利用测井信息评价盐湖相烃源岩

盐湖相烃源岩富含膏、盐质成分,使其测井响应特征发生极大改变,给测井评价烃源岩带来困难。基于实测数据,分析了盐湖相烃源岩中普遍发育的纯泥岩、含膏(盐)泥岩和膏(盐)质泥岩有机碳含量的测井响应模式,发现纯泥岩和含膏(盐)泥岩TOC与AC和LogRt呈正比,与DEN呈反比,膏(盐)质泥岩TOC与DEN呈正比,与LogRt呈反比,并基于此建立了盐湖相烃源岩测井评价方法,即首先利用ΔGR区分岩性,再针对不同岩性建立TOC评价模型,最后根据实测S₁+S₂和TOC建立相关关系,就可以求取烃源岩的TOC和S₁+S₂。利用该方法对东营凹陷沙四下亚段烃源岩性质和展布进行分析,发现预测TOC与实测TOC吻合程度高,具有一定推广价值。     

Analysis on the deployment of mining research supported by the grant program of Deep Resources Exploration and Mining

The Deep Resources Exploration and Mining(DREAM) grant program, within the framework of The National Key Research and Development Program grants, is a pillar to implement China's science and technology strategy in the area of deep resources exploitation. To tackle the insufficient of theories and technologies for the 1000-meter-deep mining, a section of mining, covering the research of basic theories, general technologies and application demonstration, was arranged in the layout of DREAM under the principle of "whole chain design, integrated implementation". In the aspect of basic research, DREAM mainly focused on the deep rock mechanics and mining theory, such as the in-situ mechanical behavior of deep rock, deep high stress induction and energy regulation theory. For the general and key technologies, DREAM supported the research on the mine construction and hoisting, excavation, rock breaking, mining methods and mining safety according to the characteristics of coal and metal mines. For the demonstration application, taking green, safe and efficient as the starting point, DREAM aimed at the green, safe and high efficiency mining, and the demonstration and leading role projects such as the low-waste and high-efficiency back fill mining. Since 2016, 10 RD projects have been funded, and 122 institutional participants with a total budget of RMB 235 million from the central government and RMB 480 million from enterprises as well as local governments have been involved. It is expected that the mining section of DREAM would contribute to establishing the theory and technology system in the area of deep mining and promoting the ability of deep resource exploitation in China.     

Application of 3D Static Modelling in Reservoir Characterization: A Case Study from the Qishn Formation in Sharyoof Oil Field, Masila Basin, Yemen

Three-dimensional(3 D)static modelling techniques are applied to the characterization of the Qishn Formation(Fm.)in the Sharyoof oil field locating within the Masila basin,southeastern Yemen.The present study was initiated by the seismic structural interpretation,followed by building a 3 D structural framework,in addition to analysing well log data and from these,3 D facies and petrophysical models are constructed.In the Sharyoof oil field,the Qishn Fm.exhibits depth values within the range of 400-780 m below sea level,with a general increase towards the SSE.A set of high dip angle normal faults with a general ENE-WSW trend dissect the rocks.The strata are also folded as a main anticline with an axis that is parallel to the fault trend,formed as a result of basement uplift.According to the facies models,the Qishn Fm.comprises 43.83% limestone,21.53% shale,21.26% sandstone,13.21% siltstone and 0.17% dolomite.The Qishn Carbonates Member has low porosity values making it a potential seal for the underlying reservoirs whereas the Upper Qishn Clastics SI A and C have good reservoir quality and SIB has fair reservoir quality.The Upper Qishn Clastics S2 and S3 also have fair reservoir quality,while the Lower Qishn Clastics zone has good reservoir quality.The water saturation decreases towards the west and east and increases towards north and south.The total original oil in-place(OOIP)of the Upper Qishn clastics is 106 million STB within the SI A,SIC and S2 zones.Drilling of development wells is recommended in the eastern study area,where good trapping configuration is exhibited in addition to the presence of a potential seal(Upper Qishn Carbonates Member)and reservoir(Qishn Clastics Member)with high porosity and low water saturation.     

