洋中脊热液系统中的锇及其同位素

洋中脊热液系统是将相对富集在深部的Os运移到海底表面的重要媒介,同时该过程也是全球Os循环的重要组成部分.在归纳总结洋中脊热液系统各物源组分和产物中Os的化学形态、含量及其同位素组成特征的基础上,探讨了Os在洋中脊热液活动各阶段中的分布演化规律及物源贡献特征.在缺乏沉积物覆盖的洋中脊区域,热液系统中的Os及其同位素组成特征主要受控于海水和不同构造环境下洋壳组分特征的差异以及这两种物源组分混合比例的不同.经历了海底之下的水岩反应后,围岩会将下渗海水中的部分放射性成因Os固定,而将自身富集的非放射性成因Os释放进入热液流体中.堆积在海底之上的各种热液产物中的Os大多来自海水,而海底之下的热液产物则因为海水下渗深度以及海水与热液流体混合程度的差异而体现出宽泛的Os含量和187Os/188Os比值变化范围.      

冲绳海槽Jade热液活动区块状硫化物的铅同位素组成及其地质意义

新测行Ｊａｄｅ热液活动区中５件块状硫化物样品的铅同位素组成,具有较小的变化范围,表现出较均一的铅同位素组成特征。在Ｐｂ－Ｐｂ图解上,块状硫化物的铅同位素数据构成线形排列,与该区沉积物和蚀变火山岩的铅同位素组成一致,而与该区新鲜火山岩相比具较高的放射成因铅,证实了该区海底块状硫化物中的铅是由沉积物长英质火山岩来源铅共同构成的混合铅。不同热液活动区铅同位素组成对比研究表明,地质－构造环境的不同是导致各     

中印度洋脊Edmond热液区黄铁矿-白铁矿的共生演化及指示性

<正>现代海底热液活动及海底"黑烟囱"的形成是海洋科学研究的前沿领域之一[1-2]。现代洋脊区是目前世界海底热水活动和金属硫化物矿床形成最多和最重要的环境[3]。印度洋洋脊区与太平洋,大西洋洋脊区相比,所发现的海底热液活动相对较少,研究程度相对较低[4]。Edmond是中印度洋脊的典型的热液活动区域,在此发现有大量硫化物堆积体和块状硫化物碎块。其中,不同的矿物组合及其演化规律记录了海底热液作用的大量信息。对其进行研究,可反演成矿的物理化学条件和宏观过程,对深刻认识该区成矿物质聚集过     

滇西大平掌铜多金属矿床火山喷流沉积原因

大平掌矿床由上部层状块状硫化物矿体和下部细脉浸染状矿体组成,双层结构清楚。块状矿体中发育典型的草莓状和鲕状硫化物。成矿地质背景和矿石中的金属元素及REE配分形式、S同位素组成、流体包裹体特征等均与黑矿型矿床及现代海底热液活动区硫化物矿床相似。矿床典型的火山喷流沉积成因。     

冲绳海槽中部Jade热液活动区中块状硫化物的稀土元素地球化学特征

用ICP－MS对冲绳海槽Jade热液活动区中6个块状硫化物样品进行了稀土元素分析。除一个样品表现出极微弱的正Eu异常外(δEu=1.09)，其他样品均表现出负Eu异常(δEu=0.58-0.71)和LREE相对富集((La/Yb)N=1.29-47.87)的球粒陨石标准化配分模式。块状硫化物样品之间稀土元素组成的变化是由于热液流体－岩石的相互作用以及海水和热液流体不同程度混合的结果，与深海沉积物，火山岩和海水稀土元素配分模式对比，表明块状硫休物的REE部分来自沉积物和火山岩，海水的混合作用对块状硫化物的REE配分模式具有一定的影响。海底热液硫化物稀土元素组成的变化可以一定程度的反映在出热液流体的演化特征。     

