山断裂中南段增加最为显著,最大库仑应力增加量达0.035 MPa;岷江断裂次之,最大达0.0075 MPa;马尔康断裂增加量达0.0031 MPa;鲜水河断裂北西段达0.0008 MPa。而从断裂带同震应变积累与释放方面分析的结果同样表明上述四条断裂地震危险性增强。该结果可以为川滇地区地震危险性分析提供一定的参考依据。     

三江东部锡矿带的花岗岩类和锡矿地质特征

三江(怒江、澜沧江、金沙江)锡成矿区系著名的东南亚锡矿带的北延部分。其东带于金沙江东侧的川西—滇西北一带,介于金沙江深断裂与甘孜-理塘深断裂之间;南起小金河-丽江深断裂,经甘孜州西部向北延伸,很可能进入青海玉树地区。南北长约700千米,东西宽80—150千米(图1)。七十年代以来,1:20万区域地质调查发现较好的锡异常和锡矿(化)     

全球应力场与构造分析

介绍了近年来全球构造应力研究方面的一些新进展并以“世界应力图”提供的资料为背景 ,结合一些最新的研究成果 ,阐述了全球构造应力场的分布特征及其与板块构造运动之间的联系。研究结果表明 :(1)全球存在大尺度的统一性构造应力场 ;(2 )全球大多数板块内部地区为挤压应力作用 ,其应力结构多为逆断型、走滑型或逆走滑型 ;(3)大陆板块内部的扩张区大多位于高海拔异常地区 ,其应力结构为正断型或正走滑型 ,如青藏高原、东非裂谷和贝加尔裂谷等 ;(4)全球大部分地区的地壳上部构造应力作用方向较为均一 ,存在区域统一应力场 ;(5 )全球大部分地区的最大水平主应力方向与板块绝对运动 (角速度 )迹线保持较好的一致性 ,反映出构造应力与板块运动的关系密切 ;(6 )板块汇聚、洋脊扩张可能是产生岩石圈上部构造应力的主要力源。     

Tectonic and lithological constraints on the evolution of the Karoo graben of northern Malawi (East Africa)

The results of a lithostratigraphic, tectonic and kinematic study of the Karoo deposits of northern Malawi are reported. The objective of the lithostratigraphic study is to correlate the deposits of the Karoo basins of northern Malawi with the well-known deposits of southern Tanzania, thus establishing a stratigraphic framework through which the timing of faulting can be constrained. The kinematic analysis of faulting constrains the opening direction for the Karoo graben in this area and provides basic data to discuss the Karoo graben development within the regional tectonic framework of south-eastern Africa. The studied adults are defined by moderately to steeply dipping cataclastic zones with a width of up to 15 m and are characterized by an array of slickensided fault surfaces with different orientations and slip directions. In this study, small faults (offset < 10 m) and meso-scale faults (offset > 10 m, but generally not exceeding 30–40 m) have been distinguished. Methods used to analyse the kinematic data include the ‘pressure tension’ (PT) method, which estimates the principal axes for the bulk brittle strain, and the internal rotation axis (IRA) method, which estimates the axis of bulk internal rotation and the overall sense of slip at the faults. A mass balance calculation reveals a volume increase of up to 16% during cataclastic deformation in the fault zones. The PT method shows an approximately east trending extension direction for faults that occur only in the latest Carboniferous (?) and Early Permian strata, whereas the fault kinematics from faults that cut middle Permian to Early Triassic rocks is characterized by a ESE to SE trending extension direction. The small faults yield essentially the same kinematic results as the meso-scale faults. In a transport-parallel cross-sectional view, the principal extension axes are at an acute angle of approximately 60° to the major fault planes. Given the moderate fault density, the relatively high angle between the orientation of the principal extension axis and the fault planes suggest only a moderate amount of horizontal extension across the Karoo graben of northern Malawi. Riedel structures in the fault zones formed within two conjugate sets of localized shear zones; slip on one set was top to the W/NW and, on the other, top to the E/SE. The two conjugate sets of Riedel structures have an acute angle about the regional shortening axes, implying that no pronounced rotation of the strain axes occurred. The internal rotation axes for the Riedel structures reveal a largely bimodal distribution and inferred weakly monoclinic to orthorhombic symmetry. Therefore the overall deformation during Karoo rifting in northern Malawi is interpreted to be close to a coaxial deformation with a limited amount of horizontal extension.[/p]     

