云南宾川雄鲁摩铜多金属矿床的成矿流体

雄鲁摩铜多金属矿床产于沉积岩中，生成工业意义矿床主体的改造期石英中的流体包裹体显微测温、成分分析以及氢氧同位素研究结果表明，雄鲁摩铜多金属矿床的流体为具有中低温、中低盐度和中低密度特征的富钠氯化物型热卤水，成矿流体水来源于与围岩发生了同位素交换的演化大气降水，形成于浅成低压的较酸性还原环境。     

金属矿床的成矿流体成分和流体包裹体

自然界中的成矿流体按其主要成分,可分为:(1)岩浆,即形成岩浆矿床的岩浆;(2)以H2O为主的流体(含Na Cl);(3)以CO2为主的流体。地壳中的流体类型很多,只有含一定金属元素含量的,并且达到一定浓度时才称为金属矿床的成矿流体。基于对矿床中流体包裹体和天然成矿流体中金属种类和含量的测定,这些金属矿床的成矿流体按金属元素含量可以分为五组,成矿流体可以来自岩浆、岩浆热液、大气降水、盆地卤水和变质流体等地质环境。     

云南绿春大马尖山钨多金属矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿机制探究

为探究三江南段钨多金属矿床的成矿流体特征、演化及矿床成因，选取了云南绿春大马尖山钨多金属矿床为研究对象，对其512 m中段至889 m中段的铜矿化和钨矿化石英脉中的原生流体包裹体进行包裹体测温、激光拉曼等研究。研究结果表明，该矿床中主要发育气液两相型包裹体（Ⅰ型），另有少量的含子晶包裹体（Ⅱ型）、富甲烷包裹体（Ⅲ型），未见纯气相、纯液相包裹体；铜矿化石英中流体包裹体均一温度为165~335℃，盐度为4. 2%~16. 7%NaCleq；钨矿化石英中流体包裹体均一温度为199~265℃，盐度为2. 6%~23. 7%NaCleq，有少量以石盐为主的子晶矿物，流体盐类溶质从NaCl、KCl、MgCl2为主逐步演化为CaCl2为主，成矿压力为17. 85~48. 90 MPa，深度为0. 67~1. 85 km；激光拉曼光谱分析结果表明，大马尖山钨多金属矿床各中段成矿流体成分相似，以H2O、CH4为主，伴有少量N2及微量的CO2。在同一中段内两种矿化流体包裹体的均一温度相近，盐度相差较大，CH4、CO2含量也有较大的差异，这可能由于铜矿化流体经热化学硫酸盐还原反应（TSR）演化过程造成的，与钨矿化流体演化存在明显差异。氯化物的参与是大马尖山钨多金属矿床中W元素的运移和富集的主导因素，同时也受F-、Ca2+含量以及锰方解石、黑钨矿活度积的控制，形成了“上白（钨）下黑（钨）”且以白钨矿为主的钨矿体。从矿体的深部到浅部，成矿流体中的H、O同位素组成发生了显著变化（呈弱负相关），根据水岩反应中H、O同位素组成演化趋势，推测成矿流体与围岩之间发生了水岩反应。基于以上研究成果，认为大马尖山钨多金属矿床成矿流体是由岩浆水、大气降水构成，同时发生了水岩交换反应，成矿流体在迁移演化过程中，由于温度、压力、挥发份等物理化学条件的改变，以石英斑岩为中心，向外依次形成W、Cu- As、Pb- Zn等矿化带，形成钨多金属矿床。     

湘东北燕山期陆内碰撞造山带金多金属成矿地球化学

文章采用微量元素(包括稀土元素)地球化学示踪方法，着重讨论了金大规模成矿的物质来源、含矿流体来源及含矿流体运移的能量问题。认为湘东北地区金多金属矿床成矿物质和含矿流体具多来源，大规模花岗质岩浆活动能为成矿元素的活化和成矿流体运移提供巨量能源；成矿物质一部分源于深部含矿热液，可能与富铅、富氯、中高温(320℃左右)、相对还原的酸性环境下的气成热液有关，而冷家溪群及相关地层金多金属成矿物质在热液活动和动力变质作用下的活化迁移有利于金多金属的大规模成矿。侏罗纪以来，岩石圈地球动力学转折及伴随的热液作用和动力变质作用对区内金多金属成矿起重要的作用，而岩浆作用、动力作用和/或热液活动影响程度的可能差异，导致了金多金属矿床具有不同的成矿特点。     