海洋环境中的锇同位素研究现状

由于锇同位素示踪和定年具有较高的灵敏度，能提供其它同位素无法给出的重要信息，在海洋环境中应用具有独特的优越性，因此锇同位素在海洋环境中的的研究和应用引起了人们的广泛关注。近年来，国内外学者对海洋环境中的锇同位素研究取得了较大的成果，主要体现在以下几个方面：①对富钴结壳、海底铁锰结核、富有机质沉积物、富金属碳酸盐和深海远洋粘土中的锇同位素组成进行了较多研究；②对海水中锇的浓度、滞留时间，以及现代海水的锇同位素组成进行了精确测定；③初步建立了过去80Ma以来海水锇同位素组成的演化曲线；④对深海橄榄岩、大洋玄武岩、俯冲带岩石和大洋中脊喷出的热液流体的锇同位素组成进行了研究；⑤探讨了海洋环境中影响海水锇同位素组成变化的制约因素，初步揭示了海洋环境中的锇同位素组成对古海洋、古气候和古地理的指示意义。较系统地总结近年来锇同位素在海洋环境中的研究现状，对于指导以后的研究工作有着重要的意义。     

东天山天宇铜镍硫化物矿床磁黄铁矿Re-Os同位素物质来源示踪

天宇岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的矿体由浸染状矿体和块状矿体组成。采用同位素稀释Triton-plus测定了浸染状矿石和块状矿石的磁黄铁矿Re-Os同位素比值。结果表明:浸染状矿石w(Re)为11.82×10~(-9)~45.28×10~(-9),w(Os)为0.944×10~(-9)~8.528×10~(-9),187Os/188Os初始比值为0.885~2.332,γOs为607~1763;块状矿石w(Re)为49.38×10~(-9)~315.10×10~(-9),w(Os)为0.191×10~(-9)~42.420×10~(-9),187Os/188Os初始比值为0.654~3.322,γOs为423~2555。Re、Os含量、同位素组成和特征值表明,该矿床物质为壳-幔混合来源,块状矿石可能比浸染状矿石经历了更强的地壳物质混染。浸染状矿体发育透闪石化、蛇纹石化、绿泥石化蚀变,表明存在岩浆期后热液活动,但块状矿体热液蚀变不明显,块状矿石的Re-Os同位素特征可能是与地壳岩石直接作用的结果。地壳混染作用发生在深部岩浆房,同时也发生在岩浆侵位及再次迁移过程中,这些过程造成块状矿体与浸染状矿体不同的同位素特征。     

现代海底热液成矿作用

从现代块状硫化物矿床成矿特征对比角度,总结分析了世界现代海底喷流的块状硫化物成矿堆积,综述了现代海底块状硫化物成矿主要形成于洋壳和岛弧环境的实际观察结果,突出强调了洋壳环境和岛弧或陆壳环境两种成矿环境对成矿类型分类的意义。对上地幔部分熔融岩浆来源与地壳物质可能带人、火山喷发岩浆系列的演化和对热液成矿作用的控制进行了讨论,对比分析了岩浆流体对成矿的重要贡献和控制作用,以及成矿热液循环体系形成的条件和模式。     

四川省会理县青矿山Ni-Cu-PGE矿床成因机制的Re-Os同位素证据

青矿山Ni-Cu-PGE矿床位于四川会理县小关河地区,是峨眉山大火成岩省中典型含铂岩浆硫化物矿床之一。本文对该矿床开展了Re-Os同位素组成的分析研究。分析结果表明,不同类型岩矿石的初始Os同位素组成具有明显的不均一性,主要区分出三种不同Os同位素组成的岩矿石类型:不含硫化物的橄辉岩具低γOs,变化范围从15.3到40.3;致密块状和浸染状硫化物矿石相近,γOs值在260左右;海绵陨铁状矿石具有最高的放射性Os同位素组成,γOs值在1000左右。分析认为,青矿山Ni-Cu-PGE矿床是多级岩浆房演化的结果,原始岩浆具有苦橄质岩浆的性质,成矿岩体中不含硫化物的橄辉岩具有低的放射性Os同位素组成,其母岩浆不是矿石硫化物的直接母体;致密块状和浸染状硫化物矿石与海绵陨铁状矿石也具有不同的放射性Os同位素组成,是成矿岩浆演化过程中不同期次岩浆硫化物熔离形成的。模式分析认为:(1)原始岩浆在深部岩浆房受到下地壳混染(约1.8%),造成少量Cu、Ni及PGE元素进入熔离硫化物形成PGE适度亏损的成矿母岩浆;(2)海绵陨铁状矿石硫化物是PGE适度亏损的成矿母岩浆受下地壳二次混染形成的具有很高放射性Os同位素组成的岩浆(γOs_(t=260Ma)高达1000)经二次硫化物熔离(R≈1000)所形成;(3)PGE适度亏损的成矿母岩浆受上地壳二次混染(约6.7%),形成具有较高放射性Os同位素组成的岩浆(γOs_(t=260Ma)在260左右)并发生二次硫化物熔离(R≈5000),部分熔离硫化物积聚成矿浆形成块状硫化物矿石,未得到充分积聚的熔离硫化物形成浸染状硫化物矿石。Os同位素组成的不均一性表明青矿山Ni-Cu-PGE矿床为岩浆通道系统成矿,是多级岩浆房演化过程中不同期次含矿岩浆在岩浆通道系统中复合的结果。     

