甘肃疏勒河冲积扇发育特征及其对构造活动的响应

甘肃疏勒河冲积扇是面积达2400km²的一个巨型冲积扇,位于青藏高原北缘阿尔金断裂带东端。区域构造上该扇发育在阿尔金主断裂、三危山断裂和南截山断裂组成的阿尔金断裂带左旋走滑构造域。根据野外调查获得的沉积层序、地貌形态和构造变形等资料,该冲积扇可划分为老冲积扇和新冲积扇。老冲积扇扇顶紧靠阿尔金主断裂,由已显著构造变形的早更新统玉门砾岩组成;新冲积扇是在老冲积扇基础上发育的,扇顶已向下游移动到大坝附近,距阿尔金主断裂4km,主要由中更新统酒泉砾石和晚更新统戈壁砾石组成。疏勒河冲积扇发育对区域构造活动的响应主要表现为:1)在第四纪早期,阿尔金断裂的左旋走滑兼逆冲运动,导致了由玉门砾岩组成的疏勒河老冲积扇扇头被左旋错动约8km,同时扇体,尤其扇头明显褶皱隆升,扇顶向山外移动;2)此后随着阿尔金断裂继续作左旋走滑兼逆冲运动,老冲积扇扇头又被左旋错动了约2km,总共左旋位移了约10km,并且扇顶下移了约4km,形成新的冲积扇;3)在冲积扇内从早更新世至晚更新世沉积中心不断向下游移动,呈现向下游超覆沉积的特征,这也一定程度上反映了祁连山隆升、向外扩展和侵蚀作用显著     

青藏高原东缘龙门山断裂带晚新生代构造地貌生长及水系响应

河流地貌对新构造活动具有非常敏感的响应,水系形态能够较好地记录构造活动方式,水系形态分析可以为研究新构造的演化过程提供有力的证据.位于青藏高原东缘的龙门山与四川盆地是青藏高原周边最陡的地形梯度带,沿高原东缘发育青农江、岷江、涪江和嘉陵汀等一系列斜交于龙门山断裂带的水系.利用卫星遥感图像和数字高程模型(DEM)数据提取构造地貌和水系特征,对龙门山构造带水系形念进行分析研究,发现龙门山南西段冲断带褶铍具有横向牛长的演化特征,逆冲褶皱带的构造演化影响青衣江和岷江水系的演化和重组,同时也控制着研究区晚新生代的沉积格局.受断裂带右旋走滑作用的影响,龙门山北东段水系表现出系统右旋错化特征,在北川县擂鼓镇至曲山镇一带涪江水系上游的重要支流一湔江出现3.8km的右旋错位,并导致湔江北川段出现河流袭夺和水系重组现象.根据涪江上游发生的5km和4km最大右旋错位及其涪江流域形成的最早沉积记录的年代大约为3Ma,估算映秀-北川断裂带和灌县-安县断裂带北东段上新世-第四纪以来的平均走滑速率分别为1.67mm/a和1.33mm/a,而龙门山断裂带北东段的长期走滑速率至少为3.0mm/a.本研究表明可以将水系形态作为研究区域构造变形的重要地貌标志,该方法同样适用于世界上其他构造活动变形地区.     

龙门山褶皱冲断带南北分段性与汶川地震的关系

龙门山褶皱冲断带位于青藏高原东缘与四川盆地之间,中生代以来主要经历了晚三叠世和新生代两期重要的地壳缩短变形,形成了典型的逆冲推覆构造带.龙门山的形成和演化与青藏高原隆升以及地震活动有着密切的关系,因此龙门山褶皱冲断带南北两段的差异性被众多学者所关注.文章在前人工作的基础之上从3个角度来阐述龙门山南北两段的差异性:1)地质调查和地震反射剖面解释表明,晚三叠世龙门山北段变形强烈而南段变形不明显,南北分段格局就此形成;2)汶川地震同震地表破裂的差异,北段以右旋斜向逆冲为主,南段则主要以逆冲为主.兼有少量的走滑分量;3)同震断裂的三维构造建模揭示出,同震断层的三维几何形态同样存在南北差异,北段同震断层只有一条且不能向下延伸至深部的主滑脱层,而南段同震断层有两条分支,二者在大约10km的深度合并成一条,并向下延伸至约17km深度与主滑脱层相连.因此,认为汶川地震同震破裂的南北分段性是由于晚三叠世龙门山先存的南北构造差异性所引发的.     

