水泥土搅拌桩复合地基震动性能时程分析

采用大型通用有限元程序ADINA,针对一例水泥土搅拌桩复合地基-基础-上部结构典型算例,建立了数学模型,并进行了有限元动力时程分析。计算模型中将水泥土搅拌桩和桩间土作为整体参与计算,复合土体和土体采用线性黏弹性动力本构模型,上部结构和基础采用线弹性本构模型,通过在边界设置阻尼器来模拟无限域中的动力人工边界。通过数值计算研究了复合土体模量、土体模量和加固深度对加固区和非加固区位移峰值、速度峰值和加速度峰值的影响,从而为水泥土搅拌桩复合地基抗震加固设计提供参考依据。     

水泥土搅拌桩复合地基的试验和数值模拟分析

水泥土搅拌桩处理软土地基可以提高地基承载力并减小沉降量。针对珠海地区的淤泥质土,进行了4种垫层厚度的水泥土搅拌桩复合地基现场静载荷试验,并在现场试验的基础上采用FLAC3D对水泥土搅拌桩复合地基进行了数值模拟分析。将数值模拟得到的4种垫层厚度复合地基的沉降曲线与现场试验的沉降曲线进行了比较,两者基本吻合。采用此模型计算了不同桩径和桩距复合地基的承载力和沉降量,研究了桩径、桩距的改变对复合地基承载力和沉降量的影响,并对改变桩径和桩距两种方案进行了比较,为水泥土搅拌桩复合地基的设计提供了参考。     

水泥土搅拌桩复合地基载荷试验数值分析

水泥土搅拌桩在高速公路的软基处理中得到了广泛应用,但是对水泥土搅拌桩地基深层桩土应力比和变形未能有深入的认识.笔者应用弹性层状体系和Mindlin附加应力联合求解的方法,对水泥土搅拌桩复合地基载荷试验进行数值分析计算,总结了水泥土搅拌桩复合地基深层桩土应力比的变化规律,讨论了水泥土搅拌桩复合地基深层桩土变形协调问题.     

水泥土桩加固边坡变形破坏特性及模型试验分析

水泥土桩是软土边坡常用的一种较经济的加固结构,但目前对水泥土桩加固边坡的变形破坏特性和抗滑机制认识不清,相应的稳定性评价理论研究较少。建立了一边坡模型,运用有限元分析了离散水泥土桩加固边坡的变形破坏特性,结果发现边坡失稳时,桩-土之间由于变形不协调而产生塑性滑移,强度和刚度都较大的水泥土桩呈S型挠曲变形而发生弯折破坏,未能有效发挥设计要求的抗滑能力,加固边坡最后形成贯通的剪切滑动带而非滑动面。提出了水泥土剪力墙的概念,通过有限元模拟发现,采用水泥土剪力墙加固边坡,因墙-土界面摩擦力的作用,下滑力在剪力墙和边坡滑体之间得到调整,最终促使加固边坡产生整体剪切破坏,有效发挥了剪力墙的抗滑能力。通过桩土复合结构的水平推剪模型试验,验证了数值模拟结果的合理性。     

水泥土桩与土工格栅联合加固沟谷软基机理研究

针对山区沟谷软基的特殊土质,并结合夯实水泥土桩和土工格栅在地基加固中的作用特点,提出用夯实水泥土桩与土工格栅联合加固的方案来处理沟谷软基,并利用平面应变弹塑性有限元数值分析方法,对这种地基的受力性状、作用机理进行了多方面研究。结果显示：土工格栅在其中起到类似抗拉膜的作用,以控制地基的不均匀沉降,可以减小路堤坡脚附近的侧向位移,增加地基的极限承载能力。桩间土对夯实水泥土桩有负摩擦力作用,使得桩身的最大平均有效应力位置处在桩体的中下部。格栅对路基沉降量的影响则较小。     

滑动土体与邻近桩基相互作用的弹塑性解

基于Poulos理论和Winkler地基反力法,通过考虑关联性的土弹簧来模拟桩土相互作用,提出了滑动土体与邻近桩基相互作用的弹塑性解。将桩体在滑动面处分成被动和主动两部分,桩和周围土体相互作用通过p-δ和p-y曲线(p为桩身产生的压力,δ为桩-土相对位移,y为桩身位移)来模拟,采用侧向位移影响系数矩阵和巴氏模型分别考虑被动部分和主动部分土弹簧间的关联性,p-δ、p-y本构关系均采用理想弹塑性模型。工程算例分析表明,提出的方法与实测结果吻合较好,该方法应用于土体滑动条件下被动桩基的受力分析是可行的。     

