斑岩型铜矿床中铂族元素的研究现状与存在问题

铂族元素的研究在过去几十年取得了重要的进展.铂族元素可以赋存于不同的岩石类型中,形成于不同的时代.由于铂族元素具有特殊的化学性质,比较稳定且难熔于普通的酸、碱等,故铂族元素成矿具有特殊性.作为一种非常规铂族元素矿化类型,富铂族元素的斑岩型铜矿床的研究对研究铂族元素从地幔岩石圈转移进入花岗质岩石及随后从熔体进入流体并在硫化物中富集的机理,具有重要的研究意义.本文从斑岩型铜矿床中铂族元素的分布特征、矿化特征、铂族矿物特征、流体包裹体特征和富集成矿机理方面论述了斑岩型铜矿床中铂族元素的研究现状,并指出目前斑岩型铜矿床中铂族元素研究存在的主要问题,如影响斑岩型铜矿中铂族元素含量高低的影响因素不明确,富PGE斑岩型铜矿中流体包裹体研究不够系统,PGE的富集机理研究还欠深入,并指出今后我国斑岩型铜矿中PGE研究的重点,指出长江中下游地区一系列斑岩型铜矿床是我国斑岩铜矿中铂族元素研究的有利地区.     

豫西寨凹斑岩型铜矿地质特征及其成矿远景

据寨凹铜矿的大地构造背景、控矿构造、成矿母岩、成矿元素分带、蚀变等特征，该铜矿属斑岩型铜矿。寨凹地区地球物理、地球化学、遥感、成矿母岩和构造条件对成矿十分有利，有形成大中型斑岩型铜（银金）矿的资源潜力。     

北山公婆泉斑岩铜矿区域地质地球化学异常结构模式

公婆泉铜矿是北山地区已发现的重要铜矿.从公婆泉铜矿田区域地球化学资料入手,研究了成矿的区域地质环境和地球化学环境,发现成矿元素异常组合(Cu-Ag-Au);指示元素异常组合(Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Cd和 W-Mo-Sn-Bi),成矿环境元素异常组合(U-P-F、Fe-V-Ni-Cr)的空间分布,从而总结出了甘肃北山地区公婆泉斑岩铜矿田的区域地质地球化学异常结构模式,以用于本区斑岩型铜矿床大范围的成矿预测,对于丰富和完善斑岩铜矿床地球化学模型具有一定的指示意义.     

锶、钕同位素对德兴斑岩铜矿元素迁移的示踪

Sr同位素（而不是Sr浓度）由斑岩体内部向围岩接触带呈有规律升高（0．705→0．711），指示了德兴铜厂斑岩铜矿的成矿元素是从岩体内部随成矿流体迁移到接触带附近的，这符合斑岩铜矿的正岩浆成因模式。Nd同位素则相对稳定，可作为蚀变侵入体岩浆起源的研究手段。     

宾川小龙潭斑岩铜矿地质特征及找矿远景探讨

详细叙述了小龙潭斑岩铜矿成矿的岩性、构造和元素地球化学晕等重要资料 ,证明该地区存在有较好的斑岩铜矿成矿条件 ,并提出了找矿有利区段     

德兴斑岩铜矿成矿能量估算和来源探讨

斑岩铜矿的成矿作用与成矿能量的消耗是相并而行的。从成矿元素由分散到集聚过程的热力学体系变化,估算了形成德兴斑岩铜矿田的成矿能量;探讨了成矿能量的来源及其与成矿斑岩的关系：认为斑岩并非矿田成矿能量的唯一来源,部分来自地球深部的内热产生的局部性对流热。     

基于GIS的攀西地区铂族元素成矿地质条件初步分析

攀西地区以良好的铂族元素(PGE)成矿地质背景，而成为我国铂族元素找矿热点地区之一。本文在建立攀西地区铂族元素矿床地质概念模型的基础上，用地理信息系统(GIS)分析了该地区的铂族元素成矿地质条件，包括地质构造、峨眉山玄武岩、基性一超基性岩和铂族元素地球化学异常特征。指出研究区的深大断裂对铂族元素的富集表现出很好的控制作用，峨眉山玄武岩为铂族元素的矿源层之一，岩浆岩为铂族元素的富集提供了成矿物质及成矿能量。     

