石油地质海洋地质档案资料管理系统“OMGRDMS”将推广应用

石油地质海洋地质档案资料管理系统“ＯＭＧＲＤＭＳ”将推广应用由地矿部石油地质海洋地质资料馆研制的“地质档案资料管理系统”（Ｏｉｌ＆Ｍａ－ｒｉｎｅＧｅｏｌｏｇｙＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓＤａｔａＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔＳｙｓｔｅｍ）以下简称“ＯＭＧＲＤＭＳ”将推广...     

全球电信系统（GTS）上的海洋观测数据格式

全球电信系统（ＧＴＳ）上的海洋观测数据格式＊孔杰１引言全球电信系统（ＧＴＳ,ＧｌｏｂａｌＴｅｌｅｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓＳｙｓｔｅｍ）是世界气象组织（ＷＭＯ,ＷｏｒｌｄＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＯｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ）为了迅速、准确地在全世界...     

GOOS计划的实施与我国海洋调查船调查技术的发展

本文简要介绍了ＧＯＯＳ计划所要采用的技术手段、主要目标以及实施时间表。重点说明了海洋调查船在实施ＧＯＯＳ计划中的作用，以及面临的挑战。通过分析国内海洋调查船调查技术的现状，最后对我国海洋调查技术的发展提出了建议。     

我国海洋观测技术三十年发展的回顾和展望

本文回顾了我国海洋观测技术发展三十年的基本情况、主要成就，结合全球海洋观测系统（ＧＯＯＳ）计划的实施，展望我国海洋观测技术今后的发展。     

美国海岸及海洋地质计划(1995～1999)研究项目摘要

美国地质调查所（ＵＳＧＳ）海岸及国家海洋地质计划共有４个项目：１环境质量和保护２自然灾害和公众安全３自然资源４信息和技术各个项目分别由ＵＳＧＳ区域中心负责实施。ＭＰ西部队,门罗帕克（ＭｅｎｌｏＰａｒｋ）ＷＨ东部队,东北部,伍兹霍尔（ＷｏｏｄｓＨｏｌｅ...     

我国新—代海洋实时观测系统(ARGO)大洋观测网试验立项

国家科技部 2 0 0 2年 1月在杭州组织我国海洋与大气科学领域专家 ,对“基础研究重大项目前期研究专项”大型科学试验项目———我国新一代海洋实时观测系统 (ＡＲＧＯ)———大洋观测试验网 ,进行并通过了可行性论证。ＡＲＧＯ (ＡｒｒａｙｆｏｒＲｅａｌ -ｔｉｍｅＧｅｏｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｃＯｃｅａｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ)全球海洋观测网 ,是由美国等国家的大气、海洋学家于 1998年推出的一个全球海洋观测试验项目 ,旨在快速、准确、大范围收集全球海洋上层的海水温度、盐度剖面资料 ,以提高气候预报的精度 ,有效防御全球日益严重的气候灾害 (如…     

多媒体数据库—GOOS信息管理系统

本文简单介绍了“全球海洋观测系统（ＧＯＯＳ）”的基本概念，在对其信息组成、数据格式作出分析的基础上，利用多媒体和图形图像处理技术，设计开发了一个基于多媒体数据库的信息管理系统，成为ＧＯＯＳ系统的一个直观的查询、管理工具。     

《全球海洋观测系统》的缘由

《全球海洋观测系统》的缘由汪兆椿（国家海洋局，北京）《全球海洋观测系统》是联合国政府间海洋学委员会、世界气象组织等发起的一项为全面长期探索海洋的运动规律，及其内在变化机制，以期长期监测海洋的计划，英文缩写ＧＯＯＳ。这个系统是在已经分别开展或即将实施的...     

沿岸近海营养物质收支动力学

沿岸近海营养物质收支动力学的研究已成为全球性的重要课题之一。Ｈ．Ｄ．霍兰较全面地描述了营养物质在河流、大气和海洋中的转移及其通量［１］。Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ等１９７５年研究了纽约污水排放对Ｈｕｄｓｏｎ河口营养盐收支的影响。Ｍａｃｋａｙ和Ｌｅａｔｈｅｒｌａｎｄ１９７６年系统地研究了英国Ｃｌｙｄｅ河口湾营养盐的收支。近年来,由国际地圈－生物圈计划（ＩＧＢ）组织的沿岸带陆海相互作用研究（Ｌａｎｄ－ＯｃｅａｎＩｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｔｈｅＣｏａｓｔａｌＺｏｎｅ,１９９４～２０００,简称ＬＯＩＣＺ）计划已把…     

美国国家海洋大气局声学海平面测量中的操作经验

美国国家海洋大气局声学海平面测量中的操作经验（ＮＯＡＡＯｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｌＥｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅＷｉｔｈＡｃｏｕｓｔｉｃＳｅａＬｅｖｅｌＭｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔ）１引言美国国家海洋大气局国家海洋局（ＮＯＡＡ─ＮＯＳ）经过４年的设计和研制周期（Ｓｃｈｅｒ...     

