干旱区绿洲地下水位调控方法与模型研究进展

适宜的地下水位是干旱区绿洲健康稳定发展的基础。从地下水生态水位的调控机理、调控方法、调控模型和应用实践入手,综述了干旱区绿洲地下水生态水位调控的研究进展:地表水与地下水相互转化规律是干旱区绿洲地下水生态水位调控的理论基础,掌握人类活动强烈影响下的地表水与地下水的响应关系是关键;地下水的补给、排泄和开发利用是实现地下水位调控的三个主要途径,不同调控方法在作用环节、适用性及效果方面存在显著差异;基于不同的研究重点,目前形成了以水资源配置、水循环过程和生态过程为核心的三类调控模型;建议继续深化强人类活动影响下干旱区绿洲生态水文响应机理与演变规律研究,构建基于调控措施-循环转化-响应反馈的地下水生态水位调控体系。     

中国西北内陆干旱盆地地下水形成演化模式及其意义

随着系统理论分析方法的引入和同位素、遥感、计算机技术和先进物探手段等的应用,内陆干旱区的地下水勘查与研究得到迅速发展。本文以作者在中国西北地区近十几年的地下水勘查与研究成果为主要基础,将内陆干旱盆地平原区地下水划分为四级地下水流系统,即山前局部地下水流系统（Ｉ）、区域地下水流系统（Ⅱ）、滞流地下水流系统（Ⅲ）和细土平原区易变的局部地下水流系统（Ⅳ）。盆地地下水的形成演化和盐分迁移主要发生在Ｉ、Ⅱ和     

石家庄市东部平原FEFLOW地下水数值模拟与研究

根据研究区水文地质条件、开采条件及资料条件,将研究区内水文地质概念模型概化为二维非均质、各向同性、非稳定地下水流系统.利用先进的FEFLOW有限元地下水模拟系统建立了研究区的区域地下水流模型,预测不同开采方案下的地下水动态变化,为地下水资源开发利用和优化配置提供科学依据.     

激电测深在延安地区浅层地下水调查评价中的应用

延安地区地处陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,属于干旱半干旱区,水资源相当缺乏,因此地下水调查的工作对延安有着重要的意义。本次在延安市区及周边地区进行了地球物理勘查工作,目的是研究延安地区地下300m以浅的地层岩性结构,为区域间接寻找浅层地下水提供基础物探成果。通过专家论证和前期试验,勘查工作采用激电等比测深装置,在对地电结构进行划分时,注重结合水文地质资料对测深点曲线类型进行分析和总结,使激电测深成果在延安地区浅层地下水调查评价的应用中取得了良好的应用效果。     

地下水质模型在人工回灌中的应用

随着水文地质工作的不断深入和计算技术的发展,在地下水质研究方面,已由定性研究发展到定量研究,开始应用地下水质模型解决实际问题。地下水质模型是应用数学模型研究地下水中可溶物质弥散迁移时,浓度的时空变化规律,预测被污染地下水的瞬时状态与扩展范围,对污染物质在地下水中的迁移作出定量评价,为制定合理有效的防治污染措施提供科学依据。近年来,世界上一些发达国家已开展了地下水质模拟研究,建立了若干相应的水质模型。我国从1980     

岩溶地下水系统灰色特征及灰参模型研究：以桂林东区岩溶裂隙管道,凯里岩…

本文结合岩溶地下水系统自身所具有灰色特征，首次把灰色系统理论引入地下水渗流模型中，建立起具有灰源汇项，灰边界，灰水文地质参数等灰变量岩溶地下水系统水流模型（ＫＧＳＧＰＭ）研究了水文地质参数求解方法－枯，雨季参数法和最优区间参数法。     