单桩不同加载条件下有限元模拟及侧摩阻力分析

采用弹塑性有限元法,结合岩土体结构特征,应用接触单元模拟桩土之间的不连续面,分别对单桩传统静载加载方式和自平衡加载方式进行数值模拟。自平衡加载方式的数值模拟结果与实际自平衡测试结果吻合较好,说明选取的模型和参数比较合理。进而采用此模型和参数,对传统静载加载方式进行数值模拟,得出桩上部荷载传递过程中桩及桩周岩土体应力及位移,求出各单元的应力应变,确定出桩侧法向应力,结合桩土之间摩擦试验的参数,根据莫尔-库仑理论求出桩侧摩阻力。最后将有限元数值模拟和自平衡实测侧摩阻力值进行对比,验证了在选用合理的模型和物理力学参数的基础上,有限元计算的侧摩阻力值和实测值较吻合,通过有限元方法计算获得的单桩侧摩阻力值具有一定的可借鉴性和实用性。      

水泥土桩联合土工格栅复合地基的离心模型试验研究

在软土地基上修筑路堤需要兼顾承载力和变形两方面的要求。针对山区沟谷软基的特点,采用了夯实水泥土桩与土工格栅联合加固的方法,是一种创新,选择合适的试验手段来研究该种型式的复合地基对于工程设计和施工具有重要意义。通过离心模型试验,模拟夯实水泥土桩联合土工格栅复合地基上路堤的填筑进程,水泥土桩采用石膏柱模拟,土工格栅采用预拉伸加筋格网模拟,试验得出了该种复合地基的工程特性。夯实水泥土桩具有较好的加固基础作用,格栅的主要作用是均衡上部荷载和减小差异沉降,采用夯实水泥土桩联合土工格栅的复合地基形式可以满足沟谷软基的沉降控制要求,其最终结论可以为设计和施工提供参考。     

桩锚直径等对水泥土桩锚墙支护影响

土体采用双曲硬化模型,水泥土桩墙和水泥土桩锚采用弹塑性模型,计算分析了水泥土桩锚直径和长度对水泥土桩锚墙支护结构的影响。计算结果显示,在计算条件下,桩锚直径大于400 mm时,桩锚在饱和软黏土中的置换、占位、加筋效果明显,控制墙顶水平位移和墙后土体沉降效果显著,桩锚直径小于200 mm时,将失去置换、占位、加筋作用,从而降低对墙后土体的主动加固效果。桩锚长度达到开挖深度的1.6倍时,能有效控制墙顶水平位移以及墙后土体沉降,桩锚长度超过1.6倍开挖深度以后,控制水平位移和墙后土体沉降的效果不明显。经与同一基坑的监测数据对比,计算值与实测值重复性好、规律性好。     

水泥土搅拌桩施工扰动评价的一种方法

水泥土搅拌桩广泛应用于高速公路软土处理工程中,但是在工程实践中发现水泥土搅拌桩施工会对桩周土产生扰动使地基土强度降低从而导致路基路面产生开裂。水泥土搅拌桩这类非挤土桩其施工扰动方面研究比较少,为此展开水泥土搅拌桩施工对桩周土的扰动研究。围绕水泥土搅拌桩施工性状,采用圆孔扩张理论分析了施工过程中桩周土受力,采用Sekiguchi和Ohta（关口-太田）模型计算了桩周土体积应变,根据Hong和Onitsuka扰动度的定义得到了搅拌桩施工桩周土的扰动度变化。结果表明水泥土搅拌桩施工对桩周土的扰动随深度的增大和距桩边距离增大而减小,该分析结果与静力触探现场测试得到的锥尖阻力变化规律一致。     

Undrained creep failure of a drainage canal slope stabilized with deep cement mixing columns

This paper presents an analysis of the slope failure of a Suvarnabhumi drainage canal during construction. The Suvarnabhumi drainage canal project includes a large drainage canal with a road on both sides. The width of the bottom of the drainage canal is 48.0 m, the depth of the drainage canal is 3.0 m, and the length of the drainage canal is 10.5 km. Because the project was constructed on very soft Bangkok clay, deep cement mixing (DCM) columns were employed to increase the stability of the excavated canal. The failure of the drainage canal slope occurred 25 days after the end of excavation. The field monitoring data show that lateral movement of the canal slope continuously increased with time, which caused failure due to the instability of the canal slope. The time-dependent deformation and undrained creep behavior of very soft clay was suspected to be the cause of the canal failure. A laboratory investigation of undrained creep behavior and a finite element analysis (FEA) using the soft soil creep (SSC) model were performed to confirm the causes of the canal failure. The results indicate that very soft clay specimens that are subjected to deviator creep stress levels of 70 and 100 % of the peak strength failed by creep rupture within 60 days and 8 min, respectively. The factor of safety for the canal slope, which was obtained from the FEA, shows significant reduction from the initial value of 1.710 to 1.045 within 24 days after the end of excavation due to the effect of undrained creep. This paper also describes a solution method that is applied to a new section of the canal. Field monitoring and an FEA of the new trial section were performed to prove the effectiveness of the solution method.     