龙门山中段山前带构造楔的发现及其几何学、运动学特征:对青藏高原东南缘隆升动力学机制的约束

运用断层相关褶皱几何学原理,对龙门山中段山前的地震反射剖面进行解释。研究发现,龙门山中段山前带垂向上具有多套滑脱层。其中深层次滑脱层位于前震旦系基底深度约(19±2)km的地方,其上发育双重构造和叠加构造楔,构造楔是龙门山中段山前带重要的构造样式之一。工区A剖面深层构造楔模型以后展破裂式叠加形成,断层产生的滑移量达45.5 km;B剖面深层构造楔模型以前展破裂式叠加形成,断层产生的滑移量约16.6 km;构造楔的形成导致上部断裂和岩层隆升并褶皱变形,A、B剖面山前地层相对川西平原最大抬升量分别为8 km和3 km。构造楔沿龙门山中段山前带走向平面上呈带状分布,具有不同的规模和几何形态;分析其形成时间较晚,可能形成于喜马拉雅期。通过对深层叠加构造楔几何学和运动学的定量计算,其正演运动学模型与实际剖面解释相吻合。深层叠加构造楔的形成在龙门山中段前山带有着其相应的成因机制,在所能限定的空间范围内,其特殊的地理位置、构造特征与成因,可以为研究青藏高原东南缘隆升的动力机制提供一定的约束。     

基于磁性地层和沉积地层特征对北京市南口—孙河断裂活动性评估

南口—孙河断裂是北京平原区一条重要的活动断裂,也是渤海—张家口断裂带的组成部分。本文通过开展钻探和样品测试(古地磁和14C测年)分析工作,利用沉积相分析和磁性地层学技术方法建立钻孔沉积地层的磁极性年代序列,并对南口—孙河断裂北段进行第四纪以来活动性进行分析和研究。结果表明:南口—孙河断裂北段第四纪以来的活动性变化特征表现为早更新世早期(2.58～0.99 Ma)活动性由强转弱,在早更新世末期(0.99～0.78 Ma)再次转强;中更新世(0.78～0.126 Ma)活动性转弱;晚更新世至全新世(0.126 Ma至今)活动性再次加强。这一规律与北京西山隆升基本特征吻合,活动性总体表现"强-弱-加强"的特点。     

西秦岭地区东昆仑-秦岭断裂系晚新生代左旋走滑历史及其向东扩展

要通过在TM遥感图像解译和野外观测的基础上,描述了东昆仑断裂带东段活动形迹的组成和活动断层地貌特征,阐述了甘南高原西秦岭地区新近纪拉分盆地的沉积-构造特征,提出了该区东昆仑-秦岭断裂系晚新生代左旋走滑伸展-走滑挤压-走滑伸展的3个阶段的构造变形模式。指出,中新世晚期至上新世早期,东昆仑-秦岭断裂系以左旋走滑伸展活动为主,伴随着西秦岭地区拉分盆地的形成和超基性火山岩群的发育。这期左旋走滑伸展活动向东扩展导致了渭河盆地新近纪引张应力方向由早期的NE-SW向转变为晚期的NW—SE向。上新世晚期以来(约3．4Ma以前),东昆仑-秦岭断裂系以左旋走滑挤压活动为主,导致早期拉分盆地的轻微褶皱变形,走滑挤压活动主要集中在东昆仑东段玛沁-玛曲主断裂带上。该期构造变动持续到早更新世,它的向东扩展产生了广泛的地壳形变效应,包括青藏东缘岷山隆起带的快速崛起、华北地区汾-渭地堑系的形成和发展以及郯庐断裂带右旋走滑活动等。中、晚更新世时期,断裂系以走滑伸展变形为主,主要集中在东昆仑断裂带东段3个分支上,地块向东挤出伴随着顺时针旋转。     