印度共和国地质构造与区域成矿

印度共和国位于南亚次大陆中部,陆地面积297.32万km2(不包括印控克什米尔地区与锡金),北部为喜马拉雅高山区,海拔平均为5500m;中部是印度河-恒河-布拉马普特河(在中国境内称雅鲁藏布江)平原,平均海拔100~200m,是印度经济最发达、人口最稠密地区;南部是印度半岛高原区,西高东低,     

多年冻土环境对寒区天然气管线稳定性的影响

Field investigations of several gas mains in different geosystems were carried out in Noviy Urengoy region (Eastern Siberia) in September, 2003. There were on ground pipelines covered with peat or sand. In case of small rivers pipelines were elevated by pile support on the shores. Because pipelines were applied in cryolithozone that means special secure methods used in pipeline systems functioning and operating. There are multiple sites of natural landscapes destructed or totally destroyed during building and exploiting of the pipelines. That causes negative cryogenic processes development. The most dangerous one is the heaving, that reaches up to several meters in humid landscapes. The complex thermoerosion, thermokarst and heaving occur very often at one site. The heaving of piles leads to pipe deformations and the emergency situations to occur. It is possible to predict negative cryogenic processes development and so far to reduce an emergency risk.     

Water in coesite: Incorporation mechanism and operation condition,solubility and P-T dependence,and contribution to water transport and coesite preservation

A series of coesite,coexisting with or without a liquid phase,was synthesized in the nominal system SiO2-H2O at800-1450℃and 5 GPa.Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to identity the crystalline phase,electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS were employed to quantity some major and trace elements,and unpolarized FTIR spectroscopy was applied to probe the different types of hydrogen defects,explore water-incorporation mechanisms and quantify water contents.Trace amounts of A1 and B were detected in the coesite.Combining our results with the results in the literatures,we have found no positive correlation between the Al contents and the"Al"-based hydrogen concentrations,suggesting that previously proposed hydrogen-incorporation mechanism H^++Al^3+■Si^4+does not function in coesite.In contrast,we have confirmed the positive correlation between the B contents and the B-based hydrogen concentrations.The hydrogen-incorporation mechanism H^++B3^+■Si^4+readily takes place in coesite at different P-T conditions,and significantly increases the water content at both liquid-saturated and liquid-undersaturated conditions.For the SiO2-H2O system,we have found that type-Ⅰhydrogarnet substitution plays a dictating role in incorporating water into coesite at liquid-saturated condition,type-II hydrogarnet substitution contributes significantly at nearly dry condition,and both operate at conditions in between.The water solubility of coesite,as dictated by the type-Ⅰhydrogarnet substitution,positively correlates with both P and T,cH2O=-105(30)+5.2(32)×P+0.112(26)×T,with cH2O in wt ppm,P in GPa and T in℃.Due to its low water solubility and small fraction in subducted slabs,coesite may contribute insignificantly to the vertical water transport in subduction zones.Furthermore,the water solubility of any coesite in exhuming ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks should be virtually zero as coesite becomes metastable.With an adequately fast waterdiffusion rate,this metastable coesite should be completely dry,which may have been the key factor to the partial preservation of most natural Coe.As a byproduct,a new IR experimental protocol for accurate water determination in optically anisotropic nominally anhydrous minerals has been found.Aided with the empirical method of Paterson(1982)it employs multiple unpolarized IR spectra,collected from randomly-orientated mineral grains,to approximate both total integrated absorbance and total integrated molar absorption coefficient.Its success relies on a high-level orientation randomness in the IR analyses.     

Final-stage Southward Subduction of the Eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean: Evidence from the Middle Permian Mafic Intrusions in the Northern Margin of the North China Craton

The northern margin of the North China Craton(NCC)contains widespread Permian magmatic rocks,but the origin of these rocks remains controversial.This uncertainty hampers us from better understanding of tectonic framework and evolution of the eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean,particularly with respect to its final-stage subduction and closure time.To address these questions,this study presents petrological,zircon U-Pb geochronological,whole-rock geochemical and in situ zircon Hf isotopic data for these Permian mafic intrusions in the northern margin of the NCC.Precise zircon U-Pb dating results indicate that these mafic intrusions were emplaced in the Middle Permian(ca.260 Ma).Geochemically,the studied mafic intrusions have high MgO and transition metals element contents,with high Mg^# values,indicating a mantle origin.These mafic intrusions are characterized by enrichments in large ion lithophile elements(LILEs;e.g.,Rb,Ba,and K)and light rare earth elements(LREEs),and depletions in high field strength elements(HFSEs;e.g.,Nb,Ta,and Ti)and heavy rare earth elements(HREEs),indicating that they were formed in a subduction-related setting.These geochemical features,together with zircon ε_Hf(t)values(-1.1 to+11.2),indicate that their parental magmas were derived from partial melting of heterogeneous mantle wedge metasomatized by subduction-related fluids,with the contributions of slab sediments.The studied mafic intrusions also show wide range of major and trace elements contents,and variable Mg^# values,Eu and Sr anomalies,suggesting that their parental magmas had undergone variable degrees of fractional crystallization.Together with the E-W trending Permian continental arc along the northern margin of the NCC,we confirm that the generation of the Middle Permian mafic intrusions was related to southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian oceanic lithosphere beneath the NCC and the Paleo-Asian Ocean had not closed prior to the Middle Permian.     