现代与古代海底热液成矿作用研究进展

海底热液成矿是近年来地质学家关注的热点问题。现代海底热液成矿作用的研究推动了古块状硫化物矿床成矿过程的认识。结合现今研究成果综合分析表明:海底热液成矿作用主要分布在张性活动板块边界,与大地构造活动紧密相连;成矿金属物质来源具有多元性,金属矿化的类型受基底类型(洋壳-陆壳)和岩性组合(基性岩石-中酸性岩石)的控制,岩浆来源的物质也可能对一些块状硫化物矿床有贡献;主导海底热液成矿作用的核心为对流热循环系统,对流循环具有单循环和双扩散对流模式;海底块状硫化物的堆积过程是烟囱的生长、倒塌堆积和热液流体充填与交代的过程,成矿热液流体的温度和密度在这个过程中起关键作用。基于海底热水矿床的重要性,建立完整的热水喷流成矿理论意义重大。     

现代海底热液成矿作用研究现状及发展方向

现代海底热水成矿作用研究的重大进展表现在两个方面：（１）大批活动的和窒息的热液活动区和硫化物矿床在洋脊、岛弧、弧后盆地及板内火山活动中心等海底环境相继发现。在沉积物饥饿洋脊，矿床规模较小，Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ为主，沉积物覆盖洋脊，矿床规模巨大，Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ为主。弧后扩张或弧间裂陷盆地，形成Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ→Ｚｎ－Ｐｂ－Ｃｕ→Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ矿床谱系。岛弧环境硫化物矿床不具规模，板内火山活动中心以氧化物－硫化物矿化为特色。（２）现代海底热水成矿作用观察和研究为古代ＶＭＳ矿床成因研究提供了重要信息，对现有成矿理论产生重要影响。现代成矿观念强调：①海底成矿作用虽可产生于不同环境，但均与张裂断陷事件密切相关。矿床规模和分布特点受张裂速率制约；②成矿物质主体来源于热水循环的火山－沉积岩和下伏基底物质；③硫化物堆积发生于丘堤－烟囱联合构成的机构和结壳下部，通过开放空间的硫化物充填和先成矿石淋滤迁移来实现。④热液流体呈双扩散对流循环。现代海底热水成矿作用的未来研究方向可概括为强度方向和广度方向。广度研究将加大力度去发现新的矿床，强度研究将采用地球物理方法并配以必要的钻探，深入揭示矿床的三维结构和热液体系及成矿机制。     

Depositional Age of a Fossil Whale Bone from São Paulo Ridge,South Atlantic Ocean,Based on Os Isotope Stratigraphy of a Ferromanganese Crust