河南熊耳山地区铜矿找矿前景分析

以壳体成矿学理论为指导,据地质、地球物理、地球化学和遥感等资料,对河南熊耳山地穹铜矿找矿前景进行成矿学分析.该地穹东段、西段为铜矿成矿的有利地区.东段铜矿以和金矿共生为主,西段铜矿则以独立矿床为主,金银为伴生元素,为铜矿成矿最有利的地区.其中寨凹地区在大地构造背景、控矿构造、成矿母岩、成矿元素分带、蚀变特征、地球物理、地球化学和遥感信息特征等方面对形成斑岩型铜矿非常有利,为斑岩型铜矿的成矿远景区.外围的脉型铜(银)矿、银多金属矿也有较大的资源潜力.     

煌斑岩原生Au富集和次生Au富集的地球化学判别

本文介绍了利用铂族元素（ＰＧＥ）和挥发分来判别煌斑岩原生Ａｕ富集和次生Ａｕ富集的地球化学方法，对探索煌斑岩与Ａｕ矿化的共生关系、建立新的金矿成矿模式以及找矿具有重要意义。     

巴尔喀什成矿带奎干-玛依布拉克斑岩型铜矿区矿床地质特征与开发前景分析

哈萨克斯坦巴尔喀什湖南侧的奎干-玛依布拉克铜矿区位于巴尔喀什成矿带环巴尔喀什-准噶尔成矿省楚伊犁-北天山成矿亚省的西北部, 发育一系列中小型斑岩型铜矿床。本文概要介绍了奎干-玛依布拉克铜矿区矿床地质、围岩蚀变、成矿作用、矿石矿物组成与主要矿床特征, 并分析了铜矿床开发的前景。该铜矿区含矿岩石主要为花岗闪长斑岩, 成矿元素组合主要为Cu-Au-Mo, 具有与巴尔喀什湖北侧科翁腊德、阿克斗卡等超大型斑岩型铜矿床类似的地质特征, 说明了巴尔喀什成矿带斑岩型铜矿床的分布跨越了巴尔喀什湖, 在湖南侧也具有较好的斑岩铜矿成矿远景。      

Enrichment of Platinum-group Elements (PGE) and Re-Os Isotopic Tracing for Porphyry Copper (Gold) Deposits

Platinum-group elements （PGE） in PGE-rich porphyry copper （gold） deposits are mainly Pt and Pd, whereas the concentrations of other PGE （Ru, Rh, Os, Ir） are significantly low. Moreover, Pt and Pd mainly exist in sulfides in the forms of crystal lattice or tiny platinum-group mineral （PGM） inclusions. The present data show that there is a positive relationship between Pt and Pd concentrations and Cu （Au） in porphyry copper （gold） deposits. The comparison of chondrite-normalized PGE distribution patterns between the ore-bearing porphyry intrusions and ore-barren porphyry intrusions in arc setting, 187^Os/188^Os, 87^Sr/86^Sr and S isotopes for porphyry copper （gold） deposits shows that PGEs were mainly derived from the mantle, and fluids from subduction zones devoted trivial PGE to the magma. The porphyry copper （gold） deposits associated with subducted events are most probably enriched in PGE, whereas those related to crustal thickening, lithospheric delamination or underplating rarely concentrate PGE. The osmium isotopic compositions in porphyry copper （gold） deposits reveal that （187^Os/188^Os）i values are highly variable and not lower than those of primitive upper mantle （PUM） and mantle peridotite, however, osmium concentrations are commonly lower than mantle peridotite, suggesting that parental magmas of some porphyry intrusions had experienced crustal contamination during magma evolution. Experimental investigations have proved that PGE exist in the forms of Cl^- and HS^- complexes during transportation and migration of the oreforming fluids. This paper summarizes previous studies including crucial controlling factors and mechanisms for PGE enrichment, and points out that the mantle-derived magmas parental to porphyry intrusions are the prerequisite for PGE enrichment in porphyry copper （gold） deposits. Favorable physical and chemical conditions （including salinity, temperature, pressure, pH, and oxygen fugacity） in hydrothermal fluids crucially control the     

