数字滑坡技术及其典型应用

为了改变传统滑坡遥感技术方法效率低、调查精度难以提高的状况,经多年实践与探索,笔者于 1999 年提出了“数字滑坡”概念。该概念使传统的“地学滑坡”拓展为能以数字形式表达的,具有三维空间、“多维”时间信息的,由“多元”要素组成的“数字滑坡”。数字滑坡技术系统由滑坡解译基础技术、遥感识辨滑坡技术、滑坡数据库及滑坡模型4部分构成。多年来,数字滑坡技术已成功应用于我国大型水电站建设、山区交通线建设、区域开发环境治理以及抗震减灾等领域,也用于大规模个体滑坡调查研究,并取得了显著的经济和社会效益,有效服务于国家防灾减灾战略。该文主要以西藏帕里河及川东天台乡2个典型滑坡调查为例,阐述数字滑坡技术的创新应用。     

基于数字滑坡技术的暴雨滑坡、泥石流预警、监测模型研究

中国学者在暴雨滑坡、泥石流预测预报研究领域取得的成果为采用数字滑坡技术进行暴雨滑坡、泥石流预警、监测模型研究提供了宝贵的基础,应用数字滑坡技术建立暴雨滑坡、泥石流预测模型的原则是：（1）必须在滑坡、泥石流形成条件理论指导下;（2）应了解研究区地质环境及滑坡、泥石流特征;（3）就基于数字滑坡技术而言,只能选取遥感方法可能...     

大型个体滑坡遥感调查

个体滑坡遥感调查是“数字滑坡”技术的一部分，其需要有更高地面分辨率的图像并与中等分辨率图像相结合，需精确的空间定位及与GIS技术相结合，以易贡滑坡及天台乡滑坡遥感调查为例说明其应用。采用RS＋GIS技术对易贡滑坡形态结构进行的最新研究证明高速滑体是飞行越过峡谷并在沟口碰撞解体后转变为碎屑流的，首次揭示了高速碎屑流的堆积结构，并由滑前块体及碎屑流堆积体计算证明了两者的转换关系。在天台乡滑坡遥感调查中提出了“滑坡特征点”法。由滑坡特征点的分析确定了滑坡边界及影响范围；计算了滑坡各部分的滑动距离、滑动方向和滑坡速度，滑坡规模。分析研究认为在2004年9月5日滑坡前，天台乡义和村总体上为一稳定斜坡，2003年开挖的新公路是该滑坡的潜在诱发因素。2004年9月3—5日的连续强降雨直接触发滑坡发生。     

地统计分析在滑坡遥感监测中的研究进展

滑坡监测的常规技术方法有多种,如大地精密测量法、近景摄影测量法等,但这些技术往往会受到气候与地形的限制,实施困难较大。而遥感技术可以克服观测条件的限制,并可针对滑坡不同阶段实行监测。此外,地统计分析方法可充分利用遥感数据本身具有的空间相关性,可以提高影像信息提取的准确性。因此,结合遥感与地统计方法进行滑坡监测具有广阔的应用前景。     

滑坡监测的指标体系与技术方法

滑坡监测目的:了解和掌握滑坡体的演变过程,及时捕捉崩滑灾害的特征信息,为崩塌滑坡的正确分析、评价、预测、预报及治理工程等提供可靠资料和科学依据。滑坡监测指标包括地质宏观形迹监测、地面位移监测、深部位移监测、诱发因素监测、水压力监测和滑坡地球物理、地球化学场监测等。滑坡监测技术方法通常有地面宏观形迹的简易观测、地面仪器监测、空间遥测和遥感监测、综合的实时监测预报系统等。论文还介绍了宝塔滑坡监测系统实例。      

遥感在滑坡灾害研究中的应用进展

在对常用的光学遥感卫星影像、InSAR,LiDAR等遥感技术方法介绍的基础上,综述了这些方法在滑坡研究中的最新应用进展,从滑坡风险评估中的基础地形数据获取、滑坡编录与制图、监测、滑坡因素制图、承灾体制图等5个方面阐述遥感技术在滑坡风险中的支撑技术作用与应用前景。从遥感影像在滑坡风险评估中的作用、解译能力、影响解译的因素、精度评价和遥感数据源选择等角度阐述了常用遥感技术在滑坡风险评估应用中存在的问题,认为: ① 遥感技术在滑坡风险评估中的主要作用为数据、信息的获取与更新;② 滑坡的遥感影像解译能力取决于影像空间分辨率与待识别滑坡大小的相对关系,影像的时间分辨率、滑坡与其周边环境的对比度、立体影像的获取能力是利用遥感影像开展滑坡探测、识别与制图的关键要素;解译方法和解译员的专业素质是滑坡遥感解译的重要影响因素;③ 遥感影像与GIS空间分析、3D可视化的综合可有效增强滑坡识别与制图的效率和精度;④ 对于遥感解译滑坡的精度评价应针对具体影像的可解译性从有效解译,错误解译和遗漏解译三个方面予以客观评价;⑤ 滑坡风险评估应针对具体应用,从成本效益比的角度,本着“够用为止”原则合理选用遥感数据源。     