有机成矿流体研究进展

介绍了有机态矿流体的概念、研究意义、研究方法及其发展趋势。由于有机成矿流体是在金属矿床成矿过程中起重要或主要作用的、经过一定距离迁移的、含有机制的流体或呈流体状态的有机质,因此,“异源有机质”对于金属成矿的作用特别重要,从而大大拓殿了生物成矿学的研究领域。     

安徽月山矿田铜、金矿床氢氧同位素地球化学及成矿流体输运-化学反应成矿动力学

本文基于氢氧同位素的地球化学研究，论述了安徽月山矿田两类铜、金矿床成矿流体的来源、演化及成矿流体输运扣化学反应扣成矿作用动力学过程。结论认为。月山矿田金属矿床成矿流体为具复杂演化历史的岩浆水或多成因水的混合，主要成矿阶段成矿热液均以岩浆水占绝对优势，两类矿床是同源岩浆热液系统在不同的地质、地球化学环境下演化的产物，是成矿流体的等温输运反应及温度梯度输运反应等综合作用的结果。     

流体成矿系统与成矿作用研究

对几乎所有金属矿床类型来说，其形成过程均与金属从源岩的活化、原始渗滤、矿质运移和金属沉淀富集成矿关系密切，这些过程主要是由流体的运动和作用完成的。因此，识别金属和流体的来源，追溯流体从源区将金属运载至最终成矿部位所经过的路径，以及查明金属和流体沿运移通道发生的物理、化学和时间上的各种变化及其特殊性质，可以为矿床评价与勘查提供很有价值的定量成矿信息。成矿流体的来源－运移－沉淀（－堆积）过程会以流体成矿系统的形式保留下来。对流体成矿系统和作用的全面了解可通过调查活动的和古代的两种系统获得。活动流体成矿系统是目前正在进行原始矿质搬运的系统，调查这些系统可对运移通道中的含矿流体进行取样和监测研究。古流体成矿系统包括各时代从含金石英脉到铅－锌矿脉系统的所有热液脉型矿床以及沉积喷气型和所谓层控矿床。对含矿矿物和岩石的广泛岩石学、化学、流体包裹体和同位素研究将为定量评价与预测矿床的分布和变化提供至关重要的资料。流体成矿系统内具有一些重要特征，如各种地质要素的方向性、相关性和指示性变化。     

冀西石湖地区多金属矿床成矿流体氦氩碳氢氧同位素特征及地质意义

石湖地区金、银多金属矿床位于太行山中北段,产出于太古界阜平群变质岩系,燕山期麻棚岩体的周边。本文以石湖地区代表性矿床为例,根据多金属矿床黄铁矿流体包裹体中He、Ar同位素及与黄铁矿共生的石英流体包裹体中C、H、O同位素组成,探讨了石湖地区金、银多金属矿床成矿流体来源。分析结果表明石湖地区金、银多金属矿床黄铁矿流体包裹体中3He/4He介于0.43~2.40 Ra,40Ar/36Ar介于477~879,显示出本区金、银多金属矿床的成矿流体为地幔流体与地壳流体混合的产物。石英包裹体中δDV-SMOW介于-62‰~-105‰,δ18OV-SMOW介于9.6‰~13.8‰,表明成矿流体为岩浆水与大气降水的混合;δ13CPDB介于-3.5‰~-5.0‰,表明矿区成矿热液来自地幔。氢、氧、碳同位素体系与氦、氩同位素体系的示踪具有一致性,均显示出石湖地区金、银多金属矿床成矿流体为地幔流体与地壳流体混合的产物。     

超临界流体的研究进展及其对成矿地球化学研究的启示

本文综述了超临界流体的研究进展，结合多年从事矿床地球化学研究的经历，认为近年来蓬勃发展的超临界流体研究，尤其是超临界条件下的化学反应对于研究地球内部成矿元素的迁移、富集有重要的启示意义。另外，对超临界流体化学对成矿流体研究可能带来的新的研究思路和新的理论认识作了理论探讨。     

西藏墨竹工卡地区邦铺钼铜多金属矿床成矿流体的特征

邦铺钼铜多金属矿床位于西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带东段,是典型的大型斑岩型钼铜多金属矿床。对邦铺钼铜多金属矿床各矿化阶段石英(方解石)中的流体包裹体均一温度与压力,盐度与密度,包裹体成分和流体包裹体H、O同位素等诸方面的初步研究表明,各个阶段成矿流体为中高温(172~239℃)、中高盐度(23.96～50.85wt%NaCleq)、高—中等密度(1.0696~1.0849g/cm3)的流体,属(Cl--)SO42--Na+(K+)型水化学类型,成矿环境为低压(36.9~110.23)×105Pa环境,成矿压力为低压(23.4~41.9)×105Pa。各个阶段的成矿流体可能主要来源于岩浆水与大气降水的混合,以大气降水为主。     

