浙江近岸海域悬浮颗粒物中磷的赋存形态及分布特征研究

磷元素是海洋基础营养盐之一,其赋存形态及分布直接影响海区的初级生产力,是海洋生物地球化学循环的重要驱动力。但大河河口与近海等重要的水生关键带水动力循环过程复杂,导致悬浮颗粒物(SPM )中磷元素的赋存形态和分布特征变化多端,亟须深入研究。根据2016年春季(4?5月)、夏季(7月)和秋季(9?10月)对浙江近岸海域的调查结果,本研究分析了浙江近岸海域SPM中总磷(TPP)、无机磷(PIP)和有机磷(POP)的含量水平、空间分布特征和影响因素。结果表明,浙江近岸海域SPM中TPP含量范围为0.13～66.13 μmol/L,均值为3.35 μmol/L;PIP含量范围为0.03～34.19 μmol/L,均值为1.97 μmol/L;POP含量范围为0.06～31.94 μmol/L,均值为1.39 μmol/L。PIP是浙江近岸海域水体中TPP的主要存在形式,占52.3%。春季浙江近岸海域表层TPP含量占总磷(TP)含量的19.3%～97.7%。春、秋季的SPM中,TPP、PIP和POP含量空间分布相似,均呈现由内湾向外海逐渐降低的变化趋势。PIP、POP与SPM呈显著的正相关性,表现出高SPM含量的海区有着较高的颗粒态磷含量,说明其受陆源输入的影响。春季盐度大于28且SPM含量小于20 mg/L的外侧远海海域,POP与Chl a的相关系数和斜率均明显高于PIP与Chl a的相关系数和斜率,说明该区域浮游植物是POP的主要贡献来源。     

海水悬浮颗粒物中不同形态磷的测定

分别采用硫酸过硫酸钾作为氧化剂进行高压消解和用浓度为1 mol/dm³盐酸浸泡提取,然后用磷钼蓝分光光度法测定海水悬浮颗粒物、沉积物中的总磷和无机磷,用差减法得到有机磷。悬浮颗粒物总磷(PTP)和无机磷(PIP)质量浓度分别为(632.4～651.7)×10^-6和(436.6～452.6)×10^-6时,其相对标准偏差小于1.44%。悬浮颗粒物总磷、无机磷和有机磷的回收率分别为97.2%～101.3%,97.8%～100.4%和97.3%～102.3%。所建立的分析方法可用于海水、河口水悬浮颗粒物及沉积物中不同形态磷的测定。     

9810号台风期间厦门近岸海域磷的分布特征

于1998年10号台风期间及台风解除后一周内，对九龙江口和西海域表层水中总磷（TP）、溶解态无机磷（DIP）、溶解态有机磷（DOP）、颗粒态磷（PP）、颗粒态无机磷（PIP）和颗粒态有机磷（POP）进行了为期9d（10月26日至11月3日）的现场观测。根据观测结果，讨论了台风对上述各形态磷的分布特征的影响，认为台风伴随的增水、入海径流量的骤增和底质再悬浮的加剧导致表层水体中各形态磷含量的短期增加。     

武汉东湖颗粒有机碎屑碳、氮、磷的沉降速率

1983—1984年,测定了东湖水柱总沉降颗粒有机物中的碳、氮、磷、叶绿素a含量和浮游动物数量,以及该湖浮游动、植物优势种的干重/湿重、C/N及C/P比值。利用所得数值计算出其颗粒有机碎屑的沉降速率。东湖这两年的颗粒有机碎屑的沉降速率[g/m~2·a),Ⅰ站分别为10.67与10.97(碳),2.15与2.68(氮)及0.29与0.30(磷);Ⅱ站分别为10.35与7.26(碳),2.17与1.12(氮)及0.22与0.16(磷)。与水柱浮游植物净生产量相比,这两年有机碎屑碳的沉降量,Ⅰ站仅占1.96％与2.39％,Ⅱ站占1.36％与0.93％。     

九龙江口、厦门西海域磷的生物地球化学研究——Ⅰ.水体中溶解态磷与颗粒态磷的含量、分布与转化

1987年3月至1988年12月笔者在九龙江口、厦门西海域调查了颗粒态磷(PP)、溶解无机磷(DIP)、溶解有机磷(DOP)、总磷(TP)及其他水化学要素。研究结果表明,九龙江水携带入海的磷大部分以颗粒态存在,DOP占有相当的比例。各种形态磷的分布有明显的区域性差异。在河水海水混合过程中,PP发生明显转移,在S=15～20水域,达最低值。悬浮颗粒物上吸附的磷在盐度增大时解吸是DIP随S增大而增大的主要原因。该海区生物必需的磷主要不是来自九龙江水的供给,而是从海区磷的再生、转化中得到补充。     