Coastal initiative of the Global Terrestrial Observing System

The three global observing systems (the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS); the Global Oceanographic Observing System (GOOS); and the Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS)) are designed to detect and assess global change. A land-based coastal observing system initiative under GTOS is at the beginnings and will lead toward the integration of terrestrial and freshwater observations with marine observations under the auspices of coastal GOOS. The GTOS infrastructure already builds on national, regional and global programs for terrestrial observations, but more emphasis is needed on the unique circumstances of coastal ecosystems. Coastal GTOS will use the observing system philosophy and infrastructure to identify and improve access to data and information about coastal change; assist users to make that access systematically; ensure that appropriate measures are being or can be made; and integrate terrestrial observations with marine observations. Key variables have been defined for GTOS. But major challenges include evaluating these and others for coastal ecosystems and identifying the indicators of coastal condition that operate at appropriate scales.     

Technical tools for regional seas management: the role of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)

The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) is a system of organization providing a framework for the ocean observing activities of the world and the organizations, programmes and projects that support them. GOOS is a tool designed to provide information required to meet the needs of a wide user community. It may be used to increase the effectiveness of the regional seas programme in meeting its targets, and to help regional fisheries bodies to implement an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management. GOOS will be implemented by national agencies operating individually or with others through regional agreements of various kinds. Several nations with common interests in particular seas have already combined their efforts into regional GOOS bodies. To a large extent these map onto the UNEP regional sea areas, to which they are complementary. GOOS implementation began in 1998, and efforts are underway to make it useful to UNEP's regional seas programme.     

我国海洋初级生产力研究二十年

回顾和论述了我国学者近 2 0年来在海洋初级生产力观测研究的进展。随着我国资源与环境问题的日益突出 ,初级生产力研究越来越受到重视 ,研究海域也越来越广阔 ,研究的方法不断改进与完善。 2 0年来我国海洋初级生产力研究取得了很大成绩 ,基本搞清了我国海域的状况 ,为生态系结构与功能研究、为渔业资源的合理开发与可持续发展、为海洋环境质量的评价和赤潮的监测与预报等提供了重要科学基础。目前该项研究正在向更广和更深的层次发展 ,并且与特定的研究目标紧密联系 ,有些研究项目已与国际接轨。加强大空间尺度和长时间序列的观测研究及其与相关学科的综合研究 ,和采用现代化的观测手段 ,必将使该领域的研究提到一个更高的水平。     

河口和沿岸海域生态环境质量综合评价方法评介

海洋环境管理从以往单纯的海洋污染管理已发展到当前的海洋生态环境综合管理。相应地,海洋环境质量评价也从以往单一的污染状况评价(包括水质、沉积物和生物体)发展到海洋生态环境质量综合评价。重点介绍了2种有代表性并被广泛应用的河口和沿岸海域生态环境质量综合评价方法———欧盟的“生态状况评价综合方法”和美国的“沿岸海域状况综合评价”。比较和评析了2种方法的异同和优缺点。建议尽快建立适合中国河口和沿岸海域特点的海洋生态环境质量综合评价方法以及相应的监测和管理体系。     

印度洋-西太平洋海洋动物谱系地理演化格局

印度洋和西太平洋海域,拥有大量浅海大陆架、边缘海和岛屿,孕育了全球最丰富的初级生产力和渔业资源,尤其是作为该区域陆源物质输入、两大洋能量汇聚中心和生物多样性中心的东印度三角,在全球海洋生物分布和进化中扮演了重要角色。本文结合物理海洋和化学海洋环境,通过线粒体基因和核基因等分子标记研究结果,归纳分析了印度洋和西太平洋区域海洋动物谱系生物地理演化格局及其可能的成因。具体结果如下:(1)雷州半岛-海南岛、冰期暴露的台湾海峡和长江冲淡水等沿岸海区,阻碍了海洋动物在海区间的扩散,南海、东海和黄、渤海广布类群,多由一个星状辐射谱系组成,种群经历最近的数量扩张和区域扩散,而仅分布于南海的物种,一般具有多个深度分歧的遗传谱系,种群呈现出数量平衡状态,同一广布物种的南海和东海种群,因区域海洋环境差异,种群数量动态演化历史不同;(2)黑潮影响区的沿岸广布类群,黑潮海流促进了顺流扩散、限制了跨海流基因交流;(3)东印度三角区,存在"华莱士线"、"赫胥黎线"和"印度洋-太平洋线"等生物地理边界,该区域海洋或咸淡水溯河洄游动物多呈现为分布在生物地理边界两侧的2个遗传谱系;(4)西太平洋,存在与目前东西向大洋环流垂直的南北向跨赤道扩散和基因流现象,可能受到目前南北向随季节反转的沿岸流和深层海流影响;(5)印度洋东西海岸共享物种,受印度洋西向赤道流影响,海洋动物多由东印度洋向西印度洋跨洋扩散;(6)西印度洋广布物种/类群,呈现了两种不同种群分化格局——遗传同质均一种群和深度分化的遗传谱系;(7)东、北印度洋和南海区域共享大量物种,可能是海盆间双向扩散的结果;(8)海洋生物谱系生物地理进化史信息,可以用于地质事件、海洋环流和古气候重建。     