岩浆热液出溶和演化对斑岩成矿系统金属成矿的制约

岩浆热液过渡阶段对于与岩浆热液有关矿床的形成非常重要。以往的研究多侧重于岩浆结晶阶段和低于固相线的热液阶段过程和演化 ,但对于流体从熔体出溶到熔体最后固结过程的理解却很有限。基于流体包裹体冷热台研究、单个流体和熔体包裹体原位无损成分分析技术 ,并结合挥发份和成矿元素在共存相间分配的实验和质量平衡计算模拟 ,岩浆热液出溶和演化对金属成矿制约的研究取得了很大进展。文中从岩浆中挥发份的出溶和演化、成矿元素在岩浆热液过渡体系各相之间的分配、斑岩矿床成矿流体及与金属成矿的关系、浅成热液矿床成矿流体及与金属成矿的关系几个方面进行了阐述。研究表明 :( 1)岩浆熔体不仅含有足够的挥发性组分 ,而且出溶的挥发份能够被圈闭在流体包裹体中而成为岩浆出溶热液的实物证据。 ( 2 )挥发份和成矿元素不仅在岩浆熔体和出溶的溶液间分配 ,还将在熔体与盐水溶液、熔体与气相以及盐水溶液与气相间进行分配。Cu在岩浆蒸气中比在共存的熔体中要富集数百倍 ,而Cu ,As,Au(可能作为HS配合物 )则偏向于分配进入与液体相共存的蒸气相中。 ( 3 )成矿元素在熔体 /溶液间的分配系数受控于熔体中初始水含量与饱和水含量之比值和岩浆熔体与共存出溶水溶液的w(Cl) /w(H2 O)和w(F) /w(Cl)比值。 ( 4 )斑岩     

Characteristic Features of Tin–iron–copper Mineralization in the Anle-Huanggangliang Mining Area, Inner Mongolia, China

Abstract: The Anle Sn‐Cu and Huanggangliang Fe‐Sn deposits have been exploited in the Linxi district, which is located 165 km northwest of Chifeng City in northern China. In this study the formation mechanisms of the tin deposits in the Anle and Huanggangliang mining area were investigated to understand the mechanisms of tin mineralization in northern China. The veins of the Anle deposit are divided into cassiterite–quartz–chlorite veins, chalcopyrite‐bearing quartz veins, cassi–terite–chalcopyrite–bearing quartz veins and sphalerite‐quartz veins. The sequence of mineralization is tin mineralization (stage I), copper mineralization (stage II), and lead‐zinc mineralization (stage III). The Huanggangliang tin deposit consists of magnetite skarn orebodies and many cassiterite‐bearing feldspar–fluorite veins and veinlets cutting the magnetite orebodies. The fluid inclusions in quartz and fluorite in ores from the Anle and Huanggangliang tin deposits are divided into two‐phase fluid inclusions, vapor‐rich fluid inclusions and poly‐phase fluid inclusions. The final homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions of quartz in the ores of the Anle deposit and fluorite of tin‐bearing feldspar veins in the Huanggangliang tin deposit range from 195 to 425C and from 215 to 450C, respectively. The fluids responsible for the Anle and Huanggangliang tin deposits were of very high temperature and NaCl‐rich ones containing K, Ca, Al, Si, Ti, Fe and Cl in addition to ore metals such as Sn and Cu. The temperature and chemical composition of fluid in fluid inclusions of igneous rocks in the mining area are very similar to those of fluid in fluid inclusions in the ores of these deposits. The fluid for these ore deposits had a close relation with the fluid coexisting with melt of Late Jurassic granitic rocks in this mining area. Salinities of fluid inclusions from these ore deposits and granitic rocks in the mining area were estimated to range from 35 to 50 wt % NaCl equivalent. Based on arsenopy‐rite geothermometry and fluid inclusion studies, a fluid containing 40 wt% NaCl (eq.) could be formed by phase separation of fluid having 6 wt% NaCl (eq.) at a temperature of 420 to 500C and a pressure of 0.3 to 0.4 kb. The temperatures and pressures presented above indicate an NaCl‐rich magmatic fluid derived from granitic melt that had intruded into a shallow level of crust caused the Sn–Fe–Cu mineralization of the mining area. The geological relationship between these ore deposits and granitic bodies around the ore deposits, and the similarity of fluids forming these ore deposits and coexisting with granitic melt, suggest that these ore deposits were formed by the activity of fluid derived from granitic melt in Late Jurassic age.     

