尖刀蛏和小荚蛏不同组织同工酶的比较分析

通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板不连续电泳对尖刀蛏外套膜、鳃、肝胰腺和足等4种组织和小荚蛏外套膜、足和内脏团等3种组织的9种同工酶进行研究。结果表明,两种蛏相应组织不同同工酶的分布既具一定组织特异性,也存在一定种属特异性,且两种蛏的种属差异明显大于同种蛏的组织间差异。其中,尖刀蛏与小荚蛏在足组织间差异最大,而尖刀蛏肝胰腺与小荚蛏内脏团两组织间的差异相对较小。由于不同种蛏各具其稳定的酶谱表型,故可利用两种蛏同工酶酶谱表型的特异性作为蛋白质分子标记而应用于刀蛏科不同属蛏的物种鉴定。     

几种生态因子对尖刀蛏幼贝存活率和生长率的影响

2008～2009年,在浙江省海洋水产养殖研究所永兴基地研究了底质、饵料、温度和盐度对平均壳长为32.28±3.98mm的尖刀蛏（Cultelles scalprum）幼贝存活率和生长率的影响.结果表明：尖刀蛏幼贝以软泥底质最佳,实验条件下存活率达到76.7%,其次为沙底质,存活率为71.7%,最差为硬泥底质,存活率仅为60.0%;几种易于大规模培养的微藻中,最适宜的饵料为牟氏角毛藻,实验条件下存活率达到90.0%,生长率达到25.9%,其次为球等鞭金藻和亚心形扁藻;尖刀蛏幼贝存活的适宜温度为10～30℃,最适生长温度为26～30℃;存活的适宜盐度为18～26,最适生长盐度为22.尖刀蛏与其他大多数沿岸贝类一样属于广温广盐性品种,其幼贝更适宜于在盐度较低的环境中生存.     

福建长乐海域近江蛏营养成分分析与品质评价

测试分析了福建长乐海域近江蛏（Sinonovacula rivularis）新鲜软体部的营养成分,并与部分经济蛏类进行比较．结果表明,近江蛏软体部的出肉率为48．1％±6．0％,软体部中的水分、蛋白质、脂肪和灰分质量分数分别为84．9％、9．4％、1．6％、1．4％．近江蛏软体部中含有人体所需的17种氨基酸（除色氨酸未测外）,氨基酸含量为74．0mg／g,必需氨基酸（C EAA）占氨基酸总量（C TAA）的37．2％,鲜味氨基酸（C FAA）占氨基酸总量（C TAA）的49．6％,17种氨基酸中谷氨酸（Glu）含量最高．根据AAS和CS评价,第一限制性氨基酸为苯丙氨酸（Phe）．赖氨酸（lys）的AAS评分最高,超过FAO／WHO模式和鸡蛋蛋白质．软体部的必需氨基酸指数（I EAA）为100．06,必需氨基酸（EAA）与非必需氨基酸（NEAA）的比值（C EAA／C NEAA）为59．1％,必需氨基酸（EAA）与氨基酸总量（CTAA）的比值（C EAA／C TAA）为37．2％,构成比例均接近FAO／WHO提出的优质蛋白质标准．近江蛏软体部和足部的多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）含量高于饱和脂肪酸（SFA）的含量,多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）中又以高度不饱和脂肪酸（HUFA）的组成为主,并且n-3PUFA的含量明显高于n-6PUFA的含量;DHA和EPA含量丰富,软体部的EPA与DHA质量分数分别为4．4％、3．0％,EPA含量高于DHA的含量,两者之和分别占多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的80．4％、81．1％．近江蛏足部的PUFA含量、Cn-3／Cn-6比值以及C EPA＋C DHA之和均高于软体部．近江蛏软体部中合有丰富的矿物质元素,尤其是Zn、Se含量十分丰富．表明近江蛏肌肉具有较高的营养价值．建议对近江蛏等底栖性贝类在食用前进行蓄养净化,并对其进行消费安全和人体健康风险评价．     

大竹蛏和长竹蛏线粒体基因组的比较研究

大竹蛏(Solen grandis)和长竹蛏(Solen strictus)是2种重要的经济贝类。对大竹蛏和长竹蛏的线粒体全基因组进行比较分析。结果表明,2种竹蛏的线粒体基因组具有相似的组成结构、AT含量、基因大小和相同的基因排列顺序,然而两者的蛋白质编码基因的序列以及起始、终止密码子存在较大差异。非同义替换率与同义替换率的比值(Ka/Ks)显示,蛋白质编码基因cox1,cox2和cox3承受较强的选择压力,而nad2,nad3和nad6则承受较小的选择压力。2种竹蛏最长非编码区序列并不保守,但都含有发卡结构和(TA)12微卫星序列。长竹蛏最长非编码区中还存在另外一段串联重复序列。结果显示,2种竹蛏线粒体基因组存在明显差异,线粒体基因组可以做为区分大竹蛏和长竹蛏的重要分子标记。     