维西-乔后断裂新活动特征及其与红河断裂的关系

根据野外调查结果,重点阐述了维西-乔后断裂晚第四纪活动特征,并对其与红河断裂之间的关系进行了探讨分析。维西-乔后断裂对晚新生代盆地具有明显的控制作用,右旋走滑特征明显,沿线山脊和河流表现为同步右旋位错。德胜和长邑南探槽揭示其断错了晚更新世晚期-全新世堆积。岩曲-石岩村一带Ⅱ级河流阶地和后缘洪积扇上发育长约3 km、高2.5 m左右的断层陡坎。根据洪积扇、冲沟和河流阶地位错量估算,该断裂晚更新世晚期以来右旋水平滑动速率为1.8~2.4 mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.30~0.35 mm/a。它南与红河断裂相连,北与金沙江断裂相接,新生代以来具有与红河断裂和金沙江断裂相似的运动学特征、相同的地质演化历史和构造变形机制,是红河活动断裂的北延部分。维西-乔后断裂与红河、金沙江以及德钦-中甸-大具等断裂一起,共同构成了川滇活动块体的西部边界。      

四川攀西地区晚新生代构造变形历史与隆升过程初步研究

基于TM遥感图像解译和野外调研，分析了攀西地区大渡河、安宁河深切河谷地貌特征和断裂带构造变形特征，建立了安宁河断裂带晚新生代5阶段变形历史。研究表明，中新世晚期—上新世早期，安宁河断裂以挤压走滑活动为主；上新世晚期至早更新世时期，断裂以斜张走滑活动为主，活动强度较弱；早中更新世之间发生的元谋运动使昔格达组湖相地层褶皱变形；中晚更新世时期发生断陷作用，形成安宁河两堑夹—垒的构造格局；晚更新世—全新世时期又以左旋走滑活动为主。综合安宁河、大渡河河谷地貌和晚新生代地层记录和变形特征，提出了攀西高原晚新生代4阶段隆升模式：中新世早中期(12Ma之前)以缓慢隆升与区域夷平化作用为主，中新世晚期—上新世早期(12～3．4Ma)是高原快速隆升与河流强烈下切的时期，上新世晚期—早更新世(3．4～1.1Ma)为昔格达湖盆发育时期，中晚更新世—全新世(1．1Ma以来)是高原快速隆升与河谷阶地发育时期。最后指出，至上新世晚期(3．4Ma以前)，攀西高原海拔高度可能超过了3000m。     

西南天山乌什北山高山峡谷地貌形成过程

地貌演化过程受大地构造及其规律的控制。本文通过对西南天山乌什北山地区滚滚铁列克河第四纪沉积和侵蚀地貌的观测,结合已发表的地层年代学研究,恢复了中更新世和全新世两期侵蚀地貌演化过程。中更新世地貌切割深度达1870 m以上,远远大于全新世50 m的地貌切割深度,认为该地区的高山峡谷地貌形成于中更新世。西南天山普遍发育的中更新世褶皱冲断构造,造成山体快速大幅隆升,是乌什北山高山峡谷地貌形成的主因。褶皱冲断构造向盆地方向扩展,导致山体向盆地方向隆升幅度减小,揭示了乌什北山地貌演化的空间规律。西南天山第四纪构造隆升过程与地貌演化之间存在密切关系。     

柴达木盆地北缘第四纪左旋斜冲推覆构造运动

柴达木盆地北缘第四纪发育比较强烈的左旋斜冲构造运动,形成长达百余公里、宽度超过30km的大型推覆构造,由斜冲断层、逆冲岩席和褶皱构造等组成。根据野外观测相关资料,柴达木盆地北缘第四纪发生两期构造变形： 早更新世不同规模的逆冲岩席如中新元古代中深变质岩、古生代浅变质岩与中生代沉积地层沿北西西－北西向断层发生左旋斜冲构造运动,导致下伏中新统和上新统湖相沉积地层强烈褶皱变形,上覆不同规模的逆冲岩席; 晚更新世中晚期构造运动导致中晚更新世砾石层发生宽缓褶皱变形。估算柴达木盆地北缘第四纪斜冲推覆构造运动产生的最小缩短量约为 17～18km,平均缩短速率约为 6.6～6.9mm/a。柴达木盆地北缘第四纪斜冲推覆构造运动是青藏高原北部新生代逆冲推覆构造运动自南向北扩展迁移的重要表现形式。     