宁夏甜水河煤田地下水模拟及涌水量预测

地下水模拟技术是进行煤田地下水环境影响评价和矿区疏干排水设计的主要工具。该文以宁夏甜水河煤田为研究对象,根据矿区地质条件和水文地质条件的分析,确定模型边界条件并建立了水文地质概念模型,应用基于有限差分法的MODFLOW程序,建立地下水流三维模型,进而对煤田各开采阶段的地下水流场和涌水量进行预测,从而为煤田地下水有效防治和安全生产提供依据。     

干旱地区地下水资源勘查方法的探讨--为蒙古国图木尔廷敖包成功找水的实例

蒙古国图木尔廷敖包锌矿处于干旱、半干旱地区,水文地质条件复杂.为解决矿山生产、生活用水的问题,作者笲对蒙古国苏赫巴托洼地地下水系统进行了系统地研究,提出了基于系统论观点的地下水资源勘探思路,从全局出发,抓住主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面,辨证地分析区域地下水的补给、径流及排泄条件,科学预见地下储水构造,研究地下水的可控性,寻找到理想供水水源地.实践证明,正确的勘探指导思想对于地下水资源勘探至关重要,对干旱、半干旱地区地下水资源勘查具有一定的借鉴意义.     

高光谱遥感水文地质应用新进展

高光谱遥感是一种利用成像光谱仪同时获取地物目标辐射、光谱和空间等多重信息遥感的技术,水文地质是高光谱遥感重要的应用领域之一,通过高光谱遥感图像分析,能够提取大区域包气带及含水系统的水文地质信息,可为水文地质环境的识别及实时监测、地下水资源高效管理、地下水数值模型构建等提供科学数据。通过调研凝练了高光谱遥感基本原理方法及其在水文地质方面的应用研究,重点总结了地下水环境污染和水文信息反演方面的高光谱遥感应用研究进展,分析了高光谱遥感水文地质应用所面临的挑战,并展望了高光谱遥感水文地质应用研究的发展趋势,主要包括:通过土壤和植被的光谱信息实现对研究区包气带土壤重金属污染状况的大面积、短周期连续快速监测;在高光谱图像中提取构造、地层岩性等地质和水文地质特征,以环境指示因子（如植被）为有效补充,获取饱和带地下水环境信息;通过高光谱图像识别植被类型、计算植被覆盖度、分析叶片反射光谱特征并建立模型反演土壤含水量和地下水位,为研究和保护缺水地区生态环境提供数据支撑。     

长春市双阳区生活垃圾填埋场对 地下水环境影响的分析

本文阐述了长春市双阳区垃圾填埋场原填埋区(一区)、新填埋区(二区)的污染现状;自然地理状况;地层岩性、水文地质条件。通过实施补充勘察手段,查明了工作区地质、水文地质条件,污染物分布及地下水质量现状。采用建立地下水数值模型,分析预测生活垃圾填埋非正常状况下近20年来对地下水的污染情况、污染质运移最大的方法,及其对地下水环境的影响。     

黑河下游额济纳绿洲荒漠植被与地下水位埋深的 定量关系

干旱区植被生长与地下水的依存关系是生态水文地质学研究的热点之一。由于降水稀少,中国西北地区植被的生长发育与地下水的关系极为密切,从大尺度上研究地下水变化的生态效应问题对生态环境的保护和恢复具有重要的意义。借助遥感方法,结合地下水观测数据,在区域尺度上定量地研究了我国黑河下游额济纳绿洲荒漠植被发育与地下水埋深的关系。结果表明:适宜植被生长的地下水埋深范围约为2~5 m,当地下水埋深超过5.5 m时,由于植被根系缺水,不能维持冠层正常生长,几乎没有植被发育。     

银川平原植被生长与地下水关系研究

干旱区植被生长与地下水的关系是生态水文地质学研究的热点之一。西北内陆干旱地区降水稀少,植被的生长发育与地下水的关系极为密切,从大尺度上研究地下水变化的生态效应问题对生态环境的保护和恢复具有重要的意义。借助遥感方法,结合地下水观测数据,在区域尺度上定量地研究了中国银川平原地区地下水埋深及矿化度与植被生长的关系。结果表明:适宜植被生长的地下水埋深范围约为1~6m,当地下水位埋深为3.5m左右时,植被长势最好。而在水位埋深为3.5m左右的地区,植被生长的相对好坏又受地下水矿化度的影响。当地下水矿化度为0.9g/L时对该地区植被的生长最为有利。     

