华南地区二叠纪栖霞组燧石结核成因研究及其地质意义

燧石结核是华南地区二叠纪栖霞组的重要识别特征之一，其成因具重要的古地理、古海洋意义。通过对湖北黄石、江苏南京和广西来宾三地栖霞组燧石结核的岩石矿物学研究，确定了栖霞组燧石结核的矿物组成和成岩作用序列。研究区燧石结核主要由微石英、负延性玉髓、粗晶石英组成，并含少量白云石、方解石及生物碎屑。其中，微石英、负延性玉髓、正延性玉髓、白云石形成于早期成岩作用，方解石晶粒形成于晚期成岩作用，粗晶石英的形成则具有多期性。结合栖霞组菊花状天青石和海泡石成因研究结果，本文认为组成栖霞组燧石结核的硅质来源与当时全球硅质生物的繁盛有关。燧石结核内玉髓和白云石形成环境条件及形成时间的确定，为建立更加合理的燧石结核成因模式和白云岩化模式提供了重要资料，同时也对深入探讨本区二叠纪层状硅质岩的成因具启发意义。     

碳酸盐岩中燧石条带成因争鸣——以北京西山中元古界雾迷山组为例

北京地区中元古界雾迷山组主要由燧石条带白云岩、燧石结核白云岩、叠层石白云岩和少量含陆源粉砂质碎屑的白云岩组成,广泛出露于北京山区,厚度2000~3500 m。以雾迷山组为代表的大量中元古代硅质沉积物的物源和形成原因,一般教科书均认为层状燧石为生物成因,结核状燧石为成岩交代成因。笔者等在北京西山等地多次野外考察发现,剖面上的硅质条带或硅质结核（下一般称燧石席或硅胶席）。 燧石席内部常包裹或胶结有下伏白云岩的砾石并且因混有有机质等,表现为各种暗色或杂色。硅胶席在上覆白云质沉积物堆积之前与其周围的白云质灰泥和粒屑几乎同时形成,燧石透镜体与白云质沉积物之间存在着相互穿插、包裹的关系,但彼此之间边界清晰,无论是白云石粒屑还是硅胶席都没有任何被交代痕迹。因此,笔者等认为：燧石“结核”是硅胶聚集成席,再经压实、固化的结果,其浑圆状边缘是水下硅胶与沉积介质的相变面。硅胶固化作用是雾迷山组中原生燧石的唯一成因。在成岩重力压实过程中,连续分布的原生硅质沉积物会形成布丁或“结核”构造。白云质灰泥和粒屑的胶结速度与硅胶的固化速度之间存在着明显的差异,遇地震等外力作用,软的硅胶席会沿着弱固结的白云岩裂隙向上侵入或向下挤入,形成硅质脉。遇有后期的岩浆侵入或热变质作用的改造,硅质条带和硅质结核的成分和颜色会发生相应的变化,质地变纯,颜色由深变浅,但是仍然保留原生的层理或纹理,容易被误认为是成岩期或成岩后硅质交代碳酸盐矿物而成。     

火山—碱湖沉积岩中的燧石成因:以准噶尔盆地下二叠统风城组为例

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组是一套罕见的碱湖沉积,活跃的火山背景和高pH值湖水性质,使风城组发育了碱岩—白云岩—燧石岩—泥岩—砂岩—砾岩—火山岩等复杂岩性组合.其中燧石岩和富硅泥页岩在风城组具有良好的油气显示,但整体研究较为薄弱.本次研究通过岩心观察、微观矿物学研究和主量、微量、稀土元素综合分析,划分出不同产状类型的燧石,以期揭示风城组火山—碱湖沉积中燧石成因.风城组燧石可分为层状、结核状和角砾状,其中层状燧石常发育帐篷构造和V字形收缩缝,燧石结核中发现硅质球体和交代残余的碳酸盐矿物,说明风城组燧石可能存在蒸发、生物、及交代成因.风城组燧石的Al/(A1+Fe+Mn)比值均在0.6左右,与生物成因燧石地球化学特征相似.总稀土含量介于2.26～116.17×10-6,平均36.65×10-6,LREE/HREE比值介于3.65～26.00,平均7.85,轻重稀土具有中等强度的分馏特征.Eu具有正异常和弱负异常特征,Ce大多落在正异常区域,反映风城组大部分燧石形成于较强的还原环境,且未受到明显热液活动的影响.结合碱湖—火山背景,本次研究提出风城组燧石主要以蒸发成因和生物诱导成因为主,交代成因也是风城组燧石岩的主要成因类型.     