Whale carcasses (whale falls) deposited on the deep seafloor are associated with a distinctive biotic community. A fossil whale bone recovered from São Paulo Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean, during cruise YK13–04 Leg 1 of R/V Yokosuka was covered by a ferromanganese (Fe–Mn) crust approximately 9 mm thick. Here, we report an age constraint for this fossil bone on the basis of Os isotopic stratigraphy (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio) of the Fe–Mn crust. Major‐ and trace‐element compositions of the crust are similar to those of Fe–Mn crusts of predominantly hydrogenous origin. Rare earth element concentrations in samples of the crust, normalized with respect to Post‐Archean average Australian Shale, exhibit flat patterns with positive Ce and negative Y anomalies. These results indicate that the Fe–Mn crust consists predominantly of hydrogenous components and that it preserves the Os isotope composition of seawater at the time of its deposition. ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios of three Fe–Mn crust samples increased from 0.904 to 1.068 in ascending stratigraphic order. The value of 1.068 from the surface slice (0–3 mm depth in the crust) was identical to that of present‐day seawater within error (~1.06). The value of 0.904 from the basal slice (6–9 mm) equaled seawater values from ca. 4–5 Ma. Because it is unknown how long the bone lay on the seafloor before the Fe–Mn crust was deposited, the Os stratigraphic age of ca. 5 Ma is a minimum age of the fossil. This is the first application, to our knowledge, of marine Os isotope stratigraphy for determining the age of a fossil whale bone. Such data may offer valuable insights into the evolution of the whale‐fall biotic community.     

Re-Os Dating of Sulfides from the Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit at Gacun, Southwestern China

Abstract. The Re-Os isotopic compositions of sulfide ores were analyzed for the Gacun, a volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit in southwestern China, to constrain the timing of mineralization. Sulfide ores from the deposit have a wide range of Re and Os concentrations, varying from 80.2 to 1543.2 ppb and from 0.307 to 8.83 ppb, respectively, and yielded a limited field of high ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os and high ¹⁸⁷Os/188Os ratios, ranging from 1452 to 3309 and from 5.77 to 13.24, respectively. All sulfide samples yielded an isochron with an age of 217±28 Ma and an initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio of around 0.52±0.73. The Re-Os isochron age agrees with ages previously constrained by the other isotopic dating of the host rocks and fossil strata for the deposit. The rhythmic variation in ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os and ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os ratios within massive sulfide zone records a complicated process for ore-forming fluids episodically vented into the brine pool on the Mesozoic seafloor.     

苏皖地区幔源橄榄岩捕瞄虏体的锇同位素组成、模式年龄及其意义

苏皖地区发育的新生代玄武岩中富含地幔橄榄岩捕虏体，测定了25个橄榄岩全岩的锇同位素组成。结果表明大部分样品呈亏损特征,187Os/188Os=0.119～0.129.Os同位素比值与主量成分之间有显著的相关性.采用187Os/188Os-Al2O3代用等时线方法,由截距得到初始值(187Os/188Os)0=0.109,在对流地幔的187Os/188Os比值演化线上获得模式年龄t=2.5(±0.1)Ga,为晚太古-早元古代。用样品组中最低的锇同位素组成,即187Os/188Os=0.119,计算Re亏损模式年龄,t=1.2Ga,为中元古代。表明苏皖地区新生代玄武岩中的地幔橄榄岩捕虏体具有古老的形成年龄,它们是经过显生宙减薄作用后的残余地幔的碎片。大陆岩石圈地幔的古老形成年龄与上覆地壳克拉通的古老稳定年龄相耦合。     

东天山梅岭铜矿床黄铁矿Re-Os等时线年龄:Os同位素不均一的结果

金属硫化物Re-Os等时线年龄的合理解释是揭示金属矿床成矿时代的关键.通过对新疆东天山梅岭铜矿床开展Re-Os同位素定年研究,结果表明浸染状和脉状矿石中黄铁矿样品在Os浓度和Os同位素比值方面都有很大的变化,这两类样品定义了很好的Re-Os等时线年龄,分别为523±59 Ma和707±99 Ma.由于得到的等时线年龄明显老于它们的实际地质成矿年龄,且187Os/188Os与普通Os的倒数（以1/192Os为例）之间存在着很好的相关性（R2分别为0.997 3和0.994 5）,因此这些样品存在着初始Os同位素组成不均一的现象,这些Re-Os等时线是混合等时线,没有地质意义.理论和数学公式推导显示观测到的Re-Os等时相关性是在形成时期没有达到完全的同位素平衡的二元混合的结果,这种同位素扩散不平衡产生的原因主要是在矿床形成时期Os同位素在金属硫化物与硅酸盐矿物之间的同位素扩散存在限制性.回归得到的Os的初始值更偏向于地壳值,表明矿床形成时期的地壳混染可能造成金属硫化物体系中的这种初始Os同位素不均一.因此,将Re-Os同位素体系应用于金属硫化物样品定年时,187Os/188Os与1/192Os之间是否存在相关关系可以作为Re-Os等时线年龄是否具有地质意义的判断标准.      