中国铂族金属资源现状与前景

本文简要叙述了我国对铂族金属资源量的需求、保证程度，并对比分析了各种类型铂族金属矿床的资源发展趋势；重点对我国攀西-滇中地区诺里尔斯克苦橄质火山-侵入岩型铜镍铂矿床、上扬子湘黔地区黑色页岩型钼镍铂矿床和四川会理构造蚀变岩型铂族元素矿床进行了资源前景分析，并认为极有可能在这几种类型中取得找矿突破，其中黑色页央和构造蚀变 型铂族金属矿床是近期发现的新类型矿床。     

Platinum-group Element Geochemistry of Magnetite from Porphyry-Cu-Mo Deposits and their Host Rocks (Siberia,Russia)

The concentrations of platinum-group elements (PGE) have been analyzed in primary magmatic magnetite samples from the Zhireken,Shakhtama and Aksug porphyry Cu-Mo deposits (Siberia,Russia) by laser abla...     

扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪在丹巴地区铂族矿物物相特征分析中的应用

丹巴地区铜镍硫化物铂族矿床品位低、铂族矿物颗粒细、铂族元素间的类质同象普遍,此类铂族资源的赋存状态研究及矿石的选冶长期以来都是较为棘手的问题。本文采用扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪器组合,对丹巴铜镍硫化物铂族矿床中含量达到1‰的元素进行快速的定性/定量分析,研究了铂族矿物原位的赋存状态和形貌特征。通过扫描电镜观察到该矿床的铂族矿物主要为砷铂矿、锑钯矿、碲锑钯矿,其次以自然铂、硫砷铑矿、硫砷铱矿,呈椭圆状、纺锤状等形式赋存于黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿及蛇纹石中,部分以类质同象的形式存在,极少量的铂与钯元素呈固溶体形式存在。X射线能谱分析表明该矿床中主要的铂族元素为Pt、Pd,其次为Ru、Rh、Ir、Os; 点分析表明砷铂矿中Pt的含量为52.84%,锑钯矿中Pd的含量为45.15%; 线扫描和面扫描分析表明铂族元素主要分布在含铁的硫化物中,Pt、Pd等铂族元素的含量与铁、镍的含量成正相关关系,反映了丹巴地区铂族元素亲铁、亲镍、亲硫的地球化学特征。     

Unconventional PGE occurrences and PGE mineralization in the Great Dyke: metallogenic and economic aspects

Platinum group elements (PGE) are strategic materials because 96–99% of the world production is derived from just five mining districts and because they cannot be replaced as catalysts in many chemical processes. In order to lessen the strategic character of PGE, both conventional deposits and unconventional PGE mineralizations were investigated in an attempt to locate viable deposits which would diversify the supplier base. In the Great Dyke, conventional PGE mineralization occurs in the form of pristine sulfide ores mined underground and oxidic surface ores. New observations such as bimodal distributions of the PGE in the Main Sulfide Zone (MSZ), elevated Pt/Pd ratios in the oxidized MSZ compared to the sulfidic part and distinct differences between the platinum group mineral (PGM) assemblages of the MSZ and stream sediments of adjacent rivers emphasize the fact that even though the Great Dyke seems to be the second or third largest PGE occurrence in the world, the complicated PGE distributions and supergene redistributions should be kept in mind during planning and mine operation. Investigations of unconventional PGE occurrences in ophiolites, Alaskan-type intrusions, porphyry copper deposits and in the Kupferschiefer show that economically exploitable PGE concentrations can be expected in a broader variety of host rocks than considered favourable in the past. In the Albanian Mirdita ophiolite average contents of 860 ppb Pt and 60 ppb Pd were detected. Flotation concentrates of porphyry copper deposits, for example from Mamut, Malaysia, Santo Tomas, Philippines, Elacite, Bulgaria, and Ok Tedi, Papua New Guinea, contain between 827 and 1860 ppb Pd + Pt. In selected profiles of the Polish Kupferschiefer average contents of 255 ppb Pt, 94 ppb Pd, 2.4 ppm Au and 13.0 ppm Ag were analysed. The distribution of the PGE resources in the world and the annual production rates, however, underline the fact that the chances for a significant change in the supplier base are relatively low. The Bushveld Complex will remain the largest producer, followed by Noril'sk-Talnakh, Sudbury and Stillwater. If the operations in the Great Dyke reach their planned capacities, the Great Dyke will rank in third place among the PGE-producing deposits in the world. Received: 12 September 1998 / Accepted: 7 December 1999     

