极限保土状态下的反滤机制试验研究

提出了反滤系统极限保土状态的概念,分别采用4种不同孔径的钢丝编织网进行粉土反滤试验,研究反滤系统的极限保土状态。试验表明,当滤网孔径O和粉土特征粒径d85的比值等于12时,反滤系统才达到极限保土状态。极限保土状态下的反滤系统,在淹没式出流条件下,经往复水流作用26 h后改为单向水流,水力梯度从3.8逐渐增加到9.1,并在9.1的水力梯度下持续渗透453.25 h,反滤系统仍保持稳定,未发生失稳破坏;在非淹没式出流条件下,水力梯度从5.3逐渐增加到12.7期间,反滤系统保持稳定,但在维持12.7的水力梯度下持续渗透261.83 h后,反滤系统发生失稳破坏。对极限保土状态的研究有助于工程设计中更加合理地确定织物滤层孔径上限,减少淤堵。     

法向应力下土工织物过滤黏土淤堵试验研究

模拟实际工况,采用改进的可以施加竖向荷载的梯度比渗透仪完成了一系列土工织物过滤黏性土的梯度比试验。试验采用上海地区第④层黏性土和短纤针刺无纺土工织物,分别在临界水力梯度（1.0）和水力梯度为2.0下进行,并通过改变竖向荷载来研究土工织物反滤性能随水力梯度和法向应力的变化规律。研究结果表明:水力梯度和法向应力是影响土工织物淤堵特性和滤层透水能力的重要因素。随着竖向荷载的增加,土工织物过滤黏性土的梯度比有所增大,但其稳定时并未发生不容许的淤堵;在特定荷载下,渗透系数随时间减小,而后趋于稳定,稳定后的渗透系数随竖向荷载的增大而减小;水力梯度由1.0增大到2.0,也引起了土工织物-黏性土体系的梯度比增大,透水能力减弱。试验结果较好地反映了实际工况下土工织物滤层的反滤作用,可为类似工程设计提供参考。     

极端条件下心墙泥浆料的渗透反滤试验研究

高土石心墙坝的渗透稳定性在很大程度上依赖于反滤层对心墙料的反滤保护作用。心墙在大坝蓄水和长期运行的条件下，要经历复杂的填筑加载、浸水饱和与水荷载的作用，在差异沉降、复杂结构应力作用、水力劈裂和渗透水流作用下，心墙一旦出现裂缝，其渗透稳定性及反滤层的保护作用就将面临严峻的考验。针对这一问题，设计了专门非常规的抛填土料反滤试验和泥浆渗透反滤试验，模拟心墙裂缝条件下其颗粒被冲刷起动后，被反滤料阻挡和淤积过程。试验结果表明，心墙料和反滤料满足反滤准则条件下，心墙颗粒被拦截和淤积在反滤层上游表面，反滤料能有效防止心墙颗粒的流失，反滤层在极端条件下对心墙料仍能起到有效的反滤保护作用。     

无纺土工织物过滤黏土的反滤特性试验研究

在土工织物反滤排水工程中,织物滤层在应力、渗流实际工况下的反滤特性是保证工程安全的关键问题。为揭示无纺土工织物过滤黏土的反滤机制,采用自主研制的可施加法向压应力的梯度比渗透仪试验装置测定黏土−无纺土工织物滤层体系的渗透系数kT、各分层土的渗透系数kj、梯度比RG和试验前后土工织物试样的质量变化情况,研究在不同水力梯度、应力水平下无纺土工织物过滤黏土的反滤特性。结果表明：黏土−无纺土工织物滤层体系的渗透系数kT和梯度比RG随着时间的增加而减小,并最终趋于一个稳定值;增大水力梯度可以改善黏土−无纺土工织物滤层的透水性,增加应力水平会降低土工织物滤层的透水性且提高其保土性;渗流作用下,被保护土层表现为靠近无纺土工织物的底层土渗透系数最小,远离无纺土工织物的最上层土的渗透系数最大;堵塞系数与黏土−无纺土工织物滤层体系的渗透系数kT、梯度比RG存在内在的关系,在特定的应力−渗流作用下可能存在一个临界堵塞系数,大于该值时将造成无纺土工织物滤层的反滤失效。     

