铜陵矿集区深部找矿工作的一些思考

铜陵矿集区深部结构特征为该区大规模成岩成矿作用奠定了良好的基础,浅表已发现的矿床只是矿集区成矿系统的一部分。除此之外,深部还应有多个可以找寻的矿床(矿体)的富集空间。与成矿相关的花岗岩研究表明,铜陵矿集区可能存在与宁芜火山盆地同期的成岩成矿作用,是铜陵矿集区找矿的新方向。铜陵矿集区奥陶系灰岩中铜金矿化作用的初步研究表明,除传统矿床类型外,前泥盆纪地层中的成矿作用应该在今后的找矿工作中得到关注。覆盖区成矿预测初步研究表明,铜陵矿集区向斜核部及褶皱倾伏端等地段具有与已知典型矿床相似的成矿条件。铜陵矿集区的进一步找矿工作应该在上述地段运用矿田构造系统分析、深部地球物理探测和工程验证等方法逐步展开。     

新疆哈图-包古图金铜矿集区锆石年龄及成矿特点

晚古生代,新疆西准噶尔地区发生了强烈的构造-岩浆活动和广泛的金、铜成矿作用,形成了哈图-包古图大型金铜矿集区。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测量表明,含矿闪长岩体形成于312.3±2.2Ma～332.0±2.8Ma,矿集区岩浆活动及其成矿作用发生在石炭纪。哈图-包古图矿集区成矿作用有4个显著特点:(1)地幔流体活动强烈;(2)构造应力转化快速;(3)拉斑系列和钙碱性系列岩浆成矿;(4)多种矿化类型集中发育等。哈图-包古图矿集区发育石英脉型-蚀变岩型金矿床、斑岩型铜矿床和同期的石英脉型-蚀变岩型金矿床以及热液脉型铜金矿床的成矿系列。     

胶西北金矿集区成矿作用发生的地质背景

通过矿集区赋存的地质背景 ,包括区域重大地质事件、壳幔结构、深断裂及浅层断裂系的导流性、区域流体活动、地层建造及岩浆侵入事件等研究 ,建立了矿集区形成与演化框架 ,并提出了形成的必备因素。成矿诸因素间彼此关联、耦合为大型矿集区的形成提供了必备而优越的条件。地质演化历史中构造体制转换事件是大规模成矿作用发生的基础 ,其引起的区域壳幔物质交换、岩浆活动等系列事件及耦合作用为区域成矿作用提供了充足成矿物质、良好导流网络、丰富成矿流体、持续成矿能量等必备条件 ,最终导致矿集区的形成。     

华南燕山期大规模铜成矿作用的成矿模式及找矿方向

华南地区是中国最重要的金属矿产资源聚集区，其燕山期大规模成矿作用尤其引人注目。文章围绕华南燕山期大规模铜成矿作用，系统收集了该区内30余个主要矿床的地质和同位素年代学资料，初步总结了华南燕山期铜矿床的主要类型和时空分布特征。统计结果表明，斑岩型和浅成低温热液型矿床是华南燕山期最重要的铜成矿类型。对此，文章结合华南地区近年来铜及相关金、钼等金属的最新找矿勘查进展和矿床成因机制研究成果，分别以德兴矿集区、德化矿集区、紫金山矿集区和治岭头矿集区为例，提出了华南燕山期斑岩-浅成低温热液铜多金属成矿系统的几种成矿模式和找矿方向。     

矿集区找矿预测研究——以辽东青城子铅锌-金-银矿集区为例

矿集区找矿预测有着不同于典型矿床和区域性成矿预测的规律和特点,是在厘定区内主要类型矿床的成因类型基础上,以"三位一体"(即成矿地质作用与成矿地质体、成矿构造与成矿结构面、成矿作用特征标志)和成矿系统为主要内容开展工作。文章以辽宁青城子铅锌-金-银矿集区为例,系统总结了矿集区的矿床类型、岩浆-成矿系统、"三位一体"找矿预测要素等关键科学问题。青城子矿集区是中国重要的铅锌-金-银矿集区,由于多年的开采,青城子等矿山濒临危机,如何取得该地区找矿突破,是一个亟待解决的问题。对前人研究成果分析表明,该矿集区内铅锌矿床和金、银矿床的成因类型可能均属于岩浆热液型,而非元古代喷流沉积型,矿床的"层控"现象实为特定岩性界面控制的有利成矿结构面;成矿作用主要与印支期花岗斑岩有关,铅锌矿和金、银矿可能是同一岩浆系统演化的产物。在未来的找矿预测中,应重点开展以下5方面工作:(1)查明矿床的具体成矿地质体;(2)进一步提炼成矿期构造控矿规律和成矿结构面样式;(3)凝练有效的成矿作用特征标志,重点是与成矿有关的远程蚀变标志;(4)构建和完善矿集区中生代岩浆-成矿系统,并注意新矿种、新矿床类型的寻找;(5)探索研究矿集区的自然边界,扩大找矿范围和深度。     