碳酸盐岩中燧石条带成因争鸣——以北京西山中元古界雾迷山组为例

北京地区中元古界雾迷山组主要由燧石条带白云岩、燧石结核白云岩、叠层石白云岩和少量含陆源粉砂质碎屑的白云岩组成,广泛出露于北京山区,厚度2000~3500 m。以雾迷山组为代表的大量中元古代硅质沉积物的物源和形成原因,一般教科书均认为层状燧石为生物成因,结核状燧石为成岩交代成因。笔者等在北京西山等地多次野外考察发现,二维剖面上的硅质条带或硅质结核在三维实体上实际上是透镜状或席状（下一般称燧石席或硅胶席）。 燧石席内部常包裹或胶结有下伏白云岩的砾石并且因混有有机质等,表现为各种暗色或杂色。硅胶席在上覆白云质沉积物堆积之前与其周围的白云质灰泥和粒屑几乎同时形成,燧石透镜体与白云质沉积物之间存在着相互穿插、包裹的关系,但彼此之间边界清晰,无论是白云石粒屑还是燧石席都没有任何被交代痕迹。因此,笔者等认为：燧石“结核”是硅胶聚集成席,再经压实、固化的结果,其浑圆状边缘是水下硅胶与沉积介质的相变面。硅胶固化作用是北京西山中元古界雾迷山组中原生燧石的唯一成因。在成岩重力压实过程中,连续分布的原生硅质沉积物会形成布丁或“结核”构造。白云质灰泥和粒屑的胶结速度明显快于硅胶的固化速度,遇地震等外力作用,软的硅胶席会沿着弱固结的白云岩裂隙向上侵入或向下挤入,形成硅质脉。遇有后期的岩浆侵入或热变质作用的改造,硅质条带和硅质结核的成分和颜色会发生相应的变化,质地变纯,颜色由深变浅,但是仍然保留原生的层理或纹理,容易被误认为是成岩期或成岩后硅质交代碳酸盐矿物而成。     

黔西南戈塘金矿成因再认识

文章通过对戈塘金矿硅质角砾岩的地质特征、地球化学特征综合分析,认为矿区的角砾硅化灰岩、硅化黏土岩等蚀变地质体为热液成因,其中硅质来源可分为成岩期与成矿期:成岩期硅质来自热泉型生物沉积;成矿期硅质来自成矿流体。成矿流体是来源于深部流体与天水、地层建造水的混合作用形成的混合流体。根据矿石结构构造特征及含金蚀变地质体产状特征,结合在戈塘地区茅口组底部及以下地层中新近发现呈筒状产出的含金蚀变角砾岩,认为戈塘金矿矿区含金角砾岩具有隐爆角砾岩的特征,得出戈塘金矿成因类型可能为隐爆角砾岩型金矿的新认识。此认识可供黔西南金矿成矿理论研究、探讨新的找矿方向和成矿预测提供参考。     

对“宁镇山脉古生代碳酸盐地层中燧石结核的成因”一文的一点意见

国内对燧石结核成因的研究资料是极少的。夏邦栋同志能从大量实际资料中加以分析综合,并把国内外各家观点予以评论,这是十分可贵的。在谈到成因问题时作者写道“……由于本区燧石结核中没有发现过明显的硅质是生物骨骼,因而笔者难以同意硅质是通过生物方式沉淀的看法”。     

鄂西二叠系孤峰组层状硅质岩及硅质结核成因

鄂西二叠系孤峰组主要由一套薄层硅质岩、炭质硅质岩、硅质泥岩夹硅质结核的岩层所构成。笔者通过对其层状硅质岩和硅质结核的岩石学和地球化学特征进行研究,认为两种硅质岩的硅质主要是生物来源,而非热水成因。但硅质岩的形成并不受单一因素影响,可能既受到了生物、又有热水等多个因素的共同作用。硅质结核为成岩结核,其受到的热水作用影响比层状硅质岩更为明显。     

湘西北下寒武统黑色页岩中结核的研究

湘西北下寒武统整合在震旦系之上,结核层为下寒武统近底界的标志层。最常见的是磷结核,其次有重晶石结核、硅质结核、白云石结核、黄铁矿结核和罕见的钙钡沸石结核。磷结核主要元素为磷和钙,有机碳常较高,往往混入了碳泥质等其他矿物而使硅、铝等元素含量增高。磷结核富集的微量元素有铀和稀土,其次为钒和银,随产地不同而差别较大。除硅质结核属成岩交代成因、钙钡沸石结核属成岩成因以外,其余结核都属沉积成因。     