宽级配砂土基料-滤层系统的室内模型试验研究

基料一滤层利用数码可视化跟踪技术、计算机信息实时处理技术和土体变形无标点量测技术,对宽级配基料一滤层系统进行了渗透室内模型试验。探讨了滤层准则的适用性,研究了不同滤层厚度和加压速率对管涌发生发展的影响。结果表明：传统太沙基滤层准则不适用于宽级配砂土,建议采用可移动颗粒中的d85s进行滤层准则设计;增加滤层厚度可提高系统的抗渗透破坏能力,但提高滤层厚度对提高整个系统抵抗渗透能力作用不大;水力梯度增加较快不利于系统的稳定。     

海堤土工织物滤层的探讨

研究了波动水流对海堤织物滤层的水力要素及过滤机理。粒径小于0.6 mm颗粒间存在粘着力;同时,由于滤层和堤体的渗透流速不一致,则堤体界面的土颗粒将受水流剪应力的作用。在分析了使土颗粒发生变形的水流剪应力、变形土体周壁的屈服应力和波浪压力等后,根据平衡原理,建立了织物滤层的保土性准则。     

混凝土面板堆石坝中过渡区的渗流控制作用研究

在面板完好的条件下,面板堆石坝坝体的渗透稳定性很容易满足要求;在面板止水破损和面板失效的不利条件下,过渡区的渗流控制作用对于大坝的渗透稳定性具有关键意义。结合水布垭大坝实例,通过层间系数的分析,认为必须通过试验研究过渡料对垫层料的反滤保护作用。通过反滤试验研究了水布垭全级配过渡料对垫层料的反滤效果和渗透变形规律,结合已发表的研究成果进行综合分析,探讨了过渡区的渗流控制作用机制：过渡料与主堆石区一起,可对坝体起到很好的排水作用;在面板止水破损和面板失效的不利条件下,垫层料内部可能会发生颗粒迁移和内部结构调整,但在过渡料的反滤保护作用下可维持渗透稳定;初次遇到这种工况时,过渡区自身会有少量细粒流失,但其骨架将维持稳定,借助于主堆石区的支撑作用,过渡区将继续发挥其反滤和排水的双重作用。     

减压井机械淤堵机制与防治方法试验研究

探讨了长江堤防减压井由于设计、施工及运行环境等因素对其产生机械淤堵的影响,研究了不同渗流介质的渗透特性以及多种介质不同组合的综合特性。除传统试验外,自行研制了径向渗透试验模型装置,采用几种物理试验方式配合,对包括地层、反滤层、滤网和井管组成的整个减压井系统,以及径向的水流与几何条件进行模拟试验。通过对室内试验与现场测试成果的综合分析,对减压井机械淤堵机制和淤堵判定进行了归纳,针对实际水动力条件和运行模式,提出了减压井反滤系统防止机械淤堵的优化设计理念。     

极端条件下心墙泥浆料的渗透反滤试验研究

高土石心墙坝的渗透稳定性在很大程度上依赖于反滤层对心墙料的反滤保护作用。心墙在大坝蓄水和长期运行的条件下,要经历复杂的填筑加载、浸水饱和与水荷载的作用,在差异沉降、复杂结构应力作用、水力劈裂和渗透水流作用下,心墙一旦出现裂缝,其渗透稳定性及反滤层的保护作用就将面临严峻的考验。针对这一问题,设计了专门非常规的抛填土料反滤试验和泥浆渗透反滤试验,模拟心墙裂缝条件下其颗粒被冲刷起动后,被反滤料阻挡和淤积过程。通过试验表明,心墙料和反滤料满足反滤准则条件下,心墙颗粒被拦截和淤积在反滤层上游表面,反滤料能有效防止心墙颗粒的流失,反滤层在极端条件下对心墙料仍能起到有效的反滤保护作用。     

