大理苍山世界地质公园第四纪冰碛物特征及年代测定

云南大理苍山世界地质公园具有较高的美学价值与地学科研价值,在地学研究领域中苍山又被称为点苍山。本次研究的主要区域是点苍山玉局峰北坡和点苍山西北部的罗坪山大小海子地区,本文对点苍山玉局峰北坡冰碛物和罗坪山第四纪沉积物进行了光释光年代测定,讨论了光释光测年方法在点苍山地区第四纪冰碛物测年中的适用性,测得玉局峰北坡搬运距离较远的三条冰碛垄的年龄为(31.68±3.22)~(28.01±1.95)ka BP,属于末次冰期。对罗坪山地区第四纪沉积物进行石英砂扫描电镜分析,观察到大小海子附近第四纪沉积物石英砂表面具有一定的冰川成因特征,推断罗坪山大小海子地区曾发育过第四纪冰川作用,通过光释光测年得到大小海子附近冰川沉积物年代为(136.36±10.16)ka BP,相当于倒数第二次冰期。结合前人研究,推断点苍山地区也具有发育倒数第二次冰期的可能性。     

滇西名山点苍山地区地貌结构与特征研究

通过野外细部考察地貌发育、地貌组合和室内实验相结合的方法, 对苍山 洱海地区层状地貌结构和特征进行了分析, 对苍山及其外围山地的寒冷地貌过程和第四纪冰川作用进行了研究. 结果表明: 点苍山发育两次冰川作用, 即大理冰期早期和晚期, 是中国大陆发育古冰川的最南界. 探讨了苍山山顶古夷平面、三级广布的侵蚀面、三级混杂堆积扇群及滨湖地区的地貌结构与特征. 位于苍山北部,比苍山主峰低800 m的罗坪山发育了倒数第二次冰期(即丽江冰期), 其以复合型山岳冰川的出现为表征. 最后对海东山地和花甸坝地堑谷的地貌特征做了研究.     

青藏高原中部扎布耶茶卡142 ka以来石英砂表面特征及环境意义

石英抗风化能力强,表面特征保留了许多环境信息,用扫描电镜方法对石英砂表面结构进行了研究.结果表明: 扎布耶茶卡的石英颗粒以次棱角状、次圆状为主,撞击坑、贝壳状断口、平行解理和水下磨光面等机械特征出现频率较高;化学特征有二氧化硅沉淀、蜂窝状溶蚀面、硅质球和蚀坑/洞.石英颗粒经历冲洪积作用,搬运至湖泊后又经历了水下机械和化学作用.在142～60 ka BP扎布耶茶卡湖区气候寒冷,但无冰川作用存在,石英颗粒搬运距离近,机械特征主要是强烈的物理风化与冲洪积作用形成的,化学特征与弱的水动力条件有关;8.5～3.7 ka BP湖区气候温暖,但变化频繁,湖水进一步咸化、退缩,山坡后退变缓,机械特征主要由物理风化及搬运中的碰撞造成,化学特征则与弱的水动力条件和高盐环境有关.     

克里雅河沿线沙丘沉积物石英砂表面特征分析

对沙漠内部典型河流沿线沙丘石英颗粒表面微形态特征的系统研究尚少。沿塔里木盆地南缘克里雅河下游丹丹乌里克、喀拉墩、圆沙古城、北方墓地及其北部塔里木河一带的沙丘顶部采到5件表沙样品。扫描电镜观察172颗经能谱挑选的石英颗粒表面微形态,筛析法测定5件样品的粒度。结果表明:1）丹丹乌里克样品以极细沙为主,其余均以细沙为主,各样品几乎不含黏土;2）样品磨圆度特征以次棱和次圆状为主,圆状很少,未见棱状特征,次棱状与次圆状特征之间消长关系显著,沙漠南北边缘样品的次棱状特征出现频率较腹地高;3）颗粒中V形坑频率呈现出沙漠边缘较高腹地低的特征,而沙漠边缘的化学作用结构特征低于腹地。石英砂表面特征结构以机械作用为主,同时伴生化学环境作用特征,可认为克里雅河下游沙物质包括了河流、冰川与戈壁成因及风输送而来的颗粒;颗粒表面特征总体新鲜,沙丘应较年轻。纵穿塔克拉玛干沙漠沉积物样品的表面微形态观察与粒度测定,为该地区沉积环境分析与沙丘砂溯源研究增添了新数据。     