Geochemistry of the Ore-Forming Fluids in Gold Deposits from the Taihang Mountains,Northern China

Gold deposits in the Taihang Mountains, northern China, mainly consist of quartz sulfide veins in granitoid plutons. This paper describes the geological setting of the gold deposits, and presents the results of microthermometric, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and stable isotope analyses of ore—forming fluids for the purpose of examining the characteristics of these fluids. The ore—forming fluid was of high temperature (up to 380°C) and high salinity (33–41 wt% NaCl equiv.), represented by type I inclusions (with daughter minerals). This fluid evolved to low salinity at low temperatures recorded in type II (liquid-rich) and III inclusions (vapor—rich). Primary type II inclusions coexist with type III inclusions in quartz. Type III inclusions have almost the same homogenization temperatures as type II inclusions. This probably reflects boiling. The secondary fluid inclusions homogenized at lower temperatures, and have lower salinities than primary inclusions. Based on microthermometric data, we propose that the high—temperature fluid that separated from residual magma corresponded to the ore—forming fluid represented by type I inclusions. This fluid mixed with meteoric water in the upper part of the granitic pluton and was diluted. The diluted fluid boiled, probably due to abrupt pressure decrease, and formed liquid—rich type II inclusions and vapor—rich type III inclusions. The deposition of sulfide minerals and gold probably occurred during boiling.     

不透明矿物流体包裹体红外显微测温研究：进展、存在问题与解决方案

流体包裹体是古地质流体的唯一直接记录,为反演地质过程涉及的物理化学条件等提供了最为重要的证据。流体包裹体是研究热液矿床成矿流体最有利手段,常规的测试对象为透明的脉石矿物,而矿石矿物中的流体包裹体更为直接、准确地记录了成矿流体信息。大多数矿石矿物在显微镜透射光下不透明,其捕获的流体包裹体研究需要使用配备有红外成像系统的显微镜进行。近20 年来,不透明矿物流体包裹体红外显微测温研究获得了长足的进展,但其中仍有一些问题尚未解决,制约了该方法的应用;同时,国内该研究领域正处在起步阶段,多个实验室已安装了红外测试仪器,但尚未开展系统的研究工作。因此,需要对该研究领域进行综述,探讨存在的问题,以促进该研究方法的发展。本文首先介绍了红外显微镜仪器工作原理及样品制备注意事项,阐述了影响不透明矿物红外透明度的因素,讨论了红外显微测温研究中的主要问题和难点,并针对测温过程中相变观察困难、红外光可能影响测温结果等问题提出可行的解决方案,最后论述了红外显微测温系统在矿床学领域的应用前景。     

液态不混溶作用:成矿机制之一 ——以太行山地区的金矿为例

太行山地区的许多金矿产在花岗质岩体内部及其附近的围岩中,产出形式以金属硫化物石英脉为主（如蔡术庵金矿、土石金矿、九集庄金矿等）,部分金矿以爆破角砾岩体的形式出现（如窑沟金矿）,另一部分则以含矿金属硫化物浸染在花岗岩破碎带中的形式产出（如上明峪金矿）...     

花垣铅锌矿床成矿流体特征及动态

花垣铅锌矿床是近年来发现的产于上寒武统清虚洞组藻灰岩－鲕粒灰岩中的大型密西西比型（ＭＶＴ）铅锌矿床。根据矿床中大量流体包裹体的详细研究,成矿流体为高盐度的低温 水,流体报相组分中,Ｈ２Ｏ占有主要部分,ＣＯ２＋ＣＨ４约为５％,１ｇｆｏ２稳定在－４８．０￣－４９．００之间,ｐＨ为４．３￣５．８,Ｅｈ为－０．０７￣－０．１ｅＶ,此外,流体组分中,钠离子的含量大于甲离子,钙离子大于镁离子,而氯离子大于氟离     

云南南秧田钨矿床流体包裹体特征及其意义

对南秧田矽卡岩型钨矿床的石英和石榴石流体包裹体的岩相学特征研究表明,与成矿有关的包裹体主要有3类:富液相、富气相和含子晶的多相包裹体。石英包裹体均一温度范围为232～337℃,盐度w(NaCl)=0.53%～9.98%;石榴石包裹体的均一温度范围为228～306℃,盐度w(NaCl)=6.45%～14.04%。激光拉曼探针分析表明,南秧田白钨矿的成矿流体中气相成分以H2O为主,含少量CO2、CH4、H2S和N2等气体,液相成分以H2O为主,属NaCl-H2O流体体系。成矿溶液的密度为0.72～0.87g/cm3,表明形成这种矽卡岩型矿床的成矿流体均属于中温、低盐度、低密度的流体。成矿压力为18～32MPa,成矿深度约为0.6～1.2km。石英包裹体水的δD为-72.16‰～-65.10‰,δ18O为7.98‰～8.45‰,钨矿床中硫化物δ34S为6.6‰。成矿流体主要来自燕山晚期的岩浆热液作用。     