Late Quaternary activity and dextral strike-slip movement on the Karakax Fault Zone, northwest Tibet

Field observations and interpretations of satellite images reveal that the westernmost segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault (called Karakax Fault Zone) striking WNW located in the northwestern margin of the Tibetan Plateau has distinctive geomorphic and tectonic features indicative of right-lateral strike-slip fault in the Late Quaternary. South-flowing gullies and N–S-trending ridges are systematically deflected and offset by up to ~ 1250 m, and Late Pleistocene–Holocene alluvial fans and small gullies that incise south-sloping fans record dextral offset up to ~ 150 m along the fault zone. Fault scarps developed on alluvial fans vary in height from 1 to 24 m. Riedel composite fabrics of foliated cataclastic rocks including cataclasite and fault gouge developed in the shear zone indicate a principal right-lateral shear sense with a thrust component. Based on offset Late Quaternary alluvial fans, ¹⁴C ages and composite fabrics of cataclastic fault rocks, it is inferred that the average right-lateral strike-slip rate along the Karakax Fault Zone is ~ 9 mm/a in the Late Quaternary, with a vertical component of ~ 2 mm/a, and that a M 7.5 morphogenic earthquake occurred along this fault in 1902. We suggest that right-lateral slip in the Late Quaternary along the WNW-trending Karakax Fault Zone is caused by escape tectonics that accommodate north–south shortening of the western Tibetan Plateau due to ongoing northward penetration of the Indian plate into the Eurasian plate.     

Faulting and folding in quaternary deposits of Tehran’s piedmont (Iran)

Tehran lies on the southern flank of the Central Alborz, an active mountain belt characterized by many historical earthquakes, some of which have affected Tehran itself. The border between the Alborz Mountain and the Tehran’s piedmont (northern part of Tehran City) is marked by the North Tehran Fault (NTF), dividing the Eocene rock formation from the alluvial units of different ages (Early Pleistocene to the recent alluvium). A detail mapping of the piedmont, combined with structural study reveal that two active thrust faults (situated south of the NTF) are of importance for hazard assessment of the City. The geomorphological evidences along the NTF are not in agreement with an active fault, indicating that the fault activity may have been shifted southward. Furthermore differentiation of newly recognized alluvial units and their inferred ages, together with the mapped fault pattern permit us to characterize the Quaternary deformation. The Late Pleistocene alluvial deposits consist of three alluvial fans among them the youngest one together with the modern alluvial fan defines the Holocene deposit. The present deformation in the piedmont is accommodated along vertically left-lateral strike-slip faults and low-angle thrust faults trending in range from N070 to N110E.     

青藏高原东缘新生代构造层序与构造事件

新生代龙门山前盆地和盐源盆地是青藏高原东缘龙门山－锦屏山冲断带内及前缘地区发育和保存最好的新生代沉积盆地，本次以地层不整合面和ESR测年资料为主要依据，将该区新生代构造地层序列划分为5个构造层序，即TS1（65－55Ma)、TS2(40-50Ma)、TS3（23－16Ma)、TS4(4．7-1.6Ma)和TS5（0．74－0Ma)，据此将青藏高原东缘新生代构造变形和隆升事件划分为5期，其中TS1与喜马拉雅地体和拉萨地体拼合事件相关，TS2与印亚碰撞事件相关，TS3与青藏高原第一次隆升事件相关，TS4与青藏高原第二次隆升事件相关，TS5与青藏高原第三次隆升事件相关。     

太行山东麓滹沱河出山处新生代沉积相与地貌结构

研究区在大地构造上处于山西台背斜上的五台隆起与辽冀台向斜内的博野拗陷之间的过渡地区,在地貌上位于太行山地与华北大平原之间的过渡带、滹沱河及其主要(右岸)支流冶河出山口地区,是一片点缀有残山的宽广的山前夷平面与冲洪积扇。     

Sedimentary Response of Different Fan Types to the Paleogene–Neogene Basin Transformation in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Province