黏土中桶式基础的宏单元模拟

本研究旨在对黏土中的桶式基础进行从完整的有限元分析到简化的宏单元的建模。首先通过有限元方法分析了在不同单调组合荷载作用下的黏土中吸力桶基础。为保证模拟结果的可靠性，采用了硬化土模型（HS）对正常固结黏土地基进行模拟。通过对比离心试验验证了使用HS模型的有限元分析的有效性，并通过径向位移试验进一步延伸到V-H-M（竖向力-水平力-弯矩）空间的破坏模式研究，并在此基础上，提出了的V-H-M空间三维破坏包络面公式。接着，应用此三维破坏包络面公式，采用亚塑性框架提出了黏土中桶式基础的宏单元设计模型。通过与试验结果的比较，验证了宏单元模型在模拟单调和循环荷载条件下桶式基础的强度与变形响应的有效性。所提的宏单元模型对于海洋岩土工程设计实践将很有帮助。     

Calculated and observed long term performance of Leneghans embankment

This paper presents the finite element (FE) analysis of the consolidation of the foundation of an embankment constructed over soft clay deposit which shows significant time dependent behaviour and was improved with prefabricated vertical drains. To assess the capability of a simple elastic viscoplastic (EVP) model to predict the long term performance of a geotechnical structure constructed on soft soils, a well documented (Leneghans) embankment was analyzed to predict its long term behaviour characteristics. Two fully coupled two dimensional (2D) plane strain FE analyses have been carried out. In one of these, the foundation of the embankment was modelled with a relatively simpler time dependent EVP model and in the other one, for comparison purposes, the foundation soil was modelled with elasto-plastic Modified Cam-clay (MCC) model. Details of the analyses and the results are discussed in comparison with the field performance. Predictions from the creep (EVP) model were found to be better than those from Elasto-plastic (MCC) analysis. However, the creep analysis requires an additional parameter and additional computational time and resources.     

硅藻质软岩的三维弹粘塑性模型分析

基于Perzyna的弹粘塑性理论的基本假设、粘塑性流动法则及殷建华和Graham的三维弹粘塑性模型,得出了在三轴应力状态下的本构关系表达式。殷建华和Graham的模型提出了“等效时间”,“瞬时时间线”,“参考时间线”,“极限时间线”等一系列新的概念。用三轴应力状态下的本构关系表达式对软岩的固结不排水三轴剪切试验进行了模拟计算,并与试验结果进行了比较。结果表明：数值模拟计算结果与试验结果几乎一致。该模型简单、实用、精度较高,可以模拟硅藻质软岩材料与时间有关的应力-应变关系、孔隙水压力与应变的关系,以及有效应力路径等。     

龙首二级面板堆石坝三维真非线性地震反应分析和评价

基于土石料三维粘弹塑性动力本构模型,并采用新型三维各向异性有厚度薄单元来模拟面板和堆石的接触面特性,建立了高面板堆石坝地震反应分析的三维真非线性动力分析方法.利用坝料动力特性的大型三轴试验成果,分析计算了龙首二级(西流水)面板堆石坝的地震反应,主要包括加速度反应、堆石体应力反应及坝体单元抗震安全系数、面板应力反应和变形及接缝位移、高趾墙动力反应等.为大坝的抗震设计提供了有力的技术依据.     

Effectiveness of deep cement mixing walls with top-down construction for deep excavations in soft clay: case study and 3D simulation

This paper presents the observed and simulated effectiveness of deep cement mixing walls created using top-down (DCM-TD) construction techniques for a deep excavation in soft Bangkok clay. The wall system consisted of four rows of 0.7-m-diameter DCM columns, and the bracing system consisted of two 0.25-m-thick basement slabs and seven temporary struts. The effectiveness of the wall system compared to that of other wall systems was evaluated using the measured results of previous case studies. A 3D numerical analysis was performed to calculate forces in the basement slabs and bending moments in the DCM wall. Finally, series of parametric analyses of both DCM-TD and deep cement mixing walls created using bottom-up (DCM-BU) construction techniques were carried out, and their results were compared to highlight the effectiveness of DCM-TD and its applicability to excavations at greater depths. The field and numerical results show that DCM-TD is more effective than DCM-BU in terms of the limitations of lateral wall movement, the bending moment in a DCM wall and the thickness of a DCM wall for various depths because of a larger system stiffness. Therefore, DCM-TD is very effective and suitable for use in potential future deep excavations in urban areas.