水文制图图式应用研究

分析现行水文资料整编中使用的水文制图图式存在的问题,从行业相关规范系列、与国标图式协调、图式要素及数字化制图等方面提出修改图式的意见,对图式修订提供样图及试应用情况.     

Modeling for critical state line of granular soil with evolution of grain size distribution due to particle breakage

Determination of the critical state line(CSL)is important to characterize engineering properties of granular soils.Grain size distribution(GSD)has a significant influence on the location of CSL.The influence of particle breakage on the CSL is mainly attributed to the change in GSD due to particle breakage.However,GSD has not been properly considered in modeling the CSL with influence of particle breakage.This study aims to propose a quantitative model to determine the CSL considering the effect of GSD.We hypothesize that the change of critical state void ratio with respect to GSD is caused by the same mechanism that influences of the change of minimum void ratio with respect to GSD.Consequently,the particle packing model for minimum void ratio proposed by Chang et al.(2017)is extended to predict critical state void ratio.The developed model is validated by experimental results of CSLs for several types of granular materials.Then the evolution of GSD due to particle breakage is incorporated into the model.The model is further evaluated using the experimental results on rockfill material,which illustrates the applicability of the model in predicting CSL for granular material with particle breakage.     

某水利枢纽厂房大型基坑开挖渗流研究

渗流,特别涉及到自由面或浸润线的确定是岩土工程的重点和难点问题.借鉴砂土坝的渗流分析方法,采用经典分段组合法理论得到基坑开挖边坡渗流简化模型Ⅰ.在此基础上将土层分层,应用土层分界面上的渗流折射定律,得到简化模型Ⅱ.分别求解两种模型得到正常水位和最大水位条件下的渗水量,与工程实际的渗水量进行对比发现,计算渗水量大于实际渗水量,这是由于忽略了围堰对渗水的阻隔作用.在正常水位条件下,模型Ⅱ的结果优于模型Ⅰ.     

Accumulation and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils around oil sludge in Zhongyuan oil field, China

In this paper, the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil samples around three different oily sludge plants in winter were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the pollution degree with PAHs in soil samples was determined. Soil samples were collected from the agricultural soil around three different oily sludge plants (the Third Wenming Plant, the Third Mazhai Plant, and the Fourth Wener Plant) along with the leeway in Zhongyuan oil field. The distances from collected sample sites to oily sludge plants are 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 m, respectively. The results show that the contents of PAHs in soil samples decrease dramatically with the increase of the distance from the oily sludge, and that the PAHs with 2–4 rings are major pollutants in the oily sludge and soil samples. The main factors, which influenced the distribution of PAHs are discussed. Based on Nemero Index P, the classification evaluation shows that the soils around the oily sludge are heavily polluted in winter. The health risk assessment and ecological risk assessment of the soils around the oily sludge in Zhongyuan oil field in winter are analyzed.     

Uptake, accumulation and translocation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by winter wheat cultured on oily sludge-amended soil

The purpose of this study is to comparatively investigate the plant uptake, accumulation and translocation behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as priority pollutants in soil contaminated with oily sludge. The influence of different oily sludge application doses on the uptake of contaminants was studied together with the profile of individual PAH in roots, straws and leaves of winter wheat. Pot experiments were conducted using oily sludge application doses of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent, respectively. The total PAHs contents of control soil and oily sludge were 16.96 and 3504.66 μg/g, respectively. Analysis for the contents of the 16 PAHs was carried out with a HPLC-UV using plant tissue samples obtained at the 265th day of growth. The total PAHs contents in treated winter wheat were 9.02-334.81 ng/g for roots, 8.45-336.52 ng/g for straws and 10.70-406.32 ng/g for leaves. In addition to 5% of oily sludge dose, the total PAHs content in leaves was always highest under other doses of oily sludge application. With respect to individual PAH, the content did not show a significant plant tissue related trend. However, both the total content and individual content of PAHs in treated winter wheat tissues did increase with increasing oily sludge application dose. Another analysis for the control soil indicates that the degradation rate of PAHs was significantly enhanced by winter wheat after 265 days of growth based on the residual concentrations of PAHs in planted and unplanted soils.     

Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crop soils amended with oily sludge

Oil fields present a potential ecological risk to nearby farmland soil. Here we present a new method designed to evaluate the ability of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) to contribute to the dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are priority pollutants in soils contaminated by oily sludge. The influence of different doses of oily sludge on the dissipation of PAHs was studied along with individual PAH profiles in soils after different periods of plant growth. Five soil samples were artificially contaminated with different percentages of oily sludge (0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 %). Winter wheat grew in the oily sludge–amended soils for 265 days. PAH content in the soils was monitored over the course of the study. The rate of PAH dissipation is related to the properties of different PAHs, period of winter wheat growth, and oily sludge application dose. Analysis for treated soils indicates that the dissipation of PAHs increased significantly over the first 212 days, followed by minimal changes over the final 53 days of treatment. In contrast, PAH dissipation slowed with increasing oily sludge application. For each PAH, the experimental results showed a significant compound-dependent trend. Winter wheat in the present study significantly enhanced the dissipation of PAHs in oily sludge–contaminated soil.     

Concentrations and possible sources of PAHs in sediments from Bohai Bay and adjacent shelf

Concentrations, spatial distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as priority pollutants were investigated in surface sediments of Bohai Bay, North China. Total concentrations of PAHs were in the range of 140.6–300.7 ng/g (dry wt), with an average of 188.0 ng/g. The three predominant PAHs were phenanthrene, acenaphthene and naphthalene. Sedimentary PAH concentrations of the north and central Bohai Bay were higher than those of the southern side of this bay. PAHs source analysis suggested that PAHs in most of the sediments were mainly from grass, wood and coal incomplete combustion. At other stations near the estuaries (Luanhe River Estuary and Chaohe River Estuary) or the oil drilling platform, both petrogenic and pyrogenic inputs were significant. The pyrogenic PAHs close to the oil drilling platform were mainly from petroleum combustion.     

Source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of a creek around a flow station

Sources of the sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the United States Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutants list were determined in sediments of Kolo Creek using diagnostic ratios of parent PAHs[phenanthrene/phenanthrene + anthracene; fluoranthene/fluoranthene + pyrene; benz(a) anthracene/benz(a) anthracene + chrysene and indeno(1,2,3-d)pyrene/indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + benzo(ghi)pyrelene]. The study was conducted over four seasons (dry, late dry, rainy and late rainy seasons). Applying cross plots of the diagnostic ratios revealed that PAHs in Kolo Creek sediment have pyrogenic origins except in the rainy season that had petrogenic origins. Comparison of diagnostic ratio values obtained from this study with literature values enabled the further classification into types of pyrogenic and/or petrogenic sources. While the pyrogenic sources of PAHs were mainly as a result of Grass/Wood combustion, the petrogenic PAHs were as result of drained diesel and lubricating oil. The predicted sources corresponded with the prevailing human activities in the vicinity, especially samples collected near a petrol station and an abattoir. This study further affirms the simplicity and accuracy of the use of diagnostic ratios for PAHs source prediction.     

Enhanced biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using nonionic surfactants in soil slurry

The effect of nonionic surfactants on the solubility and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aqueous phase and in the soil slurry phase, as well as the fate of these surfactants, were investigated. The PAH solubility was linearly proportional to the surfactant concentration when above the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and increased as the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) value decreased. Substantial amounts of the sorbed phenanthrene in the soil particles were desorbed by non-ionic surfactants into the liquid phase when the ratio of soil to water was 1:10 (g/ml). Brij 30 was the most biodegradable surfactant tested, showed no substrate inhibition up to a concentration of 1.5 g/l, and was definitely used as a C source by the bacteria. Naphthalene and phenanthrene were completely degraded by phenanthrene-acclimatised cultures within 60 h, but a substantial amount of naphthalene was lost due to volatilization. The limiting step in the soil slurry bioremediation was bioavailability by the micro-organisms for the sand slurry and mass transfer from a solid to aqueous phase in the clay slurry.     

水中多环芳烃前处理过程中的污染来源及去除方法

实验设备、耗材等物品以及实验室环境中都有可能存在一定浓度的多环芳烃,造成样品在前处理过程中可能受到污染,从而影响多环芳烃测定结果的准确性。文章系统地研究了水样分析中萘、苊、芴、菲、蒽等多环芳烃污染物的引入和去除方法。在排除了数据处理和仪器测试的原因后,确认污染来自于样品前处理过程。对容器污染、试剂干扰、前处理间环境污染和氮吹浓缩系统等因素的排查结果表明,氮吹浓缩系统是主要的污染源。进一步实验证实,氮气、减压阀以及连接管线等均可造成多环芳烃污染。通过采取更换氮气、减压阀和连接管线的措施,并将氮气通过活性炭柱,能够有效地去除这些污染。实验设计了装有活性炭的玻璃柱装置,可以有效去除存在的萘等多环芳烃物质的污染;但专用减压阀避免多环芳烃污染的效果验证、氮气中多环芳烃污染物的来源确认以及多环芳烃污染去除装置的优化改进等问题还有待于进一步研究。     