泰山南坡第四纪沉积物石英砂表面特征及沉积环境指示

为考察泰山地区第四纪沉积环境,采用石英砂表面特征分析法,采集泰山南坡第四纪沉积物样品,经观察研究后,随机挑选W₁～W₆共6颗石英砂颗粒进行扫描电镜观察。除W₄外,其余颗粒表面均表现出形态不规则、边缘棱角清晰、具有多样的贝壳状断口和解理片特征,该特征所指示的沉积环境为冰川沉积环境条件。沉积物样品热释光测得年龄为30.54±2.59 ka B．P．与末次冰期主冰期时段具有时间上的吻合性。     

图门江下游沙丘粒度分布与石英表面结构研究

图门江下游沙丘粒度频率累积曲线形态全部为双峰,负偏态,粒度变化范围大,平均粒度数值小,标准偏差平均值为0.61;粒度分布特征方法判断沙丘沉积环境以河流成因为主。通过扫描电镜研究其石英颗粒表面结构,机械作用以贝壳状断口、V形坑和次棱角状形态组合为主,化学作用为中等-强烈溶蚀特征;石英颗粒表面结构特征表明沙丘为河口沉积;热释光测年结果表明沙丘受全新世海平面变化的影响,经历海水及风力改造。     

庐山地区第四纪泥砾沉积物的成因探讨

庐山第四纪泥砾沉积物的砾石组构特征表明, 砾石岩性与山体基岩基本一致, 砾石的等体积球径较小, 加权平均砾径较中值砾径大, 分选系数大于1, 分选性差, φ值相对较小, 平均为0.66, F值相对较大, 在2左右, F/φ比值介于2.75～4.75, ρ值集中且较小, 为22.75%～37.75%, 砾石以棱角、次棱角状为主, 磨圆较差; a轴和ab面都倾向沟谷下游, a轴倾角集中且较小, 为7～8°, ab面倾角为7～21°, a轴较ab面具有更为优势的组构倾向; 沉积物粒度频率曲线在4～5?范围内表现为峰; 石英砂颗粒为次棱角状, 贝壳状断口发育, 具平行擦痕、上翻解理片、V形坑和硅质沉淀。上述沉积学特征表明庐山第四纪泥砾沉积物系冰碛冰水沉积, 而非泥石流或河流堆积。      

西宁黄土石英颗粒表面结构与黄土物质来源探讨

利用电子扫描电镜分析了西宁黄土地层中的石英颗粒表面形态和机械结构特征,发现近1.2Ma以来西宁黄土石英颗粒形态以尖棱角-棱角为主,颗粒表面具有典型的剪切断口或大贝壳状断口或平行擦痕,且比例较高;有些颗粒表面还具有V形坑、水下磨光面,这类颗粒以次圆状为主,这些信息指示出,西宁黄土物质不是主要来源于沙漠环境,而是来源于青藏高原第四纪冰川和冰缘作用区.     

张家口坝缘一带晚更新世冰川遗迹与深部地质作用的关系及其古气候意义

深大断裂的强烈活动为火山喷发提供了重要的岩浆通道,火山喷发后形成的火山口、高出夷平面300～450 m,最大厚度可达500 m的火山熔岩垂向堆积,加上深部地质作用导致的地壳抬升,为冰川形成-滑动提供了有利的地形条件和气候条件.张家口西北坝缘一带首次发现的冰川遗迹主要有冰碛物、冰水沉积物及冰川地貌.电镜扫描石英砂粒表面可见冰川成因的冰蚀擦痕和碾磨压坑,孢粉显示为干燥寒冷的气候环境.获得了(121.22±6.54)ka和(81.13±4.48)ka的光释光年龄,与河北省第四纪第五冰期和第六冰期相对应,与平原区的黄骅海退和大城海退时间相吻合,显示张家口坝缘一带在晚更新世早中期经历了两期冰川作用.这一发现填补了研究区冰川遗迹研究的空白,为我国东部中低山区第四纪冰川的存在提供了有力的证据,丰富了我国东部中低山区第四纪冰川研究的年代学数据,对认识本区及我国东部大陆气候特征和第四纪环境变化具有重要意义.     

