冲绳海槽北部表层沉积物中浮游有孔虫的分布与海洋环境

为查明冲绳海槽北部浮游有孔虫动物群的分布特征与海洋环境之间的关系，对1992年6月和1999年6月两次采白冲绳海槽北部111个表层沉积物中的浮游有孔虫进行了鉴定和统计，并利用Q型因子分析方法对其群落组合特征进行了分析。结果表明，冲绳海槽北部浮游有孔虫主要有3个因子组合。以Globlobigerinita glutinata(Egger)为代表的主因子1主要分布在东南侧的黑潮主干和对马暖流控制区内，同时受西侧陆架冷水影响的部分站位也显示了较高的载荷值。G．glutinata的种群特征显示，黑潮主干和对马暖流控制区以大个体分子为主，而小个体分子主要集中在受冷水影响的陆架浅水区。因此，G．glutinata很可能是300N以北海域黑潮及其分支流系的优势种，而其小个体分子在陆架浅水的存在可能与东海冷涡沉积动力环境相关。以浅生种Globigerinoides ruber(d‘Orbigny)为代表的主因子2主要分布在研究区西侧和北侧水深100—150m之间的陆架浅水区。以Neogloboquadrina dutertrei(d’Orbigny)和Pulleniatina obliquiloculata(Parker＆Jones)为代表的主因子3，主要分布在研究区中部的黑潮和对马暖流与陆架水的混合区内。因此，冲绳海槽北部浮游有孔虫动物群的分布受到海流、水团、水深等多种海洋环境因素的影响。     

中沙、西沙群岛海区表层沉积物中微型腹足类、双壳类的分布

中沙、西沙群岛海区表层沉积物中微型腹足类、双壳类主要由热带、亚热带种类和广温性种类组成，并以典型的热带珊瑚礁型种类为主，见有腹足类176种，双壳类48种。可划分出3个沉积组合类型。温度、水深、底质、海底地貌是控制本区腹足类、双壳类分布的主要环境因素。腹足类、双壳类遗壳埋藏群由原地埋藏类型和异地埋藏类型组成。在珊瑚礁深水处这两种类型呈明显混合分布。在水深22，90，115m处属原地埋藏的潮间带或浅水类型含量丰富，优势属种明显，这表明自晚更新世末次冰期以来，南海海平面上升过程出现3次间歇性停顿。随水深增大，异地埋藏类型增多，反映了群岛区陡峻的地势与海流在礁壁处形成的垂直分流对生物埋藏群分布的影响。     

冲绳海槽南部末次间冰期以来古海洋学变迁：ODPI202站的记录

对冲绳海槽南部ODP1202站165个沉积物样品进行了CaCO3含量测定和47个样品以浮游有孔虫为主的微体化石定量分析。应用CaCO3含量变化与δ^18曲线的对应关系，初步将1202站岩心划分为MIS 1—5期的沉积。根据浮游有孔虫中暖水、凉水、浅水和深水等生态组合丰度变化，推测冲绳海槽南部晚更新世末次间冰期以来，温跃层呈逐步加深和表层海水温度逐渐升高的趋势。MIS5期以较浅温跃层和较低表层海水温度为特征，推测与研究区末次问冰期存在上升流有关。末次冰期(MIS4～2期)时，Pulleniatina obliquiloculata在整个冲绳海槽中普遍以低丰度值出现，标志黑潮主流轴可能迁移出冲绳海槽。     

冲绳海槽南部末次间冰期以来古海洋学变迁:ODP1202站的记录

对冲绳海槽南部ODP1202站165个沉积物样品进行了CaCO3含量测定和47个样品以浮游有孔虫为主的微体化石定量分析.应用CaCO3含量变化与δ18O曲线的对应关系,初步将1202站岩心划分为MIS 1-5期的沉积.根据浮游有孔虫中暖水、凉水、浅水和深水等生态组合丰度变化,推测冲绳海槽南部晚更新世末次间冰期以来,温跃层呈逐步加深和表层海水温度逐渐升高的趋势.MIS 5期以较浅温跃层和较低表层海水温度为特征,推测与研究区末次间冰期存在上升流有关.末次冰期(MIS 4-2期)时,Pulleniatina obliquiloculata在整个冲绳海槽中普遍以低丰度值出现,标志黑潮主流轴可能迁移出冲绳海槽.     