A group of alluvial fans formed in the early Paleogene represent marginal sedimentary facies at the foot of the South Tianshan Mountain, Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, Xinjiang province. Two types of fans occurred in the middle–late Paleogene Kumugeliemu and Suweiyi formations: one alluvial, and the other fan delta deposited in a lacustrine setting. Within the early Neogene Jidike Formation, coastal subaqueous fans developed, probably in a deeper water lacustrine setting. The three types of fans are stacked vertically in outcrop with the sequence in ascending order: bottom alluvial, middle fan-delta, and top subaqueous. The subaqueous is a typical coarse-fan deposit occurring in the glutinite member of the Jidike Formation in some wells. Laterally, from the foreland to the lacustrine settings, the distribution pattern of sedimentary facies represents the same three fan types sequentially. The spatial distribution of these fans was controlled by the Paleogene–Neogene Basin transformation, and evolution with different types of fans developed in the Kuqa Depression in response. In the Paleogene, the Kuqa Depression was a rift basin where an alluvial fan was deposited in the foreland setting, which, by early Neogene, became a foreland basin when the lake level changed. With any rise in lake level, fan-deltas migrated from lacustrine to foreland settings, whereas when the lake level fell, fan migration was reversed. In the early Neogene, with increasing slope and rising lake level, fans progressed and covered the previous fan-delta and lacustrine mudstone. Eventually, subaqueous fans developed, forming the present spatial configuration of these three fan types.     

西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段晚第四纪 活动表现与滑动速率*

文章对西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段的沉积建造、构造地貌等开展了野外调查与研究。冲沟位错、断裂剖面、山脊位错、线性槽地、洪积扇变形与断塞塘等详细的构造地貌分析,显示断裂带在黄香沟段晚第四纪具有较强的活动性,以左旋走滑兼有倾滑分量为特征。根据其中两条晚更新世末期以来的冲沟左旋水平位错平均值30.5±3.0m,及其¹⁴ C限定的冲沟发生位错的年龄为13480±240aB.P.,获得断裂晚第四纪的水平滑动速率为2.3±0.2mm/a。 同时,由断裂位错洪积扇形成的1.05±0.30m垂直位移量,与该期洪积扇形成的¹⁴ C年龄3690±100aB.P. ,估算了断裂晚第四纪的垂直滑动速率为0.28±0.08mm/a。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000417

The characteristics of the Bolokenu-Aqikekuduk (Bo-A) fault, a right-lateral strike-slip fault that runs for more than 700 km long and obliquely cuts North Tianshan Mountains, are evaluated here based on remote sensing data, and through an analysis of the results from field investigations as well as climate-geomorphic events. The fault is composed of a western segment with a NW strike and an eastern segment with a NWW strike. The western segment is nearly 250 km long, extending northwestward into Kazakhstan with a right-lateral strike-slip rate of 5 mm/a. This domain consists of 4e5 rupture sections, with 3e4 deformation belts, caused by ancient or historical earthquakes, and suggesting the potential for the occurrence of further strong earthquakes (with M z 7.5) in future. The eastern segment of the fault shows a right-lateral strike-slip rate of 1e1.4 mm/a, with the development of 3e4 deformation belts caused by ancient or historical earthquakes, and with a potential for future strong earthquake with M z 7.0. A typical strain partitioning style in the compression area has developed between the intermontane Bo- A fault and the piedmont thrust structures of Northern Tianshan Mountains, under the effect of oblique compression, as indicated by the piedmont thrust structure and the strike-slip fault in the mountains.     

Sedimentary Response of Different Fan Types to the Paleogene-Neogene Basin Transformation in the Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin,Xinjiang Province

A group of alluvial fans formed in the early Paleogene represent marginal sedimentary facies at the foot of the South Tianshan Mountain,Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin,Xinjiang province. Two types of fans occurred in the middle-late Paleogene Kumugeliemu and Suweiyi formations:one alluvial,and the other fan delta deposited in a lacustrine setting.Within the early Neogene Jidike Formation,coastal subaqueous fans developed,probably in a deeper water lacustrine setting.The three types of fans are stacked vertic...