西藏札达盆地沉积物的石英砂表面特征及其环境意义

在扫描电镜下对札达盆地香孜组、古格组和托林组地层中的石英砂表面结构特征进行观察, 三个组中石英颗粒外形磨圆度均不好, 以棱角和次棱角状为主, 结合区域地质认为, 盆地的沉积物源距离盆地沉降区很近, 为盆地周围的山地。其中香孜组的上部和中部冰川砂粒表面特征明显, 认为是水体较浅冰缘区河湖相沉积环境; 香孜组下部为湖泊水体较深的冰缘区河湖相沉积环境。古格组石英砂颗粒表面具有溶蚀坑和沟, 属于低化学能的湖相沉积。托林组则表现出河流相沉积的特点。     

江西庐山牧马场剖面泥砾堆积物的成因分析及年代测定

庐山第四纪泥砾堆积物成因争论是庐山第四纪冰川争论的焦点之一。对新发现的庐山牧马场泥砾剖面进行了石英砂电镜扫描(SEM)和成因分析,并初步进行了电子自旋共振(ESR)年代测定。石英砂电镜扫描表明该剖面泥砾堆积物为冰川和流水共同作用形成,并在后期湿热化影响下导致部分化学特征明显;ESR测年数据表明该剖面形成于中更新世晚期(225.5±20)—(242.6±24)ka BP,与推测的时代(庐山冰期)基本一致。根据测试结果,作者认为庐山牧马场剖面具有第四纪冰川作用的痕迹,但其时代和规模尚有待探讨改进。     

Pleistocene and Holocene glacier thicknesses, transport histories and dynamics inferred from SEM microtextures on quartz particles

Recent analyses of microtextures on quartz particles (63–2000 μm) from Quaternary tills in Antarctica, Germany, southern Ontario, western Wyoming, Tibet, the Austrian Alps, and Mount Kenya show that glacial fracture and abrasion microfeatures may be used to infer the thickness, transport history and ice dynamics of Pleistocene and Holocene glaciers. Quartz sands emplaced by continental and mountain ice were studied by SEM after transport over variable distances in glaciers estimated to range from 150 m to 1500 m in thickness. Relative differences in ice thicknesses, distances of transport, and/or ice dynamics appear to have determined the frequency of occurrence and type of microtextures occurring on sand-size particles. Subparallel fracture microfeatures tend to increase in frequency over a greater proportion of particle surfaces with increasing ice thickness and distance of transport. Conchoidal fractures, the most typical in quartz, and to some degree crescentic gouges abound on fragments emplaced by continental ice. Other possible fracture and fragmentation mechanisms, producing features of generally glacial origin, involve low velocity impacts induced by stick-slip mechanisms, under variable cryostatic stresses, producing fracturing and abrasion across particle surfaces. Their generation implies high local contact stresses associated with high strain rates.     

Quartz microtextures and microstructures owing to deformation of glaciolacustrine sediments in the northern Venezuelan Andes