两种东风螺的营养成分分析与评估

本文对方斑东风螺和波部东风螺自身营养成分进行分析,测定其中的含肉率和腹足肌含有的基本营养成分,分析氨基酸种类及组成和脂肪酸种类及组成,对方斑东风螺和波部东风螺的营养价值进行综合评定以及对比分析.结果表明:方斑东风螺和波部东风螺含肉率分别为48.94%±2.01%和45.12%±2.29%,腹足肌中都含有高达70%左右的蛋白含量和5%左右低含量的脂肪,糖类含量接近10%,氨基酸种类齐全,必需氨基酸相对含量高,必需氨基酸指数在43以上,肉味鲜美,方斑东风螺的EPA和DHA相对含量总和为7.1%,波部东风螺为10.5%,方斑东风螺和波部东风螺的n-3系列不饱和脂肪酸相对含量分别高达6.4%和7.5%,n-6系列分别为13.4%和15.0%,属名贵滋补的海产品.     

珍珠龙胆石斑鱼肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

利用常规方法对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的含肉率和肌肉营养成分进行了的分析,并对其营养价值进行了综合评价,旨在评价珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的营养价值,为该鱼的营养学研究及其配合饲料的研制提供基础数据和理论依据。结果表明:珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的含肉率为74.43%,肌肉中水分含量75.55%,粗蛋白的含量为19.95%,粗脂肪的含量为2.29%,粗灰分的含量为1.24%。肌肉中检测出17种氨基酸(未测色氨酸),总含量为肌肉的17.14%,其中7种人体必需氨基酸的总量为6.71%,占氨基酸总量的39.17%,必需氨基酸组成符合FAO/WHO标准。必需氨基酸指数为77.21,4种鲜味氨基酸总含量为6.96%。多不饱和脂肪酸含量占肌肉脂肪酸总量的30.95%,其中EPA和DHA的含量分别为7.01%和12.39%。珍珠龙胆石斑鱼肌肉中矿物元素种类丰富,5种常量元素(钾、钙、钠、镁、磷)和5种微量元素(铁、锰、铜、锌、硒)均有检出。本研究表明,珍珠龙胆石斑鱼是1种具有较高的食用价值和营养价值的优良海水养殖品种。     

三种蛏的遗传多样性分析

应用AFLP技术对浙南地区分布的小荚蛏(Siliqua minimai)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)和大竹蛏(Solen grandis)3种蛏进行了基因组DNA多态性检测,并对其遗传多样性进行了分析.利用筛选出的5对引物组合,共扩增出781个清晰的位点;小荚蛏、缢蛏和大竹蛏多态位点比例依次为79.22%、84.25%和64.82%,Nei's基因多样性指数分别为0.2971、0.3070和0.2785,Shannon's多样性指数分别为0.4402、0.4575和0.4010,种内平均遗传距离为0.2585、0.2691和0.1838.研究结果表明,这3种蛏的核DNA遗传多样性水平以缢蛏为最丰富,小荚蛏次之,大竹蛏最低;并且3种蛏的共享位点很少,遗传趋异比较明显,说明3种蛏的遗传关系比较远.     

西施舌营养成分分析与评价

对西施舌(Coelomactra antiquata)肉的水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及部分微量元素等进行了分析,并对其营养价值进行了评价。结果表明:西施舌鲜肉含水量为82.31%,粗蛋白11.18%(占干基质量的63.19%),粗脂肪0.54%,灰分2.36%;西施舌蛋白质中含有18种编码氨基酸,其中含人体所需的全部8种必需氨基酸,必需氨基酸的质量分数为20.93%(干基),占氨基酸总量的36.28%,谷氨酸(Glu)、天冬氨酸(Asp)和甘氨酸(Gly)的质量分数较高,分别占干基的7.80%、5.57%和6.70%;高度不饱和脂肪酸C20:4(EPA)和C22:6(DHA)分别占脂肪酸总数的20.41%和10.20%;对西施舌肉营养价值评价结果显示:Gly,Asp、Glu和丙氨酸(Ala)4种呈味氨基酸占水解氨基酸总量的44.77%,占游离氨基酸总量的72.94%;氨基酸评分(SAA)和化学评分(SC)结果都显示第一限制性氨基酸是色氨酸,其SAA值和SC值分别为0.73和0.43,必需氨基酸指数(IEAA)为64.91,牛磺酸含量丰富,质量比为13 830 mg/kg(干基);西施舌含有较丰富的Fe和Zn,在其干基中的质量比分别为130.0 mg/kg和52.0 mg/kg。     