铜在熔体流体间分配实验的研究进展

与花岗岩有关的铜矿床主要为斑岩型铜矿,斑岩型铜矿是铜的主要类型。研究铜在岩浆/流体相转变过程中的分配行为,对深入认识斑岩型铜矿的形成机制有重要意义。本文总结了目前铜在熔体/流体间分配实验的研究进展并分述了流体、熔体对铜分配行为的影响以及目前实验研究存在的问题。     

关于斑岩铜矿的找矿

斑岩型铜矿是当前重要的找铜矿类型之一。８０年代以来,我国斑岩型铜矿找矿进展不大,是因为我国斑岩型铜矿品位较贫,制约着找矿研究和开发。斑岩型富铜矿的找矿,主要应研究斑岩型铜矿与其它类型铜矿床构成成矿系列的主导因素,区域成矿物质来源,多期岩浆成矿作用,多种富集成矿作用等;研究影响斑岩型铜矿氧化带次生富集带发育的因素等,并指出青海南部玉树—扎多—乌丽一带是我国寻找斑岩型富铜矿的最有利地区。     

斑岩铜矿若干问题的最新研究进展

斑岩铜矿是最重要的铜矿床类型,对其成矿作用的认识对找矿实践具有重要指导意义,为此,文章通过收集和整理有关文献总结了近年来斑岩铜矿研究在构造和岩浆对成矿作用的控制、成矿金属和成矿流体来源、矿石伴生金属组分含量的影响因素等方面所取得的成果。近几年的研究工作揭示:斑岩铜矿的大规模成矿作用与洋壳高浮力块体(包括无震海岭和洋底高原)的俯冲有关,高氧逸度的岩浆活动有利于斑岩铜矿的形成,与无矿斑岩体相比,含铜斑岩体一般具有低稀土元素含量以及亏损Ho和Er等特征;斑岩铜矿中铜和金多由俯冲洋壳所释放的流体对地幔中硫化物的氧化作用释放而来;在部分斑岩铜矿中,岩浆来源流体可构成绢英岩化期流体的主体;斑岩铜矿伴生金属组分的含量受许多因素控制,其中包括岩浆源区地幔演化、火成岩岩石类型、岩浆侵位深度和成矿温度等多个方面。部分研究成果应作为找矿标志在实践中运用。     

Anomaly Models of Spatial Structures for Copper-Molybdenum Ore Deposits and their Application

This paper discusses the enrichment and depletion regularities for porphyry copper-molybdenum ore deposits in different regions and varied deposit genetic types in the same area, taking three porphyry copper-molybdenum ore deposits (i.e., the Chengmenshan in Jiangxi, Wunugetushan in Inner Mongolia, Baishantang in Gansu) and two copper deposits in Gansu Province (the Huitongshan skarn deposit and Gongpoquan composite deposit) as case studies. The results show that porphyry Cu-Mo deposits or skarn copper deposits include both enrichment of the ore-forming elements and associated elements, and depletion of some lithophile dispersed elements, rare earth elements (REE) and some major elements. And the depleted elements vary with deposits, having generality and their own features. On a deposit scale, the positive anomalies of enriched elements and negative anomalies of depleted elements follow in a sequence to comprise regular anomaly models of spatial structures. The exploration in the Tongchang deposit in Jiangxi and Huitongshan deposit in Gansu suggests that anomaly models play a key role in the identification of mineral occurrences and deposits compared to one single enriched element anomaly. And the anomaly models exert a critical effect on the optimization of prospecting targets and their potential evaluation.