Glaciolacustrine sediments, ranging in age from Early to Late Mérida (Wisconsinan) in sections in the northern Venezuelan Andes near Pedregal, were studied to assess the effect of small‐scale folding and faulting on the surface microtextures of individual grains. At site PED5, faulting of sediments beneath 35 m of Middle to Late Mérida glaciolacustrine, glaciofluvial and probable till deposits, has resulted in a maximum displacement of 1 m and many crushed sand grains are found along the shear zone. These dominantly quartz particles are typically smoothed and/or faceted with surface skins split from parent grains to produce adhering blade or wafer‐shaped coarse silts. Faulting with displacement of< 40 cm occurs in Late Mérida glaciolacustrine beds at sites PED13 and PED11, beneath ca. 1–5 m of sediment and is thought to result from the removal of lateral support during valley erosion and possibly seismic disturbance. Associated sediments exhibit a greater incidence of small‐scale fold structures and convoluted bedding but with similar numbers and types of crushed grains. All of the fault traces examined exhibit microstructural modifications, including microfaulting, folding and multiple domains associated with fluidisation and liquefaction. The microtextures described are distinct from those produced by glacial or glaciofluvial transport processes and potentially may be used to infer glaciotectonic or other post‐depositional disturbance of sediments. Rare euhedral quartz grains with distorted crystallographic axes may derive from the shear zone of the regional transform Boconó Fault, although many of these grains appear to be overprinted by glacial and/or recent deformation processes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparative scanning electron microscopy study of oriented till blocks, glacial grains and Devonian sands in Estonia and Latvia

Samples of Middle Devonian (Eifelian age; 387–380 Ma) indurated and non‐cemented sandstone were compared with Pleistocene basal tills in Estonia and Latvia to test a hypothesis that glacial SEM (scanning electron microscopy) microtextures are distinctly different from those produced in a fluvial depositional environment. The deposits of Middle Devonian Aruküla Stage were emplaced in a continental water basin close to sea level and well away from any glacial source. Therefore, the SEM microtextures on quartz grains from the Aruküla Stage should show mainly the effect of stream transport. The basal tills are of Late Weichselian age deposited as ground moraine directly over the sandstone. Additional glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine samples were included with the tills to determine whether glacial and fluvial‐lacustrine transport could be differentiated by the SEM microtextures. Samples of oriented blocks of till from a limited number of sites were studied without pretreatment to determine whether sand clast orientation could provide a method for determining glacial flow vectors. While there are some microtextural similarities between grains from glacial and glaciofluvial‐lacustrine depositional environments, the vast majority of grains from till deposits (50%–60%) are faceted, sharp edged, angular to subangular, and comprised of numerous and distinct microfeatures including abraded surfaces over microfractures, deep linear and curved troughs (striations), step features, and a preponderance of conchoidal and linear microfractures. Glaciofluvial and lacustrine grains contain abundant abrasion features and v‐shaped percussion cracks that make them very distinct from glacial grains. Fluvial transport produces primarily rounded grains, well abraded, with v‐shaped percussion scars dominating. Thus, it is possible to use microtextural differences between the three sample suites to identify particular depositional environments. Oriented till blocks provide information on sand clast orientation. Although carbonate coatings often obscure sand clasts in untreated blocks, it is possible to determine some microfabric information that can be useful in determining flow direction of the ice.     

西藏东南部末次冰期早阶段冰川作用及其古气候意义

西藏东南部的“古乡冰期”和“白玉冰期”是划分中国第四纪冰期的蓝本。其中,白玉冰期即末次冰期,分为早阶段和晚阶段,相对应的冰川沉积广泛分布于本区的波堆藏布谷地。已有的冰川数值年代结果显示,末次冰期晚阶段的冰川作用发生于海洋氧同位素阶段（MIS）2。然而,关于早阶段的冰进记录,目前却未有确切的年代学证据,此次冰川作用究竟发生于MIS 4还是MIS 3,是一个悬而未决的问题。在前人研究及野外地貌调查的基础上,运用光释光测年手段对波堆藏布谷地疑似形成于末次冰期早阶段的冰碛垄进行测年,年代结果介于（56.4±4.2）~（65.9±3.9） ka之间,相当于MIS 4。藏东南地区MIS 4冰期冰川作用年代与青藏高原及其周边山地具有可比性,表明该阶段冰川作用发生的普遍性。通过对比北半球低纬度地区夏季太阳辐射及亚洲季风区古气温与古降水指标记录,认为藏东南地区MIS 4冰期冰川作用可能是对北半球低纬度地区夏季太阳辐射减弱及气温下降的响应,与季风降水无关。     

Glacially-crushed quartz grains in late Quaternary deposits in the Virunga Mountains,Rwanda -indicators of wind transport from the north?