九龙江口、厦门西海域磷的生物地球化学研究——Ⅰ.水体中溶解态磷与颗粒态磷的含量、分布与转化

1987年3月至1988年12月笔者在九龙江口、厦门西海域调查了颗粒态磷(PP)、溶解无机磷(DIP)、溶解有机磷(DOP)、总磷(TP)及其他水化学要素.研究结果表明,九龙江水携带入海的磷大部分以颗粒态存在,DOP占有相当的比例.各种形态磷的分布有明显的区域性差异.在河水海水混合过程中,PP发生明显转移,在S=15～20水域,达最低值.悬浮颗粒物上吸附的磷在盐度增大时解吸是DIP随S增大而增大的主要原因.该海区生物必需的磷主要不是来自九龙江水的供给,而是从海区磷的再生、转化中得到补充.     

深海扬矿泵导叶结构中粗颗粒运动特性研究

扬矿泵作为深海采矿水力提升系统中的关键设备,其设计参数对安全、高效输送矿石有着重要作用。通过对扬矿泵导叶区域中的颗粒进行受力分析,建立受力方程和运动方程,从扬矿泵结构参数和输送参数两个方面来研究颗粒在扬矿泵导叶中的运动情况。研究结果表明:1)当颗粒粒径一定的条件下,相比于25°和30°的导叶进口安放角θ,15°~20°时颗粒将在更短的时间内以更快的速度与导叶壁面发生碰撞,这样对导叶的磨损更严重,但当θ大于25°时,导叶曲面弯曲过急,不利于颗粒过泵,因此,在此研究中选择导叶进口安放角为25°较合适;2)流道宽度小于3d_(max),颗粒与导叶碰撞位置越靠近导叶进口,碰撞时颗粒的速度越大,对泵的磨损越严重,流道宽度大于3d_(max),导叶的导流效果降低,综合考虑,选择流道宽度为3 d_(max)较佳;3)当水流速度在2~5 m/s时,颗粒与导叶碰撞瞬间,水流速度大的工况下,颗粒会以更大的速度与导叶碰撞,这样对机械的磨损更严重;4)细颗粒不容易与导叶碰撞,同一流速下,粒径越大的颗粒在导叶中的停留时间越长,会增加堵泵的概率。     

黄河口附近海域营养盐特征及富营养化程度评价

根据 2005 年 5 月、8 月 2 个航次对黄河口附近海域 33 个站点(38 °02′00 ″ ～ 37 °20′00 ″N, 119 °03′24 ″ ～ 119 °31′00 ″E)的海水化学调查资料,研究了该海域的活性硅酸盐(SiO3-Si)、活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)和无机氮(DIN)等营养要素的特征及富营养化水平.结果表明,营养盐的高浓度区域分布在黄河口南部海域,8 月 SiO3-Si 和 PO4-P 的浓度高于5月,而 DIN 的浓度则相反.表层海水 SiO3-Si 和 DIN 的浓度与表层海水盐度都呈显著负相关性(P<0.01),DIN 与 COD 呈显著正相关性(P<0.01).黄河口附近海域DIN:P值5月为136,8月为 54.3,为磷限制性营养状态.黄河口附近海域富营养化指数(EI)的平均值大于1,黄河口南部海域富营养化现象严重,COD 和 DIN 是造成海域富营养化的主要因子.     

厦门西港水体中的各形态磷

1987年12月-1988年12月调查了厦门西港水体中TP、DP、PP、IP、OP、DIP、DOP、PIP和POP的含量分布及周年变化.结果表明,水体中TP的含量范围为0.22-2.21μmol/dm3.水体中的磷主要以溶解态的形式存在,其中DIP是该区水体磷的主要存在形式,分别占IP的73%和DP的79%.磷的其他形态含量均较小,但PP的周年含量相当恒定.认为PIP和POP是厦门西港水体中磷循环的关键.DIP和DP可作为西港赤潮的预报因素之一.     

武汉东湖生态系中浮游物的营养结构

本工作主要探讨东湖水柱浮游物的颗粒有机物在营养结构上量的关系。定量测定武汉东湖浮游物的干重、无灰重及浮游动、植物生物量并进行相应的碳、氮、磷分析。1983和1984两年东湖浮游物总颗粒有机碳现存量(mg/m~3)分别为3993与2819(Ⅰ站),2958与1856(Ⅱ站);总颗粒有机氮为762与584(I站),565与369(Ⅱ站);总颗粒有机磷为105与56(Ⅰ站),59与37(Ⅱ站)。颗粒有机碎屑碳一般占浮游物总颗粒有机碳的50％,占浮游生物活体碳的61％—104％。与浮游植物生物量碳相比,有机碎屑碳是它的2—6倍。     

Spatial distributions and seasonal variations of particulate phosphorus in the Jiaozhou Bay in North China

Based on the measurements of particulate phosphorus(PP) in the Jiaozhou Bay from May 2003 to April 2004,the spatial distribution,seasonal variation and biogeochemical characteristics of PP were investigated to understand the fates and roles of phosphorus in the Jiaozhou Bay ecosystem.The concentration of the total PP ranged from 0.07 to 2.09 μmol/dm3.The concentration of POP was from 0.01 to 1.83 μmol/dm3,with an average of 0.32 μmol/dm3,which accounted for 49.6% in total PP.The concentration of PIP was fro...     

