海口湾海水重金属的行为特征

本文对海口湾溶解态铜、铅、锌、镉进行了测定.铜的变化范围为:0.47～1.16μg/dm3,平均值为0.78μg/dm3;铅的变化范围为:0.94～2.36μg/dm3,平均值为1.36μg/dm3;锌的变化范围为:1.28～4.83μg/dm3,平均值为3.14μg/dm3;镉的变化范围为:0.005～0.072μg/dm3,平均值为0.030μg/dm3,Cu、Zn的溶解态含量在龙昆路生活污水排污沟口、秀英工业排污沟口及海甸溪口的测站相对较高,Pb、Cd溶解态含量较低,湾内各站平面分布较为均匀.它们的溶解态含量垂直变化趋势为:Cu、Pb、Zn底层大于表层,而Cd表层大于底层.对Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的颗粒态含量也进行了测定,指出海口湾海水中的颗粒物对重金属的净化起一定作用.对铜的溶解态中的强络合态和不稳态铜也进行了研究,强络合态占总溶解态的比例均在85%以上,对生物起毒性作用有关的不稳态铜含量很低,均小于5nmol/dm3,表明目前海口湾海水中的重金属铜不会对生物生长产生影响.     

日本以南西北太平洋溶解态铜、镉和镍的垂直剖面的讨论

本文报道了1990年10月日本以南海水重金属垂直分布的一些结果,讨论了溶解态铜、镉和镍的浓度同生物地球化学环境的关系.表层水中溶解态铜的浓度比500m以浅层的浓度高;在4000m以深,溶解态铜达最大值8.2nmol/dm3.溶解态镍的浓度由表层的3.4nmol/dm3变化到深层的8.5nmol/dm3.最高值出现于较冷的水体中.溶解态镉的垂直剖面属良好的营养盐型分布,溶解态镉与磷酸盐呈线性相关,原子比是△Cd:△N:△P=3.5×10-4:14:1.     

条纹小环藻对Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋耐受力和吸附作用的研究

研究了条纹小环藻（Cyclotella striata）对Cu2＋和Zn2＋的耐受力、吸附率和吸附量的作用规律.结果表明：Cu2＋和Zn2＋对条纹小环藻的生长影响显著（p〈0.05）,随着Cu2＋、Zn2＋含量的升高,其对条纹小环藻生长的抑制作用增大;当Cu2＋和Zn2＋的含量分别高于4.00×10-3、0.01 mg/dm3时,其对条纹小环藻的生长几乎没有影响;Cu2＋和Zn2＋对条纹小环藻生长的半抑制含量分别为0.26、11.17 mg/dm3.Cu2＋含量为1.00 mg/dm3和Zn2＋含量为50.00 mg/dm3的组合,对条纹小环藻生长的抑制率达72.28%,Cu2＋对条纹小环藻的毒性大于Zn2＋.条纹小环藻对Cu2＋、Zn2＋吸附效果良好,当藻细胞含量为2.45×107cells/dm3时,对Cu2＋的吸附率为63.00%;当藻细胞含量为1.75×107cells/dm3时,对Zn2＋的吸附率为60.52%;条纹小环藻对Cu2＋和Zn2＋的吸附量分别为9.26 mg/g（21.30×10-9mg/cell）和20.06 mg/g（46.15×10-9mg/cell）时,Cu2＋和Zn2＋对条纹小环藻不会产生明显毒性.     

江阴岛海域溶解态Cu,Pb,Cd的含量及其与营养盐的关系

首次报道了福建省福清市江阴岛海域溶解态Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ的含量，并探讨了它们与营养盐的关系。１９９０年５月溶解态Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ的平均含量分别为０．８２、０．３８０、０．０２２μｇ／ｄｍ＾２，１０月的平均含量分别为０．７６、０．３８２、０．０３２μｇ／ｄｍ＾２。其５月溶解态Ｃｕ与无机氮Ｎ，硅酸盐间的线性回归相关式分别为Ｃｕ、（μｇ／ｄｍ＾３）＝０．４３８＋０．０３７７Ｎ（μｇ／ｄｍ＾３）、Ｃｕ（μｇ     

深圳福田白骨壤红树林Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd的累积及分布

于1994年3月，采用样方法分析、探讨深圳福田自然保护区车公庙林区白骨壤红树林重金属Cu，Ph，Zn，Cd元素的累积及分布。结果表明：该林地表层土壤（0—3cm深），Cu，Ph，Zn，Cd的含量分别为383．28．7，1140，0136×10－6，储量分别为5285.40，3960.60,15732.00,18.77mg／m2、植物体各部位Cu，Pb,Zn，Cd含量范围分别为1.81-13.8，0.402－3．51，3．42－69.5，0.013－0295×10-6对表层土壤加权平均富集系数为Cd＞Zn＞Cu＞Pb.该群落Cu，Pb，Zn，Cd现存累积量分别为53．70,19．27，187.89,0.72mg／m2；年净存留累积量分别为4063.91，1318.14，16358.62，60．21μg／m2；林地残留物相应元素的储量分别为2091.18，1958.66,5046.60,19.30μg／m2。该林区不同群落叶层Cu，Pb,Zn，Cd现存累积量为白骨壤林＞桐花树林＞秋茄林。     

2006年夏冬季长江口、杭州湾及邻近海域表层海水溶解态重金属的平面分布特征

利用2006年夏、冬季两个航次采集的长江口、杭州湾及邻近海域表层海水水样,分别采用石墨炉无火焰原子吸收分光光度法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法,测定了海水中溶解态Cu、Pb、Cd、总Cr的含量以及溶解态Zn的含量,研究了该海域表层海水中溶解态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和总Cr的平面分布状况,结果表明:(1)夏季表层海水中溶解态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和总Cr的平均质量浓度分别为0.90、0.54、5.80、0.080和0.46 μg/dm3;冬季则分别为1.01、0.81、9.32、0.070和0.31 μg/dm3,上述重金属元素含量基本达到国家一类海水水质标准,仅夏、冬季Pb的部分站位以及冬季Zn的部分站位达到国家二类海水水质标准.(2)表层海水溶解态Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度总体平面分布规律为:冬季高于夏季;Cd和总Cr的质量浓度总体平面分布规律为:夏季高于冬季.(3)影响近岸海域表层海水溶解态重金属分布的因素比较复杂,入海径流和排污口等输入海域的重金属对海水表层的重金属分布具有决定性的作用,同时,盐度、pH值、悬浮颗粒物质、营养盐等也是重要的影响因子.     