Sources of osmium to the modern oceans: new evidence from the Pt-Os system

High precision Os isotope analysis of young marine manganese nodules indicate that whereas the composition of modern seawater is radiogenic with respect to ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os, it has ¹⁸⁶Os/¹⁸⁸Os that is within uncertainty of the chondritic value. Marine Mn nodule compositions thus indicate that the average continental source of Os to modern seawater had long-term high Re/Os compared to Pt/Os. Analyses of loess and freshwater Mn nodules support existing evidence that average upper continental crust (UCC) has resolvably suprachondritic ¹⁸⁶Os/¹⁸⁸Os, as well as radiogenic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os. Modeling the composition of seawater as a two-component mixture of oceanic/cosmic Os with chondritic Os compositions and continentally-derived Os demonstrates that, insofar as estimates for the composition of average UCC are accurate, congruently weathered average UCC cannot be the sole continental source of Os to seawater. Our analysis of four Cambrian black shales confirm that organic-rich sediments can have ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios that are much higher than average UCC, but ¹⁸⁶Os/¹⁸⁸Os compositions that are generally between those of chondrites and average-UCC. Preferential weathering of black shales can result in dissolved Os discharged to the ocean basins that has a much lower ¹⁸⁶Os/¹⁸⁸Os than does average upper crust. Modeling the available data demonstrates that augmentation of estimated average UCC compositions with less than 0.1% additional black shale and 1.4% additional ultramafic rock can produce a continental end-member Os isotopic composition that satisfies the requirements imposed by the marine Mn nodule data. The interplay of these two sources provides a mechanism by which the ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os of seawater can change as sources and weathering conditions change, yet seawater ¹⁸⁶Os/¹⁸⁸Os varies only minimally.     

PGE and Os-isotopic variations in lavas from Kohala Volcano, Hawaii: Constraints on PGE behavior and melt/crust interaction

We have examined Re, Platinum-Group Element (PGE) and Os-isotope variations in suites of variably fractionated lavas from Kohala Volcano, Hawaii, in order to evaluate the effects of melt/crust interaction on the mantle isotopic signature of these lavas. This study reveals that the behavior of Os and other PGEs changes during magma differentiation. The concentrations of all PGEs strongly decrease with increasing fractionation for melts with MgO < 8 wt.%. Fractionation trends indicate significantly higher bulk partition coefficients for PGEs in lavas with less than 8 wt.% MgO (D_PGE = 35–60) when compared to values for more primitive lavas with MgO > 8 wt.% (D_PGE ≤ 6). This sudden change in PGE behavior most likely reflects the onset of sulfur saturation and sulfide fractionation in Hawaiian magmas at about 8 wt.% MgO.

The Os-rich primitive lavas (≥ 8 wt.% MgO, > 0.1 ppb Os) display a narrow range of ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os values (0.130–0.133), which are similar to values in high-MgO lavas from Mauna Kea and Haleakala Volcanoes and likely represent the mantle signature of Kohala lavas. However, Os-isotopic ratios become more radiogenic with decreasing MgO and Os content in evolved lavas, ranging from 0.130 to 0.196 in the shield-stage Pololu basalts and from 0.131 to 0.223 in the post-shield Hawi lavas. This reflects assimilation of local oceanic crust material during fractional crystallization of the magma at shallow level (AFC processes). AFC modeling suggests that assimilation of up to 10% upper oceanic crust could produce the most radiogenic Os-isotope ratios recorded in the Pololu lavas. This amount of upper crust assimilation has a negligible effect on the Sr and Nd-isotopic compositions of Kohala lavas. Thus, these isotopic compositions likely represent the composition of the mantle source of Kohala lavas.