Horizontal distribution of particulate matter and its characterization using phosphorus as an indicator in surface coastal water,Harima-Nada,the Seto Inland Sea,Japan

To study the horizontal distribution and characterization of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the coastal environment, the distribution and seasonal variation of particulate phosphorus (PP), divided as organic (POP) and inorganic (PIP) fractions with POC, PON, and Chl.a, in 4 seasons throughout Harima-Nada of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, were investigated. A high concentration of PIP was observed not only in the northern coastal area, which received much freshwater discharge, but also in the channel parts. In winter, when Δσt was low, the difference between surface and bottom σt, resuspension of sinking particles or/and surface sediment which has a high PIP/PP ratio seems to have occurred, and then a high concentration of PIP in surface water was observed. In spring and summer, PIP/PP ratios (0.24) of surface waters were close to those of phytoplankton (0.1–0.2). On the other hand, PIP/PP ratios in autumn and winter, when Δσt was low, were similar to those of surface sediment in Harima-Nada (0.32–0.39). SPM in Harima-Nada showed higher PP contents than other coastal environments, and its mean value of 9.10 mg P/g was close to the phytoplankton P content of 9.75 mg P/g. This suggests that SPM in Harima-Nada was strongly affected by phytoplankton. The C/N ratio in Harima-Nada in spring was high (11), although high Chl.a and low PIP/PP were observed, possibly resulting from preferential decomposition of nitrogen in comparison with carbon. We consider that the PIP/PP ratio is a good indicator to characterize SPM and to predict its origin as well as the C/N.     

桑沟湾磷循环

The phosphorus cycle is studied during 2013–2014 in the Sanggou Bay(SGB), which is a typical aquaculture area in northern China. The forms of measured phosphorus include dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP), dissolved organic phosphorus(DOP), particulate inorganic phosphorus(PIP), and particulate organic phosphorus(POP).DIP and PIP are the major forms of total dissolved phosphorus(TDP) and total particulate phosphorus(TPP),representing 51%–75% and 53%–80%, respectively. The concentrations and distributions of phosphorus forms vary among seasons relative to aquaculture cycles, fluvial input, and hydrodynamic conditions. In autumn the concentration of DIP is significantly higher than in other seasons(P0.01), and higher concentrations are found in the west of the bay. In winter and spring the phosphorus concentrations are higher in the east of the bay than in the west. In summer, the distributions of phosphorus forms are uniform. A preliminary phosphorus budget is developed, and shows that SGB is a net sink of phosphorus. A total of 1.80×10~7 mol/a phosphorus is transported into the bay. The Yellow Sea is the major source of net input of phosphorus(61%), followed by submarine groundwater discharge(SGD)(27%), river input(11%), and atmospheric deposition(1%). The main phosphorus sink is the harvest of seaweeds(Saccharina japonica and Gracilaria lemaneiformis), bivalves(Chlamys farreri),and oysters(Crassostrea gigas), accounting for a total of 1.12×10~7 mol/a. Burial of phosphorus in sediment is another important sink, accounting for 7.00×10~6 mol/a. Biodeposition by bivalves is the major source of phosphorus in sediment, accounting for 54% of the total.     

The chemical distribution characteristics of variant form phosphorus in the seawater of the South China Sea

According to two cruises investigation information in summer and winter during 1998 and1999, the phosphorous concentration distribution and changes of summer and winter were discussed pri-marily in the South China Sea. The results show that the phosphate concentration of surface seawater insummer is distinctly lower than that in winter, averaging 0.04 μmol/dm3 in summer and 0.35 μmol/dm3 in winter. The organic phosphorous concentration of surface seawater in summer is higher than thatin winter, averaging 0.12μmol/dm3 in summer and 0.04 μmol/dm3 in winter respectively. The season-al changes of total phosphorus are similar to phosphate, averaging 0.22 μmol/dm3 in summer and 0.61μmol/dm3 in winter respectively. In vertical direction, phosphate, TDP and TP content are the lowestin upper 50 m water column, and increase in linearity rapidly with water depth, increasing slowly under500 m, reach to maximum about 1 000 m, then decrease slightly with water depth increasing. The ver-tical distribution is typical in summer, and there is small dispersed for phosphorus concentration for thesame depth of different stations. However, in winter there is a large disperse for phosphate, TDP andTP, specifically for phosphate at 200 m at which the concentration is maximum. This result indicatesthat there are large differences in hydrology and biology conditions that affect largely the chemical envi-ronment of the South China Sea. The organic phosphorus is the predominant in surface seawater of theSouth China Sea, but the inorganic phosphorus is the predominant in layers below depth of 150 m. Theorganic phosphorus concentration in deep water usually decreases with water depth increasing. The or-ganic phosphorus in summer is remarkably more than that in winter because of the strong biology activi-ties in summer.     