     

Analytical modeling on consolidation of stiffened deep mixed column-reinforced soft soil under embankment

Stiffened deep mixed (SDM) column is a new ground improvement technique to improve soft soil, which can be used to increase bearing capacity, reduce deformation, and enhance stability of soft soil. This technique has been successfully adopted to support the highway and railway embankments over soft soils in China and other countries. However, there have been limited investigations on its consolidation under embankment loading. This paper developed an analytical solution for the consolidation of embankment over soft soil with SDM column in which core pile is equal to or shorter than outer DM column. The consolidation problem was simplified as a consolidation of composite soil considering the load shear effect of core pile. The developed solution was verified by a comparison with the results computed by three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis. A parametric study based on the derived solution was conducted to investigate influence factors—length of core pile, diameter of core pile, diameter of SDM column, modulus of DM column, and permeability coefficient of DM column—on the consolidation behavior of SDM column-supported embankment over soft soil. The developed solution was applied to a case history of SDM column-supported embankment, and a good agreement was found between the predictions and the field measurements.     

基于强度折减的土质边坡破坏及稳定分析

边坡的破坏过程是由土体局部破坏向整体失稳发展的过程,其塑性区的开展及其水平位移增量的变化较完美地展现了这个过程。根据边坡的实际破坏和有限元数值模拟情况,提出了以特征点位移增量的突变及塑性区贯通作为边坡的失稳判断准则;并以此为判据,采用基于强度折减的大变形有限元方法分析了土质边坡的破坏及稳定性。研究表明,采用强度折减有限元法可有效分析边坡的破坏及其稳定性;此外还分析了带有软弱夹层黏土边坡的破坏性状及其稳定性,并比较了大、小变形有限元的计算结果,结果表明,带有软弱夹层黏土边坡的破坏性状随软弱夹层土体性质的变化而变化,由大小变形有限元分析得到的边坡稳定安全系数较为一致,但边坡的破坏机制随软弱夹层土体性质变化的转变点不同。     

Plate Load Tests of Composite Foundation Reinforced by Concrete-Cored DCM Pile

The concrete-cored deep cement mixing (DCM) pile is a new kind of composite pile created by inserting precast core pile into the DCM column socket and has only been used in a few projects to date. The bearing mechanism of concrete-cored DCM pile composite foundation has not been investigated systematically. In this paper, plate load tests (PLT) on single pile composite foundation were conducted in Nanjing–Changzhou expressway, Xinhua district in Jiangyin city and Nanjing surrounding (NS) expressway. Following the results of the PLT, a comparison of ultimate bearing capacity between composite foundation reinforced by concrete-cored DCM pile and DCM column was made. During the PLT process, the vertical stress of surrounding soil and DCM column socket was measured using pressure cells. The vertical stress of precast core pile was obtained using steel stress gauge welded onto the reinforcement. Based on the vertical stress of surrounding soil, DCM column socket and precast core pile, the skin friction and load sharing ratio were obtained. The variation in surrounding soil properties depending on the installation of concrete-cored DCM pile was also analyzed using the results from cone penetration tests (CPT) taken in NS expressway. With the analysis of results for stress tests and CPT, the bearing mechanisms of composite foundation reinforced by concrete-cored DCM pile are obtained.     

Consolidation behavior of soil–cement column improved ground

Columnar inclusion is one of the effective and widely used methods for improving the engineering properties of soft clay ground. This article investigates the consolidation behavior of composite soft clay ground using both physical model tests under an axial-symmetry condition and finite element simulations using the PLAXIS 2D program. It was determined that the final settlement and the rate of consolidation of the composite ground depended on the stress state. For an applied stress that is much lower than the failure stress, the final settlement of the composite ground was lower, and the consolidation was rapid. When the soil–cement column failed, the stress on the column suddenly decreased (due to strain-softening); meanwhile, the stress on the soil increased to maintain the force equilibrium. Consequently, the excess pore pressure in the surrounding clay increased immediately. The cracked soil–cement column acted as a drain, which accelerated the dissipation of the excess pore pressure. The consolidation of the composite ground was mainly observed in the vertical direction and was controlled by the area ratio, which is the ratio of the diameter of the soil–cement column to the diameter of the composite ground, a. The stress on the column was shown to be low for a composite ground with a high value of a, which resulted in less settlement and fast consolidation. For a long soil–cement column, the excess pore pressures in the surrounding clay and the column were essentially the same at a given consolidation time throughout the improvement depth. It is proposed that the soil–cement column and surrounding clay form a compressible ground, and the consolidation occurs in the vertical direction. The composite coefficient of consolidation (c_v(com₎) that was obtained from the physical model test on the composite ground can be used to approximate the rate of consolidation. This approximation was validated via a finite element simulation. The proposed method is highly useful to geotechnical engineers because of its simplicity and reliable prediction.