The State of Rhode Island's pioneering marine spatial plan

The state of Rhode Island's Ocean Special Area Management Plan (Ocean SAMP) is the first marine spatial plan in the United States to be formally approved by the federal government as an element of a state's Coastal Management Program. The 3800 km² Ocean SAMP region includes waters under both state and federal jurisdiction. The Ocean SAMP applies the inclusive, ecosystem-based approach to marine spatial planning recommended by the National Ocean Commission in 2004 that is a feature of the National Ocean Policy promulgated in 2010. It places within a larger spatial planning context the impact assessment process that is the basis for the issuance of leases and permits requested by a developer for a specified activity at a defined marine site. The Ocean SAMP was prepared over a two and a half year period of information generation, analysis, consultation, planning and policy making prompted by the need to identify potentially suitable sites for anticipated offshore wind farms. Its highly consultative approach builds upon the 30 years of experience of the Rhode Island Coastal Program in developing and implementing special area management plans (SAMPs) for coastal and marine areas where conflicts over needs for both development and conservation demand special attention and negotiation among stakeholders with different interests. The phases in the development and approval of the Ocean SAMP, and the prospects for successful implementation are examined through frameworks suggested for the preparation of a governance baseline put forward by the international Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) program.     

Biodiversity and environmental characteristics of the bycatch assemblages from the tropical tuna purse seine fisheries in the eastern Atlantic Ocean

The impact of human activities such as fishing has been identified as a main factor in diversity loss in the open ocean. This paper studies the diversity patterns and environmental characteristics of the bycatch assemblages in Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) and Free School sets (sets made on schools of tuna) from the tropical tuna purse seine fishery in the eastern Atlantic Ocean (35°W–15°E and 20°N–15°S). Data were collected from scientific observer programmes carried out between 2003 and 2011 on board Spanish and French fleets. The results showed different structure and diversity patterns of the bycatch assemblages depending on the fishing mode, with higher number of species and diversity found in FAD sets than in Free School sets. Bycatch assemblages showed preferences for specific oceanographic characteristics of the Atlantic Ocean, such as the equatorial and seasonal coastal upwelling systems, the Cape Lopez front system and the Guinea dome. The type of set and sea surface temperature play an important role to describe the diversity patterns of these species. These results confirm the importance of integrating different methods to study the marine ecosystem towards the correct implementation of the Ecosystem Approach to Fishery Management (EAFM).     

An overview of developments and applications of oceanographic radar networks in Asia and Oceania countries

More than 110 radar stations are in operation at the present time in Asia and Oceania countries, which is nearly half of all the existing radar stations in the world, for purposes related to marine safety, oil spill response, tsunami warning, coastal zone management and understanding of ocean current dynamics, depending mainly on each country’s coastal sea characteristics. This paper introduces the oceanographic radar networks of Australia, China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan, presented at the 1st Ocean Radar Conference for Asia (ORCA) held in May 2012, Seoul, Korea, to share information about the radar network developments and operations, knowledge and experiences of data management, and research activity and application of the radar-derived data of neighbouring countries. We hope this overview paper may contribute as the first step to promotion of regional collaborations in the radar observations and data usages and applications in order to efficiently monitor the coastal and marginal sea waters along the western Pacific Ocean periphery.     

岛群海域重要生物资源及环境智能监测系统框架研究

近年来,海洋生物的多样性正受到严重威胁,主要是海洋及海岸带生态环境受到破坏、过度开发、污染和不适当的沿岸水产养殖等原因造成的。随着海洋经济重要性越来越突出,通过岛群海域重要生物资源及环境的智能监测保护非常必要。文章针对岛群海域独特的生态功能及环境,以重要生物资源及环境监测为目标,从岛群海域重要生物资源及环境智能监测系统构建入手,对系统框架、该框架下关键技术以及系统实现方法进行了研究。该研究适合岛群海域特殊的地理环境,对监测目标具有重要的适应性,对系统进一步开发及完善具有重要的指导意义。     

海域使用与海洋环境监测结合的必要性

海域管理系统是国家通过各级政府对管辖海域的资源、环境和权益等进行全面的、统筹协调管理活动的应用系统,而海洋环境监测系统是指对海洋环境进行快速检测到海洋生态环境和生物资源的变化;为公众及时预测这些变化及其结果的技术系统。二者存在着鸿沟,海洋管理只是依据静态的、种类单一的信息进行决策,无法及时为决策者提供及时必要的信息。文中提出了海域使用与海洋环境监测系统结合的必要性,并给出二者的结合。