江西金山金矿床成矿流体地球化学及矿床成因讨论

对金山韧性剪切带型金矿床石英及方解石中流体包裹体的研究表明:成矿流体具有中低温、低盐度和低密度的特征;富含Ca2 ,Mg2 ,SO42-,CO2等;主要来源有变质热流体、富含有机质的大气降水形成的热流体和深源流体;流体的性质在时间和空间上都有一定的变化,矿床的形成主要是两期流体成矿作用的结果,是热液与构造的耦合;不同种类流体的混合、单一流体不混溶分离作用和盐水体系中有机质的参与是矿床形成的关键因素.     

Fluid Inclusions and C?H?O?S?Pb Isotopes: Implications for the Genesis of the Zhuanshanzi Gold Deposit on the Northern Margin of the North China Craton

The Zhuanshanzi gold deposit lies in the eastern section of the Xingmeng orogenic belt and the northern section of the Chifeng‐Chaoyang gold belt. The gold veins are strictly controlled by a NW‐oriented shear fault zone. Quartz veins and altered tectonic rock‐type gold veins are the main vein types. The deposits can be divided into four mineralization stages, and the second and third metallogenic stages are the main metallogenic stages. In this paper, based on the detailed field geological surveys, an analysis of the orebody and ore characteristics, microtemperature measurement of fluid inclusions, the Laser Raman spectrum of the inclusions, determination of C? H? O? S? Pb isotopic geochemical characteristics, and so on were carried out to explore the origin of the ore‐forming fluids, ore‐forming materials, and the genesis of the deposits. The results show that the fluid inclusions can be divided into four types: type I – gas–liquid two‐phase inclusions; type II – gas‐rich inclusions; type III– liquid inclusions; and type IV – CO₂‐containing three‐phase inclusions. However, they are dominated by type Ib – gas liquid inclusions and type IV – three‐phase inclusions containing CO₂. The gas compositions are mainly H₂O and CO₂, indicating that the metallogenic system is a CO₂? H₂O? NaCl system. The homogenization temperature of the ore‐forming fluid evolved from a middle temperature to a low temperature, and the temperature of the fluid was further reduced due to meteoric water mixing during the late stage, as well as a lack of CO₂ components, and eventually evolved into a simple NaCl? H₂O hydrothermal system. C? H? O? S? Pb isotope research proved that the ore‐forming fluids are mainly magmatic water during the early stage, with abundant meteoric water mixed in during the late stage. Ore‐forming materials originated mostly from hypomagma and were possibly influenced by the surrounding rocks, suggesting that the ore‐forming materials were mainly magmatic hydrothermal deposits, with a small amount of crustal component. The fluid immiscibility and the CO₂ and CH₄ gases in the fluids played an active and important role in the precipitation and enrichment of Au during different metallogenic stages. The deposit is considered a magmatic hydrothermal deposit of middle–low temperature.     

吉林荒沟山金矿床成矿流体特征

荒沟山金矿床为吉南老岭金-多金属成矿带内较具代表性矿床之一,产于元古宇老岭群珍珠门组地层之中,受韧性剪切带构造控制.按地质特征、矿物组合及矿脉之间的穿切关系,将荒沟山金矿床热液成矿作用划分为Ⅰ黄铁矿-毒砂-石英阶段和Ⅱ晚期辉锑矿-乳白色石英两个阶段.系统的流体包裹体岩相学及显微测温研究表明:Ⅰ阶段石英中发育含CO₂三相、碳质及气液两相3种类型的原生流体包裹体,成矿流体属不混溶的中低温、低盐度NaCl-H₂O-CO₂体系热液,在成矿过程中发生过不混溶作用而导致金等有用元素沉淀富集;Ⅱ阶段石英颗粒中主要发育气液两相包裹体,成矿流体属均匀的NaCl-H₂O体系热液.碳、氢、氧同位素研究表明,Ⅰ阶段成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液,Ⅱ阶段流体除继承早阶段的热液外,还有大气降水的混入;δD和δ13C_V-PDB值分析结果证明两个成矿阶段流体均与地层发生过较强的水岩反应.矿床成因属于中温岩浆热液矿床.