华北中元古代碳酸盐岩中燧石的δ30Si峰值及其对古海洋环境变化的指示意义

<正>燧石是一种主要由微晶石英组成的沉积岩,在从早太古界到现代的沉积地层中均有产出,是地表沉积环境变化的重要标志物。燧石的硅同位素组成更是研究其形成的海洋环境条件的重要手段。Song与Ding(1990)最先提出燧石结核和硅质     

纽芬兰西部寒武——奥陶系牛头群中生物成因燧石

牛头群中的燧石岩主要是交代灰岩和页岩的产物，少量呈粒间胶结物出现。在野外，燧石的产状有以下几种明显不同的形式，（1）粗砾石和薄板状灰岩边缘的硅化边；（2）灰央和页岩内的结核；（3）达，夺和页岩的硅化层；（4）砾岩内的碎屑或屑的部分交代产物。放射虫和海绵骨针山微晶石英或方解石组成，在燧石集中出现的该套地层的奥陶系部分，放射虫和海绵骨针最为常见。在与燧石伴生的灰岩中，通过阴极发光发现，被方解石交代的放射虫和骨针的数量要比通过岩石显微镜观察到的更多。在硅质和极少量黄铁矿化放射虫之间的岩石学关系进一步说明，这些生物骨粒在压实之前以被溶解。除了间接通过硅化灰岩和页岩存在外，放射虫没有留下它们先前存在的任何痕迹。压碎的内粒被玉髓胶结表明，燧石沉淀发生在压实期间或压实之后。硅化的历史和硅质生物碎屑被溶解或交代的延续时限是从沉积物－水界面附近（此时伴随着灰岩的早期固结石化）到较深埋藏的机械压实作用之后。     

Chert occurrences in carbonate turbidites: examples from the Upper Jurassic of the Betic Mountains (southern Spain)

In Upper Jurassic carbonate turbidites of the Betic mountains (southern Spain), chert occurs in three morphologies: bedded chert, nodular chert and mottled chert. The last refers to a weak dispersed and selective silification which gives a speckled appearance to the rock. The three types of chert are formed by replacement of limestones and are associated with different calcareous facies. Turbidite packstones of Saccocoma and peloids, and turbidite lime mudstones of pelagic material contain bedded and nodular cherts. The silicification textures are mainly micro- and cryptocrystalline quartz, with local chalcedonic quartz (both length-fast and length-slow) which is more common in the packstones. Only mottled chert is produced where calcareous breccia beds are silicified. Mottled chert consists of micro- and cryptocrystalline quartz, length-slow chalcedonic quartz and mosaics or individual crystals of euhedral megaquartz. Beds and nodules are the result of early diagenetic silicification, with silica derived from the calcitization and dissolution of radiolarians and, subordinately, sponge spicules, whereas mottled chert is the consequence of later silicification in a probably Mg-rich environment. Early silicification is mainly confined to turbidite beds and only rarely occurs in the interbedded pelagic limestones. Turbidite sedimentation favours silicification because rapid burial of the transported siliceous tests prevents silica from the dissolution of tests passing into overlying sea water. A silica-rich interstitial fluid develops in the turbidite layer and this migrates to more permeable zones giving rise to bedded and nodular chert.     

黔北下寒武统黑色岩系的沉积环境与地球化学响应

下寒武统黑色岩系在我国华北、华南及塔里木盆地等广泛发育,但富有机质泥页岩的分布特征及其控制因素未有定论。本文对黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组(及同时期地层)不同沉积相带典型剖面中的富有机质泥页岩及其上下层位进行了地球化学分析,识别出寒武纪早期不同沉积相带氧化还原环境的明显差异。台内凹陷相主要岩性为黑色页岩,底部为不等厚的薄层磷块岩和硅质岩或硅磷质结核,沉积的黑色页岩厚度大,有机质丰度高,V、Ni、Mo、U等微量元素显著富集,反映了贫氧-缺氧环境,以及短暂动态的硫化环境,Mo/TOC反映了其为局限盆地特征;上斜坡相为贫氧到氧化的沉积环境,但更多地是表现为氧化的沉积环境,其中牛蹄塘期存在局部的硫化环境,沉积的黑色页岩厚度小,但有机质丰度最高,V、Ni、Mo、U等微量元素的富集程度较低;盆地相为黑色硅质岩与富有机质的黑色硅质页岩间互沉积,同期沉积厚度较小,有机质丰度相对较低,V和U的富集程度大于台内凹陷相,而Ni和Mo的富集程度则低于台内凹陷相,指示了缺氧环境,期间伴随有贫氧和短暂的氧化环境存在,且可能存在局部的硫化环境,Mo/TOC反映了中等的局限程度。总的来说,黔北下寒武统黑色岩系的有机质丰度、厚度以及微量元素富集程度等特征主要受控于不同的氧化还原环境。     