GPS results for Macedonia and its importance for the tectonics of the Southern Balkan extensional regime

GPS results from 25 stations in Macedonia measured in 1996 and 2000 show that Macedonia moves SSE relative to Eurasia essentially as a single crustal piece along with parts of westernmost Bulgaria. Geological studies show active N–S normal faults and two NNW-striking right-lateral faults in western Macedonia, and NW-trending left-lateral faults SE Macedonia, with a region in central Macedonia essentially devoid of active faults. Distribution of seismic activity supports the geological studies. However, the GPS results cannot discriminate the active faulting, except perhaps in the northern part of Macedonia in the Skopje and adjacent areas, where active ~NS extension occurs. Slip-rates on the strike-slip faults must be low, in the range of 0–2 mm/year. There is a progressive increase in GPS velocities southward in northern Greece toward the North Anatolian fault zone, across which the velocities increase and change direction dramatically.     

Neogene stress field in the central and eastern parts of the outer Polish Carpathian Foredeep

The Polish Carpathian Foredeep (PCF) is a foreland basin formed during the regional flexure of the East European continental lithosphere related to a continental collision in the Carpathian realm. The infill of the PCF basin consist of the uppermost Lower to the Upper Miocene (Ottnangian-Pannonian) sediments. These are mostly mudstones and clays, more rarely sandstones, limestones and evaporites. Numerous thrusts, strike-slip and normal faults, and even folds exist in the whole PCF. The orientation of these structures is variable but they show the privileged directions. The spatial analysis of structures and their crosscutting relationships, together with published seismic data permit conclude that the regional stress field in studied part of PCF was stable during the whole Neogene time till now. The orientation of the maximum horizontal stress axis was NNE-SSW. The local changes of the stress field orientation were caused by activity of the strike-slip fault in the foredeep basement or even the rotation of the basement blocks. The visible response on the basement activity were mostly outcrop-scale structures, namely the number and variety of structures are increasing in individual outcrop. However, the map-scale structures were also generated, for example so called Ryszkowa Wola Horst, a large pop-up structure.     

云南小江断裂中南段现今活动特征

小江断裂为川滇地块、华南地块的边界断裂,是一条重要活动断裂。本文利用GPS监测结果,综合处理得到了欧亚框架下的运动速度场,并以此为基础,采用刚性假设下最小二乘法,对小江断裂中南各段的运动速度进行计算。计算结果表明:断裂中段东支断裂运动速度为3.37±3.20mm/a,西支断裂为3.29±2.73mm/a;断裂南段为3.63±1.76mm/a。整个断裂表现为左行走滑为主兼有挤压活动的特征。这一结果与大的构造环境一致,表明在印度板块与青藏高原的挤压碰撞下,高原东部川滇地块受华南地块、印支地块的阻挡作用,小江断裂产生逆时针移动,呈左行走滑特征。     

Inversion of fault data with low diversity for stress: Principles and applications

Although a minimum of four independent, single-phase fault data are required to solve for a unique reduced stress tensor, we prove in this paper that a smaller number of fault data are sufficient in some instances to solve for part of the reduced stress tensor. One of the principal stress directions is determinable from either two faults with a common null shear direction on the fault planes or three faults with a common intersection in a principal stress plane of the fault planes. This direction is combined with the fault data to determine the possible ranges of other principal stress directions. Determining whether the direction is for the maximum, intermediate or minimum principal stress depends upon constraints provided by slip tendency or more fault data. This approach can also be applied to a set of four or more fault data with low orientation diversity. This new method is finally applied to two different sets of fault data from along the active Chelungpu fault, western Taiwan. The stress orientations determined from the method lie in acceptable ranges for the maximum/minimum principal stresses using other existing and comparable methods, such as the right dihedra/trihedra methods. They differ moderately in the maximum/minimum principal stress directions when compared to the moment tensor method for fault kinematic analysis. The new method has advantages over the right dihedra/trihedra methods in the accuracy of stress estimate and the independence of stress estimate upon the small number of faults that are not parallel to the dominant fault set(s).     