无纺土工织物保土应用中的概率设计准则

保土准则是土工织物反滤准则的重要组成部分,但目前的设计准则保土有余,透水不足。介绍了无纺土工织物的两种孔洞分布曲线,计算了土颗粒透过织物的概率。在理论分析的基础上,提出了一种概率保土准则。该准则对土体中的骨架颗粒和小颗粒透过织物的概率分别加以限制,既能保持土体稳定,又能防止淤堵。     

Discrete numerical modeling of particle transport in granular filters

Granular filters are an essential component in earth dams to protect the dam core from seepage erosion. This paper uses the particle flow method (PFM) to study the mechanism of particle transport in a base soil–filter system. The distributions of the eroded base-soil particles in different filters are traced and analyzed. The eroded mass and intruding depth of the eroded particles into the filters are obtained under different times and hydraulic gradients. The simulation results show that the eroded mass and intruding depth of the base-soil particles into the filter are related to the representative particle size ratio of the base soil to the filter, hydraulic gradient and erosion time. The numerical predictions are also compared with the empirical filter design criterion. The results show that the particle flow model provides an effective approach for studying the filtration micro-property and the erosion mechanism in a base soil–filter system, which is useful for filter design.     

Numerical simulation of the quicksand phenomenon by a 3D coupled Discrete Element ‐ Lattice Boltzmann hydromechanical model

This paper deals with the numerical simulation of the quicksand phenomenon using a coupled Discrete Elements – Lattice Boltzmann hydromechanical model. After the presentation of the developed numerical model, simulations of ascending fluid flow through granular deposits are performed. The simulations show that the quicksand actually triggers for a hydraulic gradient very close to the critical hydraulic gradient calculated from the global analysis of classical soil mechanics, that is, when the resultant of the applied external pressure balances submerged weight of the deposit. Moreover, they point out that the quicksand phenomenon does not occur only for hydraulic gradients above the critical hydraulic gradient, but also in some cases with slightly lower gradients. In such cases, a more permeable zone is first gradually built at the bottom of the deposit through a grain rearrangement, which increases the hydraulic gradient in the upper zones and triggers the phenomenon. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

等效水力隙宽和水力梯度对岩体裂隙网络非线性渗流特性的影响

等效水力隙宽和水力梯度是影响岩体裂隙网络渗流特性的重要因素。制作裂隙网络试验模型,建立高精度渗流试验系统;求解纳维-斯托克斯方程,模拟流体在裂隙网络内的流动状态,研究等效水力隙宽和水力梯度对非线性渗流特性的影响。结果表明,当水力梯度较小时,等效渗透系数保持恒定的常数,流体流动属于达西流动区域,流量与压力具有线性关系,可采用立方定律计算流体流动;当水力梯度较大时,等效渗透系数随着水力梯度的增加而急剧减少,流体流动进入强惯性效应流动区域,流量与压力具有强烈的非线性关系,可采用Forchheimer方程计算流体流动。随着等效水力隙宽的增加,区别线性和非线性流动区域的临界水力梯度呈幂函数关系递减。当水力梯度小于临界水力梯度时,控制方程可选立方定律;当水力梯度大于临界水力梯度时,控制方程可选Forchheimer方程,其参数A和B可根据经验公式计算得到。其研究结果可为临界水力梯度的确定及流体流动控制方程的选取提供借鉴意义。     

Experimental study of particle migration under cyclic loading: effects of load frequency and load magnitude