Research Status and Advances in Chert and Permian Chert Event

Cherts are concret research objects for petro-tectonic framework and are widespreadly distributed in special sedimentary environments along orogenic belts and depositional basins. Cherts hold abundant origin related information, which plays important role in palogeographic and paleooceanograpic study. This paper reviewed the history and the advancement of research on chert, especially paying more attention to the research progress about both bedded chert and nodular chert in domestic and international research areas. Combined with Permian cherts distribution in China, we discuss research achivements of silica sources, sedimentary environments and original mechanism from cherts deposited in different sedimentary environments such as oceanic rift, oceanic basin and continent shelf. “Permian Chert Event” (PCE) has been used to discribe the widespread biogenic Permian cherts that occurred around the eastern margins of Panthalassa and Paleotethys Ocean. Research results on Permian cherts in eastern Paleotethys Ocean, particularly the Yangtze areas, are examined here, which suggest Permian cherts are not typically biogenic in origin but severely influenced by hydrothermal sedimentation. The seasonal melting of sea ice is assumed engine for PCE in northwest edge of Pangea Supercontinent, but that dose not work in China. Therefore, a hypothesis different form thermohaline circulation and upwelling is proposed here: there would be a periodical hydrothermal fluid system in the eastern Paleotethys Ocean, providing the source of silica for the development of Permian Chert Event on both south and north continent shelves. What is more, some intensively studied Permian outcrops in the Yangtze areas have the potential to be the typical outcrops for PCE research in China.     

蓟县地区雾迷山组风暴硅质岩沉积序列

从岩石学和沉积学方面对蓟县雾迷山组硅质岩沉积序列的研究表明,蓟县雾迷山组硅质岩沉积为典型的风暴沉积.蓟县雾迷山组广泛发育风暴沉积,在硅质条带状白云岩中发育的硅质砾屑具奇特的菊花状构造,这种构造形成于成岩作用后期,在岩石尚未完全固结成坚硬的岩石时期,遭遇风暴破坏,将原有的水平层理打碎,继而被风暴流搅起,风暴流的涡动使得岩石碎片或直立,或呈发散状,后经成岩作用保留了这种构造形态,与上下岩层形成典型的风暴沉积序列.通过野外与镜下观察并结合有机地球化学分析得出,蓟县地区雾迷山组硅质岩来源于海底热水活动.风暴硅质岩有两种沉积环境,对于异地搬运再沉积的风暴硅质岩,其沉积环境为潮上坪低能环境,即开阔台地中的泛溢沉积;而对于原地型的风暴硅质岩,其沉积环境应该是潮间带,因此推测其沉积环境为碳酸盐岩台地前缘斜坡.     

安徽省巢湖地区二叠纪栖霞组、孤峰组硅质岩地球化学特征对比及大地构造背景分析

为探讨下扬子地区二叠系硅质岩的硅质来源和形成背景,以巢湖地区二叠纪栖霞组和孤峰组硅质岩为研究对象,收集了前人大量有关栖霞组和孤峰组的研究成果和数据,并对采自栖霞组和孤峰组硅质岩样品进行了主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素测试。栖霞组、孤峰组硅质岩样品测试结果显示,硅质岩的稀土元素经北美页岩标准化后的配分曲线近似平坦型向左倾斜,有弱Ce负异常,且HREE弱富集,反映了热水沉积硅质岩的特征。研究区硅质岩样品的Al Fe Mn三角图中,样品投点分布较广,即Al比值变化范围较大,认为是岩浆在喷发过程中受硅-铝质陆壳混染作用的结果。结合沉积环境判别指标分析认为：栖霞组硅质岩沉积时期其沉积环境主要为大陆边缘环境;孤峰组硅质岩沉积时期其沉积环境为大陆边缘-海盆过渡环境。从栖霞组到孤峰组沉积时期,海侵规模不断变大,水体变深,海盆面积扩大,研究区在不同时期沉积环境存在差异。研究区栖霞组、孤峰组硅质岩的沉积与大陆边缘裂陷活动紧密相关。     

陆相硅质岩成因类型及构造—气候指示意义

硅质岩形成于特定的地球化学条件,具有重要的构造—气候—成岩指示意义.我国硅质岩的研究主要集中于海相地层,陆相硅质岩虽分布广泛但研究却很薄弱,成因解释由于借鉴海相燧石经验,以地球化学分析为首要手段,结论存在片面性和单一性,可能会引起古老大陆重要气候—构造—环境信息的遗漏缺失.国内外陆相硅质岩全面调研表明,陆相燧石主要存在...     