试论冻结滞水

冻结滞水指因冬季的冻结作用在包气带冻土层内形成的季节性固态地下水。在冻结期间包气带水具有明显的倒置分带性：（１）冻结滞水带;（２）过渡水分带;（３）支持毛管水汽化输水带。冻结滞水含水率比冻结前一般增加２０％￣３０％,相当于给水度为０．０６的含水层中潜水位下降２．５４￣３．７４ｍ时给出的水量。冻结滞水是干旱、半干旱地区农、林、牧业生产持续发展的可贵的水资源之一。     

干表层的概念界定及其水文生态效应研究

干表层（DSL,Dry Surface Layer）是干旱半干旱地区土-气界面的重要组成部分,影响着陆地水分循环。文章以土壤物理学、土壤水动力学、土壤热力学和水文地质学的基本理论为指导,在综合分析前人资料的基础上,结合室内物理试验的部分观测成果,界定了干表层的概念,探讨了此概念的内涵与外延;辨析了干表层和（下伏）土壤干层两个概念的关系;阐明了干表层与地下水位埋深的关系,干表层对降雨入渗、蒸发和植被的影响。     

Spatial analysis of groundwater quality for drinking purpose in Sirjan Plain,Iran by fuzzy logic in GIS

At present,due to shortage of water resources,especially in arid and semiarid areas of the world such as Iran,exploitation of groundwater resources with suitable quality for drinking is of high importance.In this regard,contamination of groundwater resources to heavy metals,especially arsenic,is one of the most important hazards that threaten human health.The present study aims to develop an approach for presenting the groundwater quality of Sirjan city in Kerman Province,based on modern tools of spatial zoning in the GIS environment and a fuzzy approach of evaluating drinking water in accordance with the standards of world health organization(WHO).For this purpose,qualitative data related to 22 exploitation wells recorded during 2002 to 2017 were used.In addition,fuzzy aggregate maps were prepared in two scenarios by neglecting and considering arsenic presence in groundwater resources.The results showed a decrease in groundwater quality over time.More specifically,neglecting the presence of arsenic,in 2002,all drinking wells in the area were located in an excellent zone,while in 2017 a number of operation wells were located in the good and medium zone.Also,the final map,considering the presence of arsenic as a limiting factor of drinking water,indicated that parts of the southern regions of the plain would be the best place to dig wells for drinking water.Therefore,the use of new methods can contribute significantly to the usage of groundwater aquifers and provide a good view of the aquifer water quality.     

基于文献计量学分析岩溶水文地质学研究热点

利用文献计量学方法分析2011-2018年国内外岩溶水文地质学领域研究的动态特征。通过Web of Science（WoS）核心合集数据库，以“Karst hydrogeology”、“Karst groundwater”、“Karst aquifer”、“Karst underground river”、“Karst subterranean stream”、“Karst underground stream”、“Karst spring”“Karst geothermal water”、“Karst thermal groundwater”或“Karst water landscape”为主题词，检索得到1 460篇论文，通过中国知网（CNKI）收录的EI、核心期刊和CSSCI数据库，以“岩溶水文地质”、“岩溶地下水”、“岩溶含水层”、“喀斯特水文地质”、“喀斯特地下水”、“喀斯特含水层”、“地下河”、“岩溶泉水”、“岩溶地热水”、“喀斯特泉水”、“喀斯特地热水”、“岩溶水景观”或“喀斯特水景观”为主题词，检索得到918篇论文。基于WoS和CNKI自带功能及CiteSpace软件分析国家、机构、发文量及期刊等情况，结果表明:中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所充分发挥了其在国内的机构职能和专业优势，中国有待进一步加强其在国际上的地域优势及其活跃度；由基于CiteSpace平台的关键词共现图谱发现国际岩溶水文地质学领域研究的热点问题包括“岩溶水动力学”、“岩溶地下水数值模拟”、“岩溶水文地球化学”和“岩溶水污染”，而国内岩溶水文地质学领域研究的热点问题范围更广，包括“岩溶含水系统”、“岩溶水资源”、“岩溶水环境”和“岩溶水文工程”。      