水样及生物体内微量锌、锰、硒的极谱催化波同时测定

本文提出了在酒石酸盐-乙二胺-高氯酸-亚硫酸钠-高碘酸钾-EDTA体系中同时测定微量锌、锰、硒的极谱催化波，波峰敏锐，波形稳定。Zn2 浓度在0．4～40μg／dm3，Mn2 浓度在1．6～80μg／dm3，Se（Ⅳ）浓度在0．02～3．0μg／dm3范围内浓度与峰电流呈线性关系。取天然水样平行12份测定，变异系数在10％以内。     

从234Th的固/液分配看海洋胶体的作用

1994—1995年期间,利用β计数法实测了南沙群岛海域、南海东北部海域、厦门湾塔角附近海域和九龙江河口区共计116份海水样品中溶解态与颗粒态234Th的放射性比活度。结果表明,颗粒态234Th占总34Th的份额大小顺序为：九龙江河口区＞厦门海塔角附近海域＞南沙海域。南海东北部海域。234Th的条件分配系数Kd介于1．1×104—20×106dm3／kg之间,平均为2．2×105dm3／kdKd与总悬浮颗粒物含量（7SAN呈负相关关系：lg（Kd）＝－0．59·lg（TSM）＋5．67,这一“颗粒物浓度效应”可归因于海洋胶体物质的存在。由上述关系获得4个研究海区胶体浓度与悬浮颗粒物浓度的函数关系：Cc＝f（TSM0．59）。     

南海表层水中的溶解态Cu,Pb, Zn,Cd

于1998年“南海海洋环境调查”外业工作期间在南海的各个站位,按照严格的防沾污措施采集了106个表层海水样品.采用溶剂萃取-石墨炉原子吸收法对样品中的痕量重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd含量进行了分析测试.测得各重金属的平均值如下:Cu 0.100 μg/dm3,Pb 0.060μg/dm3,Zn 0.086 μg/dm3,Cd 0.007μg/dm3,接近世界大洋水的浓度水平.各重金属的空间分布呈现出海区周边含量高于中央,浓度有自近岸向远海逐渐减小的趋势.相关分析的结果表明各重金属夏季相关性优于冬季,Cu与Cd存在良好的正相关关系,并且首次在南海表层水发现Cu,Cd与营养盐的相关关系.将重金属浓度值作数理统计分析,得到它们在南海的基线值.     

大亚湾海域营养盐与叶绿素含量的变化趋势及其对生态环境的影响

分析了近20a来大亚湾海域营养盐和叶绿素a含量的时空变化规律及其对生态环境的影响.结果表明:大亚湾海域水体中NH3N、NO3N、NO2N、PO4P、SiO3Si、DIN、叶绿素a的多年平均含量分别为1.73±0.89、1.55±0.86、0.30±0.25、3.57±1.55、0.33±0.35、22.03±9.40μmol/dm3和2.47±1.28μg/dm3.自1991年以来,水体中活性磷酸盐的含量有较大幅度的下降,溶解态的无机氮的含量则上升,活性硅酸盐的含量变化较小.大亚湾大部分水体属于贫营养水平,养殖海区水体属于中营养水平.大亚湾海域水体的N/P平均值为21.69±19.38.浮游植物的生长从过去的氮限制转变为现在的磷限制.大亚湾海域营养盐含量和结构的改变,已对该海湾生态系统产生了一定的影响,如浮游植物的小型化和渔获量的大幅下降等.     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.     

Large amplitude, leaky, island-generated, internal waves around Palau, Micronesia

Three years of temperature data along two transects extending to 90 m depth, at Palau, Micronesia, show twice-a-day thermocline vertical displacements of commonly 50–100 m, and on one occasion 270 m. The internal wave occurred at a number of frequencies. There were a number of spectral peaks at diurnal and semi-diurnal frequencies, as well as intermediate and sub-inertial frequencies, less so at the inertial frequency. At Palau the waves generally did not travel around the island because there was no coherence between internal waves on either side of the island. The internal waves at a site 30 km offshore were out-of-phase with those on the island slopes, suggesting that the waves were generated on the island slope and then radiated away. Palau Island was thus a source of internal wave energy for the surrounding ocean. A numerical model suggests that the tidal and low-frequency currents flowing around the island form internal waves with maximum wave amplitude on the island slope and that these waves radiate away from the island. The model also suggests that the headland at the southern tip of Palau prevents the internal waves to rotate around the island. The large temperature fluctuations (commonly daily fluctuations ≈10 °C, peaking at 20 °C) appear responsible for generating a thermal stress responsible for a biologically depauperate biological community on the island slopes at depths between 60 and 120 m depth.     

4-溴苯甲酸-2,3,4,5,6-五溴苯酯的合成(英文)

以苯酚和4—溴苯甲酸为原料,合成一种尚未见文献记载的新化合物——4—溴苯甲酸—2,3,4,5,6—五溴苯酯,用无水三氯化铝催化苯酚的全溴化。此产物可望在阻燃剂方面得到应用。