国外基于遥感的滑坡灾害研究方法进展

滑坡是世界上最严重的自然灾害之一,遥感技术可用于滑坡的识别、填图、监测和评价。与实地调查方法相比,遥感可以快速获取大区域数据,减少野外工作量和成本。因此,它能更经济地了解较大范围的滑坡分布,评估滑坡灾情。目前,国外在滑坡调查中使用遥感技术的新进展主要有：利用合成孔径雷达、高空间分辨率的便携式无人机、多时相遥感数据、面向对象的图像处理方法等。通过对这些新方法及其实例介绍,分析这些滑坡调查新方法的进展以及未来发展方向。     

基于数字滑坡技术的三峡新滩滑坡研究

以6.12新滩滑坡前后的航摄图像及数字地形为信息源,采用数字滑坡技术,以更广阔的时空视野,更准确的地理配准及更直观清晰的表达方式,从切层滑坡类型之一的角度,再次宏观分析6.12新滩滑坡活动特征,指出该滑坡是分段分区活动的,各区段的规模、活动方式、方向各不相同,且分区段多级驱动;基岩裂隙对滑坡有一定的控制作用,姜家坡—新滩斜坡滑坡活动将持续间断地发生,难以完全停止。基于数字滑坡技术早期识别该类滑坡的关键工作方法除了详细调查滑坡所处地质环境外,主要是监测斜坡活动,主要监测内容有:① 主要滑坡物质来源的崩塌活动及其下堆积的变化,确定滑前崩塌堆积的预警（最大）面积;② 监测各段各区块活动,特别是驱动区块的活动;③ 监测堆积坡上显示的基岩裂隙变化。由于斜坡的地质与地形条件,建议进行长期连续性的监测。     

多时相数字孪生滑坡变形监测方法与应用研究——以金沙江白格滑坡为例

高位隐蔽滑坡因为难到达、难识别、难监测,致使成灾表现具有极强的突发性和破坏性。针对传统人工地面调查和地面布设监测设备存在危险系数高、工作效率低、设备易损坏和离线误报率高等问题,提出基于无人机倾斜摄影测量技术构建高位隐蔽滑坡数字孪生体的方法,通过信息化、数字化手段对地质灾害变形特征及时空演化规律进行监测分析。以西藏金沙江白格滑坡为研究对象,利用无人机倾斜摄影测量技术获取2019年4月—2021年9月共计10期次航测数据,融合多源数据构建了多时相数字孪生滑坡体,通过多期孪生滑坡体实现对白格滑坡整体滑移、局部微变形、滑塌体积等多维要素的高精度定量分析,并及时应用于白格滑坡时空演化分析和监测预警中。研究表明：白格滑坡在2019—2021年监测期内存在持续变形迹象,强变形主要位于滑坡两侧及后缘,渐有扩大趋势,存在垮塌堵江风险。运用多时相数字孪生滑坡变形监测手段实现对地质灾害定性-定量化特征描述与风险评估,具有快速灵活、覆盖全面、不受复杂艰险地形条件限制等优势,可为高位隐蔽滑坡等斜坡灾害大梯度形变监测提供工程实践参考。     

滑坡崩塌泥石流灾害详细调查规范研究

文章提出了滑坡崩塌泥石流灾害详细调查的基本原则,即区域展开、重点突破,突出重点、兼顾一般,调查区分级,充分利用新技术新方法,调查与科研相结合等。滑坡崩塌泥石流灾害详细调查具有强化形成条件和机理研究、多种调查方法结合、成果图件规范化和实用化等特点,可划分为遥感调查、地面调查、工程地质测绘和勘查四个层次,并指出遥感调查、地面调查、工程地质测绘勘查、地球物理勘探、野外和室内试验、长观动态监测等是其主要技术手段和方法。     

Landslide Research at the British Geological Survey:Capture,Storage and Interpretation on a National and Site-Specific Scale