豫西矿集区成矿系统初步研究

豫西矿集区以矿产种类多,规模大,分布密集为主要特征;可分为斑岩热液成矿系统、脉状钼矿成矿系统、火山热液成矿系统、浅成热液成矿系统、叠加改造成矿系统和陆相砂岩成矿系统六种。成矿系统时间结构显示,矿集区内存在元古代、印支、燕山期成矿作用,后期的成矿作用叠加到前期的成矿作用之上,形成叠加改造型矿床;成矿空间结构体现出受地幔亚热柱构造、地球化学块体和热点严格控制,各成矿系统的物质结构复杂,彼此显示出相似性、同源性,矿石矿物种类多,共(伴)生元素多样。豫西矿集区是在豫西地壳剧烈的、多期次的演化过程中形成的,成矿系统的时空结构与区域地壳演化历史十分吻合,其成矿机制上具有内在的密切联系。     

云南兰坪矿集区成矿系列及成矿规律

兰坪矿集区是西南三江成矿带的重要组成部分,已发现有大型-超大型铅锌多金属矿床,找矿潜力巨大。文章在分析兰坪矿集区典型矿床特征的基础上,依据构造旋回、含矿建造、成矿时代、成矿作用,将兰坪矿集区中的矿床划分为2个成矿系列、5个成矿亚系列,并对成矿系列的时空分布特征、成矿规律进行了论述,其中燕山期与晚三叠世海相沉积作用有关的铅锌矿床和喜玛拉雅期与沉积、填充交代作用有关的铅锌银铜钴多金属矿床是兰坪矿集区的主要成矿类型。     

铀矿大型矿集区与成矿作用

大型矿集区的形成，是在地质历史演化进程中，多矿种大矿量超常聚集的结果。不同的矿集区有不同的典型矿种和典型矿床。本文仅以铀矿为例，在世界范围内厘定出14个铀矿大区矿集区。本文研究铀矿大型矿集区时空分布规律与地球动力学演化的关系，在此基础上探讨了铀矿大型矿集区元素超常聚集规律，提出多矿种“点区超常聚集”和“短时限爆发成矿”特征。本文按照“源、运、积”3个环节，探讨铀矿大型矿集区的成矿作用，其中有关深源成矿、特殊碱质流体的水岩反应以及元素沉积环境的研究，为建立铀矿大型矿集区的找矿模式奠定基础。     

构造演化对嫩江多宝山矿集区的叠加与改造作用初探

多宝山矿集区位于早古生代多宝山岛弧带上,地处兴安地块东缘,是我国东北部重要的金、铜多金属矿产地之一。在调查区域成矿背景、收集和分析矿集区矿床同位素测年数据、典型矿床研究的基础上,总结了多宝山、铜山、争光等矿床在成矿构造地质、矿石组构、元素组合和成矿期次等方面表现出的多期改造与叠加成矿的特征,认为叠加改造是多宝山矿集区重要的成矿作用。斑岩型多宝山铜(钼)矿床、铜山铜矿床及浅成低温热液争光金矿床主要形成于加里东期,印支期及燕山期成矿作用在矿集区形成小多宝山、三矿沟等小型矽卡岩矿床的同时,并对多宝山、铜山及争光矿床进行叠加改造。初步探讨了区域构造演化及体制转换与叠加改造成矿的关系:加里东期成矿作用形成于古亚洲洋的俯冲碰撞形成的岛弧环境;印支期成矿作用与蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋俯冲、消减有关;燕山期成矿作用是在古太平洋板块的俯冲作用下形成的。     

胶东西北部金热液成矿系统内部结构解析

成矿系统研究可划分为系统外部环境与内部结构2个方面, 外部环境分析立足于代表性成矿带———矿集区宏观地质背景的深入解剖, 着重揭示地球圈层的内部结构和构造体制转换-岩浆活动-流体汇集多种事件的耦合作用对成矿单元内部成矿流体活动与大规模成矿事件启动机制.内部结构研究主要通过矿田-矿床-矿体等多个尺度构造-流体-成矿作用的解析, 解剖矿体-矿化网络的时空结构, 查明成矿流体物理输运机理及元素的富集-输运-沉淀过程.以胶西北矿集区为例, 从分析系统内部结构的视角出发, 力图查明系统外部地质背景对矿集区内部成矿作用的影响, 并建立成矿系统内部各成矿要素(成矿产物、成矿过程等) 的内在联系; 作为成矿学研究思路的一种新的尝试, 深化区域成矿作用认识有一定推动作用.研究发现, 区域构造体制转换所引发的胶西北矿集区应力-应变场性质转变不但启动了区域成矿活动, 成矿活动在由压剪向张剪过渡的时空界面发生; 而且还造就了复杂多变的控矿构造形迹, 由于空间构造形迹及力学性质的差异, 导致了区域成矿的多样性.应力-应变场性质的变化引起流体各项物理化学参数发生了突变, 并引发成矿物质的富集沉淀, 成矿过程中流体一则由氧化状态向还原状态稳定过渡; 而不同构造形迹控制下的流体运移方式差异则是导致成矿多样性的内因; 成矿过程具复杂性, 其主要表现为矿体金品位和厚度的空间分布多重分形特征、蚀变分带的自相似性、成矿作用的突发性及成矿产物的多样性.      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.