The study of particle migration in porous media under cyclic loading is the key to understand the mechanism of mud pumping hazard in railway embankments. This paper presents a series of particle migration tests, in which soil particles migrate into an overlying gravel layer under cyclic loading. The results show that the increase in loading frequency and load magnitude leads to more particle migration upwards at a greater rate, implying that the train speed and axle loads affect the extent of mud pumping. The slurry turbidity in the gravel layer increases to a steady state value with time. Soil particles smaller than 5 μm have the potential to diffuse into the entire gravel layer, and larger particles tend to aggregate in the bottom layer of the gravel. The backward erosion gradually develops deeper into the soil layer, and there is a maximum erosion depth associated with each load frequency and load magnitude. As for the mechanism, the pore water pressure oscillates because of liquid sloshing. Its amplitude is much larger in the gravel layer than that in the soil layer due to their difference in permeability. The axial hydraulic gradient acts as a pumping effect to stimulate the migration of soil particles. Increasing load frequency is conducive to the generation of a stronger pumping effect at the gravel–soil interface. Increasing load magnitude does impact not only the extent of pumping effect, but also the development of an interlayer which plays an important role in promoting particle migration.

     

Groutability of cement‐based grout with consideration of viscosity and filtration phenomenon

The groutability depends on the properties of the grout, its injection processes, and on the mechanical properties of the soil formation. During the process of pouring cement‐based grouting into a porous medium, a variation with time occurs in the viscosity of grout suspension. In addition, the particle filtration phenomenon will limit the expansion of the grouted zone because cement particles are progressively stagnant within the soil matrix. In this paper, a closed‐form solution was derived by implementing the mass balance equations and the generalized phenomenological filtration law, which can be used to evaluate the deposition of cement‐based grout in the soil matrix. The closed‐form solution relevant to a particular spherical flow was modified by a step‐wise numerical calculation, considering the variable viscosity caused by a chemical reaction, and the decrease in porosity resulting from grout particle deposition in the soil pores. A series of pilot‐scale chamber injection tests was performed to verify that the developed step‐wise numerical calculation is able to evaluate the injectable volume of grout and the deposition of grout particles. The results of the chamber injection tests concurred well with that of the step‐wise numerical calculation. Based on the filtration phenomenon, a viable approach for estimating the groutability of cement‐based grout in a porous medium was also suggested, which might facilitate a new insight in the design of the grouting process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三相耦合渗流侵蚀管涌机制研究及有限元模拟

管涌的发生、发展过程是土骨架相在渗流作用下侵蚀为可动细颗粒相,并随水相在孔隙通道中运移流失的过程。在该过程中,渗流与侵蚀相互耦合,相互促进,水相、土相、可动细颗粒相互作用,因此,管涌过程是一个多场、多相耦合的高度非线性的动态过程。现有的管涌试验结果表明,只有当水力梯度大于起始水力梯度时,细颗粒相才会随水相从土体中运移流失,土体才会发生管涌侵蚀,且管涌稳定后土体的孔隙率（稳定孔隙率）和水力梯度之间存在对应关系,根据该结果,提出管涌稳定孔隙率的概念,修正传统的渗流侵蚀本构方程,建立多孔介质中三相耦合的修正的渗流侵蚀管涌控制方程。最后,针对特定应力状态下的土体建立稳定孔隙率和水力梯度之间的对应关系。基于Galerkin有限元法编制有限元程序,在轴对称情况下对该土体的管涌过程进行数值模拟。结果表明,修正后的管涌控制方程能更全面地描述管涌发生、发展直至稳定状态的特性。     

考虑起始水力坡降的天然非均质地基固结分析

实际工程中通常为未经处理的天然非均质地基。低水力坡降下黏性土中渗流存在起始水力坡降的现象也逐渐被认可,但能考虑起始水力坡降的非均质地基固结模型鲜见报道。基于具有起始水力坡降的渗流模型,考虑实际中的变荷载,对压缩模量和渗透系数随深度变化的非均质地基固结问题展开研究。通过压缩模量随深度增加及渗透系数随深度减小考虑天然地基的非均质性,进而建立了单层非均质地基一维固结模型。分析了起始水力坡降i0,非均质地基参数?、x、? 和p对非均质地基固结特性的影响。结果表明：考虑起始水力坡降后非均质地基中孔压消散速率变慢,地基沉降以及固结速率随之降低;固结速率与参数?、x成正比,而地基的最终沉降量与之成反比;参数? 越大,p越小,固结速率越快,但渗透系数仅改变地基的沉降速率,不会影响非均质土层的最终沉降量。