冲绳海槽北部陆坡4.4万年以来古海洋环境演化的地质记录

利用AMS^14 C年代测试、氧同位素分析和浮游有孔虫分析重建了冲绳海槽北部陆坡DOC-42孔约44cal．kaBP以来的古海洋环境演化记录。DOC-42孔沉积速率整体较低，呈明显的阶段性变化：在氧同位素3期和LGM期间沉积速率相对较大，分别为7．3和14cm／ka；末次冰消期以来的沉积速率则显著降低，与冲绳海槽冰后期沉积速率高于末次冰期明显不同；自约6．4cal．kaBP以来，沉积物堆积作用基本可以忽略，表明了受黑潮入侵引起的中国东部陆架环流体系的改变，岩心所在区域的沉积格局发生了重大变化。浮游有孔虫氧碳同位素、转换函数古温度和低温、低盐特征种Globigerina quinqueloba等一致反映了冲绳海槽北部在氧同位素3期早期约37．5～44cal．kaBP期间存在明显的低温、低盐阶段，表明该期间冲绳海槽北部的沿岸冲淡水影响明显加强，而在氧同位素3期晚期该区可能受到了黑潮暖流的影响。此外，浮游有孔虫Pulleniatina obliquiloculata与氧同位素记录有很好的对应关系，表明它是冲绳海槽末次冰期以来的一个可靠的海洋环境指标。     

古黑潮演化研究评述

黑潮是西太平洋海区的重要暖流 ,它携带着高温、高盐水体经台湾东部海域和冲绳海槽北上 ,其主流轴是西北太平洋海气热量交换最强的海区 ,对东亚气候和该区海洋沉积物的分布以及表层生产力的影响巨大。进入晚第四纪以来中国大陆及其邻近海域的古环境变化主要受东亚季风和黑潮暖流的控制［１］,地质历史时期中古黑潮演化的研究 ,对了解东亚古气候变化有重要意义。本文旨在对过去已有的研究成果作简要的评述和分析 ,并对今后的研究提出一些看法和建议。１现代黑潮基本概况黑潮为北太平洋西边界强流 ,与北大西洋西边界的湾流 ,共为世界上最瞩目…     

南海北部末次冰期古海岸线遗迹及其分布

本文根据大量实测资料，运用地形地貌学、沉积学、古生物学、测年以及地震地层学等方法。论述了南海北部１２０－１５０ｍ水深范围内晚更新世末次冰期古海岸线这的特征及分布规律，对研究晚更新世以来的古地理及古环境有重要的意义 。     

盐度的分布及变化特征

海水盐度是海水的基本要素之一,其时空分布常是海洋科学研究的重要依据。黄海和东海是位于北太平洋西部的边缘海,与太平洋有着良好的水交换,太平洋高盐水通过黑潮及其分支——台湾暖流、对马暖流以及黄海暖流流入东海和黄海,影响本调查海区(特别是本区东南部)。与此相对应,在本区的西北部则受到由苏北沿岸流和长江冲淡水等所形成的沿岸低盐流系的影响。这两种不同性质流系的相互作用和变化,在很大程度上决定着海区盐度的分布与变化特征。     

末次盛冰期时西太平洋边缘海区古海洋学特征

上一篇报道中我们论述了“晚更新世末期中国海出露陆架大平原的形成”，在我们研究陆架区环境演变过程中，就必须十分注重与其相邻的古海洋的环境特征。酉太平洋海区海洋环流极为复杂，控制和影响着该区的海洋水文、海洋气候的变化，并对附近沿岸大陆的气候产生深刻的影响。因此，研究晚更新世末期以来的西北太平洋的古海洋学特征，对于我们探讨末次冰期盛时出露陆架上的环境演变意义重大。对于我们所要讨论的西太平洋的古海洋特征的研究，已有不少文献出现，其中较有代表性的有：汪品先１９９０年的“冰期时的中国海研究现状与问题”［１］…     

东海陆架的古河道和古三角洲

基于１９９６年中法东海海洋地质调查电火花单道地震资料,确定了晚更亲世早期和中期长江（黄河）水下三角洲的分布范围和大致时间。中更新世晚期东海陆架为一自西南向东北倾斜的河流冲积平原,晚更新世以来自西北方向的大型河流的三角洲受此控制主要发育在东北部较低地区。东海陆架较大古河道多发育在末次冰期中的亚间冰期（氧同位素３期）。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,