Quartz sand grains in late Quaternary deposits of the Virunga Mountains, northwestern Rwanda, were found to contain glacial-crushing microtextures. Glacially-crushed subangular grains generally lack sharp edges, and carry mainly low frequency, linear crushing features. Because there are no known tills in the Virunga Volcanoes (and because quartz is rare in volcanic terrain), it is likely the grains were delivered by aeolian transport from the Ruwenzori Massif, -150 km to the north. All the grains studied are consistent with crushing under low shear stress, and over short transport distances, in alpine glaciers. An increase in the percentage of glacially-crushed quartz from Holocene to Pleistocene beds likely reflects on the increased strength of the paleowind system (trade winds) during the last glacial maximum. Alternatively, it could reflect on the increased source area for glacially-crushed grains resulting from an increase in the extent of the Afroalpine belt during the last glaciation.     

A simple method to classify diamicts by scanning electron microscope from surface microtextures

Interpretation of quartz sand grain surface microtextures with scanning electron microscopy has been riddled with inconsistencies, invalid assumptions and much subjectivity. Therefore, a novel classification for analysing grain surface microtextures is presented based on the origin of complete grain surfaces. This novel method has solved most of the earlier problems of interpretation of surface microtextures, and it is easy to use and to quickly find evident genetic interpretations of diamicts. The data are plotted graphically in ‘2‐History Diagrams’ or ‘3‐History Diagrams’ for quick visual inspection and statistical evaluation. Source rocks and Quaternary glacial deposits from Scandinavia and Southern Ontario, representing different ice‐substrate dynamics, are analysed to define surface microtextures from typical glacigenic grains, bedrock and fluvially transported grains. Typical glacially crushed grains display large‐scale fractures and abrasion. Shield bedrock grains display large or small‐scale fractures and solution/precipitation microtextures. Fluvially transported grains exhibit abrasion and solution/precipitation microtextures.     

Quantification of SEM microtextures useful in sedimentary environmental discrimination

Scanning electron microscopic imagery is often used to identify and discriminate among environments of sedimentation with the main aim of identifying individual microfeatures, or suites of microtextures, that are considered indicative of a particular depositional environment or geologic process. Because few microtextures are considered to represent a single geologic process it is necessary to analyze a large number of quartz sands and other mineralic grains with the objective of determining the frequency of occurrence of a range of microtextures within a distinct sample suite. Using percent frequency of occurrence of different microtextures from suites of fluvial, glaciofluvial and glacial sands from sites in Estonia and Latvia, we invoked statistical comparison of different sample suites using Euclidean distances. These provide a quantitative means of measuring the differences among different sediments and processes that formed them and also a quantification tool useful in assessing microtextures as a recorder of sedimentary environments.     

川西螺髻山清水沟倒数第二次冰期以来的冰川规模与古气候重建

川西螺髻山清水沟保存着倒数第二次冰期（MIS 6）、末次冰期早期（MIS 4）和末次冰期晚期（MIS 2）较为完好的冰川沉积序列,该序列为螺髻山地区晚第四纪古环境重建提供了直接依据。基于野外地貌考察和冰川地貌特征确定出古冰川分布范围,计算古冰川物质平衡线高度（ELA）,应用P-T模型和LR模型计算出各冰期时段的气温与降水。结果显示：清水沟MIS 6、MIS 4和MIS 2的冰川面积分别为3.44 km²、2.22 km²和1.20 km²,冰川体积分别为0.19 km³、0.12 km³和0.07 km³。各期次的古ELA分别为3 132 m、3 776 m和3 927 m,相对于现代ELA分别下降了1 716 m、1 071 m和920 m。冰川规模受气温和降水的共同影响,MIS 6气温大幅下降（8~12 ℃）是导致该阶段冰川规模最大的原因;MIS 4降水为现在的80%左右,而气温下降幅度（6~7 ℃）小于倒数第二次冰期,冰川规模小于倒数第二次冰期;MIS 2降水仅为现在的60%~80%,降温幅度（4~8 ℃）也不大,因此该阶段冰川规模最小。