华南地区二叠纪栖霞组碳酸盐岩成因研究及其地质意义

二叠系栖霞组是华南地区一个特殊的碳酸盐岩地层,富含有机质和燧石结核,具广泛的空间分布,但是岩相和厚度变化极小,同时发育天青石结核和海泡石。概述前人对这些沉积特殊性的研究成果及存在问题。对其特殊性的深入成因分析表明,栖霞组其他沉积特殊性均与栖霞期的缺氧沉积环境有关,而缺氧沉积环境的成因可能与栖霞期较高的生物产率有关。根据栖霞期全球古气候、古海洋背景研究的最新进展,结合栖霞组的沉积学特征,认为栖霞组特殊性的成因可能与当时较高生物产率有关,进一步研究、确定栖霞期较高生物产率的成因及其变化将具有重要的地质意义。     

Hydrothermal Origin of Early Permian Chert Nodules in theCentral North China Craton Linked to Northern MarginCratonic Activation

Sedimentary chert phases from the Archean to the present are widely used to trace sedimentary environments and tectonic settings. Recently,chert nodules occurring within carbonates have been the subject of possible hydrothermal or biogenic origin,in lieu of a diagenetic origin.However,chert nodules from a vast cratonic basin represent extremely rich silica accumulations but less noted is how they respond to submarine hydrothermal activity (and/or surface siliceous organism productivity). The links between the cratonic-type chert depositions and environmental changes regarding cratonic evolution need to be revisited at a large temporal-spatial scale. The chert nodules are widespread throughout the Lower Permian Taiyuan Formation in the North China Craton (NCC).Several Taiyuan chert-rich successions across the NCC have been selected to study possible links between chert deposition and cratonic evolution in scenario of partial cratonic activation of the northern NCC margin during the Late Paleozoic.Based on stratigraphic correlation,the chert nodules are ubiquitously,evenly distributed throughout the Taiyuan Formation at a large craton-basin scale from the northern to southern interior NCC.Petrological results,elemental abundances,together with silicon and oxygen isotopic compositions of chert samples infer significant hydrothermal contributions for the silica accumulations. Therefore, the cratonic-scale chert depositions of hydrothermal origin infer a giant and remote silica reservoir,linking to the large igneous province and magmatism in the NCC northern margins.The Taiyuan chert nodules could be unique marine sedimentary archives recording the Late Paleozoic NCC partial activation,which also generated continental records of igneous rocks,bauxites and tuffs.The strong tectonics of the northern margin,south-dipping topography and northward transgression of the Early Permian NCC facilitated the chert deposition on the shallow marine platform in the cratonic interior.     

Chert spheroids of the Monterey Formation,California (USA): early‐diagenetic structures of bedded siliceous deposits

Chert spheroids are distinctive, early‐diagenetic features that occur in bedded siliceous deposits spanning the Phanerozoic. These features are distinct in structure and genesis from similar, concentrically banded ‘wood‐grain’ or ‘onion‐skin’ chert nodules from carbonate successions. In the Miocene Monterey Formation of California (USA), chert spheroids are irregular, concentrically banded nodules, which formed by a unique version of brittle differential compaction that results from the contrasting physical properties of chert and diatomite. During shortening, there is brittle fracture of diatomite around, and horizontally away from, the convex surface of strain‐resistant chert nodules. Unlike most older siliceous deposits, the Monterey Formation still preserves all stages of silica diagenesis, thus retaining textural, mineralogical and geochemical features key to unravelling the origin of chert spheroids and other enigmatic chert structures. Chert spheroids found in opal‐A diatomite form individual nodules composed of alternating bands of impure opal‐CT chert and pure opal‐CT or chalcedony. With increased burial diagenesis, surrounding diatomite transforms to bedded porcelanite or chert, and spheroids no longer form discrete nodules, yet still display characteristic concentric bands of pure and impure microcrystalline quartz and chalcedony. Petrographic observations show that the purer silica bands are composed of void‐filling cement that precipitated in curved dilational fractures, and do not reflect geochemical growth‐banding in the manner of Liesegang phenomena invoked to explain concentrically banded chert nodules in limestone. Chertification of bedded siliceous sediment can occur more shallowly (< 100 m) and rapidly (< 1 Myr) than the bulk silica phase transitions forming porcelanite or siliceous shale in the Monterey Formation and other hemipelagic/pelagic siliceous deposits. Early diagenesis is indicated by physical properties, deformational style and oxygen‐isotopic composition of chert spheroids. Early‐formed cherts formed by pore‐filling impregnation of the purest primary diatomaceous beds, along permeable fractures and in calcareous–siliceous strata.