海水和淡水养殖南美白对虾肌肉营养成分的分析比较

对海水和淡水养殖南美白对虾肌肉中的水分、蛋白质、脂肪含量及氨基酸的组成进行了分析比较。结果表明 :南美白对虾肌肉的蛋白质含量为 19.1%～ 2 3.3% ,平均为 2 1.2 % ;脂肪含量为 0 .79%～ 1.14% ,平均为 0 .97%。肌肉氨基酸组成中 ,必需氨基酸的含量占氨基酸总量的35 .5 5 %～ 36 .95 % ;富含 Glu(3.2 0 %～ 3.32 % ) ,ASP(2 .0 9%～ 2 .16 % )等鲜味氨基酸 ,蛋白质营养价值高。矿物质含量丰富 ,尤其是 Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、P;维生素的含量一般。海水养殖虾肉与淡水虾肉相比 ,营养价值相当     

若干环境因子对成体小荚蛏存活的影响

2004年3~4月,采用室内试验初步研究了水温、盐度、pH值等几种环境因子对成体小荚蛏存活的影响,并测定了小荚蛏的耗氧率和最低耐氧能力,以探讨适合小荚蛏生活的环境条件,为小荚蛏的增养殖及其自然资源的保护提供理论基础。试验结果表明,小荚蛏为一种广温、广盐性、适合于泥底质生活的埋栖型贝类。在水温为0~25℃范围内,小荚蛏能较好地存活,其中在水温为10~25℃时小荚蛏生活状况良好。小荚蛏的适盐范围为10~40,15~30是小荚蛏比较适宜的盐度范围。小荚蛏对pH值的适应范围较广,在pH值为4~9范围内,存活率较高。成体小荚蛏对水体中的氨氮有较高的忍受能力,在水体中pH值为8.0、总氨氮质量浓度达20 mg/L时,72 h后其存活率仍可达70%。总氨氮对成体小荚蛏72 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)为32.50 mg/L,此时非离子氨的质量浓度为4.27 mg/L。小荚蛏的白天平均耗氧率为(0.663 6±0.102 3)mg/(g.h),黑夜平均耗氧率为(0.660 8±0.033 7)mg/(g.h),窒息点溶氧的质量浓度为0.52 mg/L。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.     

Dynamic behaviour of axially pre-loaded tubular steel members of offshore structures subjected to impact damage

The behaviour of an axially pre-loaded cylindrical member of an offshore structure, hit by a supply ship, has been investigated. The effects of axial pre-loading on the dynamic properties of members, the extent of damage and propagation of dynamic instability in the tubular members have also been investigated. Numerical models have been validated using available experimental data from the literature although these are mostly static with no pre-loading. Axial pre-loading was found to change the dynamic characteristics of some cylindrical members quite dramatically while it had no significant effect on others. The study examined whether there was any change in the behaviour between local and global modes when the loading was dynamic rather than static. The effect of damping on the dynamic instability of axially pre-loaded tubes under lateral dynamic loads was also studied. It was observed that for some geometries the quasi-static response can be used to define the boundary between bounded and unbounded dynamic responses. The main contribution of this study, compared with previous investigations reported in the literature, is that both pre-loading and dynamic effects have been included.     

Assessment of Impact on Seafloor Features in INDEX Area

Observations on seafloor features from subbottom profiling and seabed photography data show that the undisturbed and natural conditions before the benthic disturbance undergo a substantial change after operation of the disturber. The effects can be seen in the form of deep trenches and grooves, formed by the action of the sleds and the pumping of the sediment along its path, as well as sediment piles on either side of the track. Biological traces such as fecal coils, casts, tubes, burrows, and trails get obliterated in the areas of disturbance and resedimentation. The smooth, uniform nature of the seafloor observed in predisturbance phase shows microtopographic changes in and around the disturbed area as a result of sediment excavation and resettlement. Vertical mixing as well as lateral transport of sediment alter the geological, biological, physical, and chemical conditions on the seafloor, which need to be monitored over time to assess the process and the time taken for restoration of environmental conditions.     

Regional Commercial Sponge Extinctions in the West Indies: Are Recent Climatic Changes Responsible?

Abstract. Long-term changes in the distributional patterns of commercial sponges ( Spongia spp. and Hippospongia spp.) within the West Indian Region indicates that: 1) commercial sponges had a widespread distribution throughout the whole West Indian Region and were ubiquitous in very shallow water until about the first half of the present century; 2) they were fished commercially not only in the traditional northern Caribbean sites (Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas) but also in the Greater ( e. g. , Hispaniola, Jamaica) and Lesser Antilles; and 3) they became extinct throughout most of the Lesser Antilles ( e. g. , Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas) sometime during the first half of this century. Mortalities of spongiids within the Antilles were found to differ from other marine mortalities in that: 1) species disappeared from a large region; 2) species vanished from different habitats and depths; and 3) natural populations never recovered. Species richness patterns suggest that commercial sponge genera ( Spongia and Hippospongia ) evolved under slightly cooler elimatic conditions than those found at present, and that these extinctions occurred as a direct or indirect effect of positive thermal anomalies in sea surface and atmospheric temperatures between 1900–1950. The concept that species diversity is stable on a regional scale is questioned.