Abstract: Landslide research at the British Geological Survey (BGS) is carried out through a number of activities, including surveying, database development and real-time monitoring of landslides. Landslide mapping across the UK has been carried out since BGS started geological mapping in 1835. Today, BGS geologists use a combination of remote sensing and ground-based investigations to survey landslides. The development of waterproof tablet computers (BGS·SIGMAmobile), with inbuilt GPS and GIS for field data capture provides an accurate and rapid mapping methodology for field surveys. Regional and national mapping of landslides is carried out in conjunction with site-specific monitoring, using terrestrial LiDAR and differential GPS technologies, which BGS has successfully developed for this application. In addition to surface monitoring, BGS is currently developing geophysical ground-imaging systems for landslide monitoring, which provide real-time information on subsurface changes prior to failure events. BGS’s mapping and monitoring activities directly feed into the BGS National Landslide Database, the most extensive source of information on landslides in Great Britain. It currently holds over 14?000 records of landslide events. By combining BGS’s corporate datasets with expert knowledge, BGS has developed a landslide hazard assessment tool, GeoSure, which provides information on the relative landslide hazard susceptibility at national scale.     

西藏帕里河2004-06-22滑坡卫星监测

2004-06-22滑坡位于我国西藏自治区的最西端,中印边界附近的帕里河流域中部。以多时相高分辨率卫星图像为信息源,以Orbview立体像对制作的高精度DEM为地理控制,采用数字滑坡技术研究和监测该滑坡自滑坡前至2007年7月的活动。遥感解译表明,滑坡前该处为由弧形裂缝与山体分割的滑前危岩,2004-06-22发生的堵河事件为一高速顺层基岩滑坡,基于RS+GIS求得滑坡体积为63。7万m3。遥感监测显示自2004年9月至2007年7月共35个月内,滑坡边界及滑面各细部均没有明显变化,期间该处未见发生过任何新的滑坡活动。该滑坡是一次在新构造活动强烈的高山峡谷区自然形成的重力侵蚀活动过程,能量释放充分,近期除原滑体四周有一些泄荷及调整活动外不会有大的活动。     

滑坡临滑预报的态矢量方法研究

态矢量是统计物理学中对连续场进行粗粒化描述的一种方法。将其引入滑坡预报中,通过将滑坡危险区划分为n个子区域,在各个时间窗内对一系列子区域的监测数据进行态矢量分析,将监测数据与降雨量态矢量的模等归一化后叠加,研究一段时间内滑坡位移态矢量的发展变化规律,并提出利用态矢量进行滑坡预报的新方法。以新滩滑坡为例,对累计水平位移进行态矢量分析,发现在滑坡前态矢量的模和态矢量增量的模均发生了明显突变,按态矢量曲线的变化规律,依据滑坡预警分级方法提出3级滑坡预警,最高预警级别预报的滑坡时间比实际滑坡时间提前2天。研究结果表明,态矢量的急剧突变是滑坡发生的前兆,可以用来进行滑坡的短期和临滑预报。     

基于GIS的滑坡监测信息管理与分析系统

滑坡监测的信息量非常庞大,而传统的滑坡监测信息管理系统都是基于关系型数据库的管理、查询和分析,处理空间信息就显得力不从心。采用MO（Map Objects）集成开发的基于GIS的滑坡监测信息管理与分析系统,把滑坡的空间信息和监测信息通过GIS技术联系起来,实现系统管理、快速查询和多种可视化分析。系统不依赖任何GIS平台,可独立运行,并可根据具体的滑坡和监测项目定制,保证了系统的通用性,为滑坡灾害研究提供了系统的工具。介绍了该系统的结构设计和实现方法,并以三峡库区泄滩滑坡为例,介绍了该系统的应用。     

Spatial data for landslide susceptibility, hazard, and vulnerability assessment: An overview

The aim of this paper is to discuss a number of issues related to the use of spatial information for landslide susceptibility, hazard, and vulnerability assessment. The paper centers around the types of spatial data needed for each of these components, and the methods for obtaining them. A number of concepts are illustrated using an extensive spatial data set for the city of Tegucigalpa in Honduras. The paper intends to supplement the information given in the “Guidelines for Landslide Susceptibility, Hazard and Risk Zoning for Land Use Planning” by the Joint ISSMGE, ISRM and IAEG Technical Committee on Landslides and Engineered Slopes (JTC-1). The last few decades have shown a very fast development in the application of digital tools such as Geographic Information Systems, Digital Image Processing, Digital Photogrammetry and Global Positioning Systems. Landslide inventory databases are becoming available to more countries and several are now also available through the internet. A comprehensive landslide inventory is a must in order to be able to quantify both landslide hazard and risk. With respect to the environmental factors used in landslide hazard assessment, there is a tendency to utilize those data layers that are easily obtainable from Digital Elevation Models and satellite imagery, whereas less emphasis is on those data layers that require detailed field investigations. A review is given of the trends in collecting spatial information on environmental factors with a focus on Digital Elevation Models, geology and soils, geomorphology, land use and elements at risk.     