Distribution and formation of high-fluorine groundwater in China

In China, high-fluorine groundwater, which contains more than 1.0 mg/l fluorine, is mainly distributed in shallow aquifers of unconsolidated deposits in some arid and semiarid areas, deep aquifers of unconsolidated deposits in semiarid areas, as well as in hot springs of bed rock mountainous area and aquifers of fluorite-mine area. Its formation is controlled by regional climate factors, seepage conditions of groundwater, as well as the hydrogeochemical environment. The physicochemical properties of soil mass of the aeration zone play an important role in fluorine concentration in shallow groundwater. In the coastal plain areas, where groundwater is mainly recharged and discharged vertically, and its regime type belongs to the type of infiltration—evaporation, the grain size of soil mass of aeration zone directly influences the amount of fluorine transferred from solid medium into water; and the chemical constituents of the soil mass of aeration zone controls the chemical characteristics of the shallow groundwater, consequently influencing the concentration condition of fluorine in water. Fluorine ion in groundwater continuously migrates and concentrates under the comprehensive influence of many factors. High-fluorine groundwater exceeding the sanitary standard (1.0 mg/l) has an obvious zonality in regional distribution in China. Based on current statistics, there are roughly 50 million people (Zheng Qifu 1986) who have consumed water which exceeds standards in China. In highfluorine groundwater areas, endemic fluorine-poisoning often arises to different extents, affecting human health seriously. At the end of 1983, over 20 million patients were suffering from fluorine-poisoning diseases in China (Xu Guozhang, unpublished data). Therefore, research of the distribution feature and formation mechanism of fluorine ion in groundwater has become an important task.     

Combined gamma and M-test-based ANN and ARIMA models for groundwater fluctuation forecasting in semiarid regions

The shortage of surface water in arid and semiarid regions has led to the more use of the groundwater resources. In these areas, the groundwater is essential for activities such as water supply and irrigation. One of the most important stages in sustainable yield of groundwater resources is awareness of groundwater level. In this study, we have applied artificial neural networks (ANN) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models for groundwater level forecasting to 4 months ahead in Shiraz basin, southwestern Iran. Time series analysis was conducted according to the Box–Jenkins method. Meanwhile, gamma and M-test were considered for determining the optimal input combination and length of training and testing data in the ANN model. The results indicated that performance of multilayer perceptron neural network (4, 14, 1) and ARIMA (2, 1, 2) is satisfactory in the groundwater level forecasting for one month ahead. The performance comparison shows that the ARIMA model performs appreciably better than the ANN.     

Water resource development and protection in loess areas of the world: a summary to the thematic issue of water in loess

Loess is mainly distributed in arid and semiarid areas of the world, and water is essential and precious in the loess areas. Water is also an important factor inducing various geohazards and soil erosion in the loess areas. The thematic issue of Environmental Earth Sciences was edited to reflect the latest research on water and water-related themes in the loess areas of the world, especially on the Chinese Loess Plateau. This editorial introduced the background and initiative of editing this thematic issue, and it also introduced briefly the water environment projects currently underway on the Chinese Loess Plateau such as the grain for green project, the huge land creation project, and the sponge city project. The papers included in the thematic issue were also introduced to give readers a general understanding of their main research points. Finally, some suggestions to boost further water environment research in the loess areas were put forward. All the papers included in the thematic issue will scientifically support the sustainable socio-economic development in the loess areas of the world.