Decrease in anthropogenic nutrients and its effect on the C/N/P molar ratio of suspended particulate matter in hypertrophic Dokai Bay (Japan) in summer

Biologically important nutrient concentrations in Dokai Bay have declined as a result of reductions in anthropogenic inputs of total nitrogen and total phosphorus. A decrease in nutrient concentrations affects phytoplankton growth, thereby changing the biochemical characteristics of autochthonous particulate matter. We therefore investigated changes in the C/N/P molar ratio of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the summer, when phytoplankton growth is vigorous, before environmental quality standards (EQSs) were attained (1995–1998) and afterward (2006–2009). We found that the ratio of particulate organic nitrogen (PON) to particulate phosphorus (PP) changed in conjunction with changes in the ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) that resulted from reductions in nutrient loading. Furthermore, we suggest that because the DIP concentration in seawater was high before EQSs were attained, inorganic phosphorus was possibly adsorbed onto SPM. After the attainment of EQSs, however, the DIP concentration fell, and PON/PP was high. Phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton growth in the mouth of the bay may explain the high PON/PP ratios after EQS attainment.     

南海海域海水中各形态磷的化学分布特征

根据1998年7月和1999年1月两个航次的调查资料,对南海水体中磷的含量分布以及夏、冬季变化规律进行了探讨.结果表明,南海表层水体中磷酸盐夏季含量明显低于冬季,夏季平均含量为0.004μmol/dm3,而冬季为0.35 μmol/dm3;有机磷含量夏季高于冬季,含量分别为0.12,0.04 μmol/dm3;总磷含量的季节变化与无机磷酸盐类似,夏、冬季含量分别为0.22,0.61 μmol/dm3.在垂向分布上表层50 m水柱中PO₄3--P,总溶解态磷和总磷含量最小,随水深增加基本上呈线性快速增加,至500 m增加减缓,1 000 m左右为最大含量,然后随着水深略有下降.在夏季垂直分布比较典型,不同站位在一水深的含量离散性小,而冬季PO₄3--P,总溶解态磷和总磷的垂直分布则显得离散性大,尤其是PO₄3--P分布在200 m左右出现最大值,说明当年冬季南海各区域存在着较大水文、生物差异,很大的影响了化学环境的变化.在南海表层水中通常以有机磷占优势,在150 m深处以下的水中则以无机磷为主.深水中溶解的有机磷含量一般随水深减少.夏季的有机磷明显高于冬季,表明夏季的生物作用强烈.     

杭州湾——舟山渔场秋季浮游植物现存量和初级生产力

1995年9月在杭州湾和长江口至舟山海区进行了浮游植物细胞丰度、叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的现场观测研究.结果表明,表层水浮游植物平均细胞丰度为(22.68±63.33)×104个/dm3;平均叶绿素a浓度为2.80±3.46μg/dm3,小于20μm的微型和微微型浮游生物细胞对叶绿素a的贡献占71%;平均初级生产力(C)为692.5±1192.4mg/(m2·d),小于20μm的微型和微微型浮游生物细胞对总生产力的贡献占68%.河口区悬浮物质浓度高,浮游植物光合作用受光的限制,各项生物参数与真光层深度紧密相关.生物锋区位于真光层深度10～20m、盐度26～32的长江冲淡水稀释区.同时探讨了浮游植物细胞活性(R)与光合作用同化数(AN)、叶绿素a与初级生产力、叶绿素a与海面光谱反射率的相互关系,为海洋水色遥感在初级生产力的应用研究提供科学依据     

九龙江口水体中各形态磷的行为

１９９御３月至１９９６年２月，逐月从九龙江口的淡水端到入海端的全段河口区采取表层水样。测定并计算水体溶解态和颗粒态的磷：ＤＩＰ，ＤＯＰ，ＤＴＰ，ＰＩＰ，ＰＯＰ，ＰＴＰ和ＴＰ。结果表明，河流为九龙江口带来大量的磷。其主要以无机态的ＰＩＰ，ＤＩＰ形式存在。