GPS在三峡水库区云阳县滑坡监测中的应用

文章概述了在库区云阳段建立GPS滑坡监测网的观测实践,以黄泥巴蹬坎滑体为例,介绍了GPS相对定位技术在云阳县滑坡的应用现状和进展。在采用GPS监测、深部位移监测、宏观地质巡视的同时,还监测降雨量、地下水位、库水位及不合理的人类工程活动。通过多种监测方法分析,发现在雨季滑坡容易产生变形,非雨季变形缓慢。目前,雨季日变率均小于5mm,而在非雨季平均日变率小于1mm。认为该边坡处于缓慢变形阶段(警惕线)。此外,在巡视过程中,也发现了多条宽1~5mm、长度不等的裂缝和高度不等的局部错台。根据近2年所获得的观测成果分析,深部位移监测、GPS监测和宏观巡视的结果十分吻合,效果令人满意。文章还总结了在滑坡监测中消除GPS测量主要误差的对策。满足方便快捷的同时,在不同时段采集GPS监测数据,适当延长监测时段,每个监测点至少观测2h的要求。多方收集信息,尽量避开潮汐、太阳黑子等活动的时段进行GPS监测。     

国际滑坡研究的新进展

本文根据２０００年６月２６～３０日在英国如开的第八届国际滑坡学术讨论会的主题报告,分组报千和会议文集所报导的近几年来国际滑坡的最新研究成果,对滑坡与全球气候变化、滑坡灾害风险评价、滑坡机制、海岸带滑坡和海底滑坡五个方面作了简要介绍与分析,这些方面的成果代表了当前国际滑坡研究的进展和动态,对促进我国今后的滑坡理论和灾害防治研究将会起到一定的帮助作用。     

A geotechnical investigation of the retrogressive Yaka Landslide and the debris flow threatening the town of Yaka (Isparta,SW Turkey)

In this study the factors affecting the retrogressive Yaka Landslide, its mechanism and the hazard of debris flow on the town of Yaka are investigated. In the landslide area, the first landslide was small and occurred in March 2006 on the lower part of the Alaard?ç Slope near the Gelendost District town of Yaka (Isparta, SW Turkey). The second, the Yaka Landslide, was large and occurred on 19 February 2007 in the soil-like marl on the central part of Alaard?ç Slope. The geometry of the failure surface was circular and the depth of the failure surface was about 3 m. Following the landslide, a 85,800 m³ of displaced material transformed to a debris flow. Then, the debris flow moved down the Eglence Valley, traveling a total distance of about 750 m. The town of Yaka is located 1,600 m downstream of Eglence Creek and hence poses a considerable risk of debris flow, should the creek be temporarily dammed as a result of further mass movement. Material from the debris accumulation has been deposited on the base of Eglence Valley and has formed a debris-dam lake behind a debris dam. Trees, agricultural areas, and weirs in the Eglence Creek have seen serious damage resulting from the debris flow. The slope angle, slope aspect and elevation of the area in this study were generated using a GIS-based digital elevation model (DEM). The stability of the Alaard?ç Slope was assessed using limit equilibrium analysis with undrained peak and residual shear strength parameters. In the stability analyses, laboratory test results performed on the soil-like marls were used. It was determined that the Alaard?ç Slope is found to be stable under dry conditions and unstable under completely saturated conditions. The Alaard?ç Slope and its vicinity is a paleolandslide area, and there the factor of safety for sliding was found to be about 1.0 under saturated conditions. The Alaard?ç Slope and the deposited earthen materials in Eglence Creek could easily be triggered into movement by any factors or combination of factors, such as prolonged or heavy rainfall, snowmelt or an earthquake. It was established that the depth of the debris flow initiated on the Yaka Landslide reached up to 8 m in Eglence Creek at the point it is 20 m wide. If this deposited material in Eglence Creek is set into motion, the canal that passes through Yaka, with its respective width and depth of 7 and 1.45 m, could not possibly discharge the flow. The destruction or spillover of this canal in Yaka could bring catastrophic loss to residents which are located within 3–5 m of the bank of the canal. Furthermore, if material present in the landslide source area slides and this displaced material puts pressure on the unstable deposited material in Eglence Creek, even more catastrophic loss would occur to the town of Yaka. In this study, it was determined that debris flows are still a major hazard to Yaka and its population of 3,000. The results provided in this study could help citizens, planners, and engineers to reduce losses caused by existing and future landslides and debris flow in rainfall and snowmelt conditions by means of prevention and mitigation.