Study on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） contents and sources in the surface so~l or l-lmznou City, South China, based on multivariate statistics analysis

Studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface soil were conducted in Huizhou City, which is located in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Sixteen PAHs in 42 soil samples were detected. The results showed that 4 components of PAHs were detectable in all soil samples, and other 12 components were also detectable to some extent. The total PAHs contents range from 35.40 to 534.5 μg/kg with the mean value of 123.09 μg/kg. Soil in Huizhou was slightly polluted by PAHs according to Maliszewska-Kordybach’s study. It can be confirmed that the increase of PAHs contents in the surface soil of Huizhou City is closely connected to human activities. Multivariate analysis was also made in this study. Principal component analysis was used to constrain their origins, and 3 principal components (PCs) were extracted. The results showed that coal combustion and oil spilling made the major contributions to PAHs. Cluster analysis was made and 16 priority PAHs were classified as 4 sorts, and the result revealed the differences in environmental behavior, chemical properties and sources of PAHs.     

Effect of organic matter and selected heavy metals on sorption of acenaphthene,fluorene and fluoranthene onto various clays and clay minerals

The effects of organic matter (80% humic and 15% fulvic acid) and coexistence of heavy metals (Ni, Pb and Zn) on sorption of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)—acenaphthene, fluorene and fluoranthene—were examined for kaolinite, 60% kaolinite?+?40% sand, and 43% kaolinite?+?42% sand?+?15% bentonite. In total 108 batch sorption tests of PAHs were conducted for three types of clay mineral mixtures in six possible combinations of soil organic matter and heavy metal contents from no heavy metals and organic matter added to maximum organic matter added with spiked heavy metals. Results showed that the existence of metals increased the sorption of PAHs onto kaolinite from 4.7% for acenaphthene to 17.9% for fluoranthene. Organic matter in a kaolinite-sand-bentonite matrix could increase PAH sorption by up to 140% for fluoranthene. In all cases, increases were greater for fluoranthene, a larger PAH molecule. Heavy metals coexisting with organic matter led to enhanced sorption of PAHs compared to clay minerals without organic matter. Synergistic effects of organic matter and heavy metals on PAH sorption increments in the mixtures studied were such that the overall sorption could be 10–41% higher than that based on summation of the separate effects of metals and organics.     

Promoted dissipation of phenanthrene and pyrene in soils by amaranth (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Amaranthus tricolor</Emphasis> L.)

A study was conducted to investigate the performance of amaranth, a known hyperaccumulator of cesium, on the promotion of the dissipation of soil phenanthrene and pyrene, which are PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Amaranthus tricolor L. een choi was the cultivar used. The presence of Amaranthus tricolor L. evidently enhanced the dissipation of these PAHs in soils with initial phenanthrene concentrations of 7.450–456.5 mg/kg dw (dw, dry weight) and pyrene of 8.010–488.7 mg/kg dw. At the end of the experiment (45 days), the residual concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soils with plants were generally higher than those with no plants. The loss of phenanthrene and pyrene in vegetated soils was 87.85–94.03% and 46.89–76.57% of the soil with these chemicals, which was 2.55–13.66% and 11.12–56.55% larger than the loss in non-vegetated soils, respectively. The accumulation of phenanthrene and pyrene by the plant was evident. Root and shoot concentrations of these chemicals monotonically increased with increasing soil PAH concentrations. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs), defined as the ratio of chemical concentrations in plants and in the soils (on a dry weight basis), of phenanthrene and pyrene by roots were 0.136–0.776 and 0.603–1.425, while by shoots were 0.116–0.951 and 0.082–0.517, respectively. BCFs of phenanthrene and pyrene tended to decrease with the increasing concentrations of soil phenanthrene and pyrene. Plant accumulation only accounted for less than 0.32% (for phenanthrene) and 0.33% (for pyrene) of the total amount enhancement of the dissipated PAHs in vegetated vs. non-vegetated soils. In contrast, plant-promoted microbial biodegradation was the predominant contribution to the plant-enhanced dissipation of soil phenanthrene and pyrene. These results suggested the feasibility of the radionuclide hyperaccumulator in phytoremediating the soil PAH contaminants.