Paleomagnetic reconstruction of the Cenozoic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean

A total of 113 paleomagnetic sites were sampled along an Anatolian S–N transect from the Arabian platform, the Hatay region, the Eastern Taurides, the Kirsehir block, the Sivas basin and the Eastern Pontides. Reliable characteristic remanent paleomagnetic directions were retrieved from 37 of these sites, spanning in time from Paleocene to Miocene. In a general way, declinations are westerly deviated and inclinations are shallower than the geocentered dipole value at the present latitudes. When combined with previously published results, these data indicate that a large-scale counterclockwise rotation of Anatolia of some 25° has occurred since the Miocene. Assuming that the pole of rotation of Anatolia with respect to Europe has remained constant in time at the location given by MacClusky et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 105 (2000) 5695] on the basis of the geodetic data, this rotation implies that a large westward displacement (500 km at the average latitude of 40°) has taken place. Assuming that the rotation was initiated by the Arabia/Europe collision about 12 Ma ago, this corresponds to an average displacement of about 40 mm/year.Together with previous results from the western part of the Aegean arc, these results indicate that the main trends of the Cenozoic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean appear to consist of two post-early Miocene rotations of opposite senses: a clockwise rotation of the western part of the Aegean [Tectonophysics 146 (1988) 183] around a pole situated in northern Albania, and a counterclockwise rotation around the pole given by McClusky et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 105 (2000) 5695]. Comparison with GPS data suggest that both rotations are still active today.     

Microstructural, chemical and textural records during growth of snowball garnet

The growth history of two populations of snowball garnet from the Lukmanier Pass area (central Swiss Alps) was examined through a detailed analysis of three-dimensional geometry, chemical zoning and crystallographic orientation. The first population, collected in the hinge of a chevron-type fold, shows an apparent rotation of 360°. The first 270° are characterized by spiral-shaped inclusion trails, gradual and concentric Mn zoning and a single crystallographic orientation, whereas in the last 90°, crenulated inclusion trails and secondary Mn maxima centred on distinct crystallographic garnet domains are observed. Microstructural, geochemical and textural data indicate a radical change in growth regime between the two growth sequences. In the first 270°, growth occurred under rotational non-coaxial flow, whereas in the last 90°, garnet grew under a non-rotational shortening regime. The second population, collected in the limb of the same chevron-type fold structure, is characterized by a spiral geometry that does not exceed 270° of apparent rotation. These garnet microstructures do not record any evidence for a modification of the stress field during garnet growth. Concentric Mn zoning as well as a single crystallographic orientation are observed for the entire spiral. Electron backscatter diffraction data indicate that nearly all central domains in the snowball garnet are characterized by one [001] axis oriented (sub-)parallel to the symmetry axis and by another [001] axis oriented (sub-)parallel to the orientation of the internal foliation. These features suggest that the crystallographic orientation across the garnet spiral is not random and that a relation exists among the symmetry axis, the internal foliation and the crystallographic orientation.     

从断层中心论向块体中心论转变--论活动块体在地震活动中的作用

讨论活动块体在地震活动中的作用。板缘地震在空间上呈线性分布,而中国大陆地震在空间上呈片状分布。大陆强震往往涉及两个以上方向断层的活动,且强震往往沿块体边界迁移或在其两侧断层上对迁。一些强震前后由中小地震震源机制解反映的Ｐ轴方向往往发生近９０°的转向,这种现象难以用区域应力方向变化来解释,但可从块体活动角度出发,用块体两个边界断层的先后错动来解释。地震前异常的远程效应、震后烈度异常分布图像以及地震序列特点等也显示了活动块体的作用。不同地区由地震活动性推测的块体活动方式有所差别,其原因可能和区域主压应力轴与块体两个边界断层走向的夹角不同有关。据此认为,在分析中国地震活动时要把视角从以活动断层为中心转变为以活动块体为中心     

山西盆地现今地应力状态与地震危险性分析

在山西盆地南北两端4个地区共计13个深钻孔中进行了水压致裂地应力测量, 获得了现今地应力的大小、方向和分布规律。在盆地北端五台山、雁门关地区400~600 m深度内, 实测最大水平主应力值为8~12 MPa。而南端临汾、运城地区则具有较高的构造应力, 在400~500 m深度内实测最大水平主应力值为20~28 Mpa。地应力“南高北低”比较明显。运用这些实测的地应力资料, 根据库仑摩擦滑动准则, 对研究区内断裂的稳定性进行了力学分析。分析结果表明, 总体来看, 目前五台山、雁门关和临汾地区的水平主应力都未达到断层活动的临界值; 运城地区已接近断层活动临界值的下限, 若计入孔隙压力的影响因素, 运城地区最大水平主应力已达到逆断层活动的临界值。从地应力的角度分析认为该区发生地震的潜在危险性较大, 这一现象值得关注和研究。