美国加入《联合国海洋法公约》的立场演变与影响分析

美国曾经积极参与并主导了《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)的谈判与起草,但在《公约》开放签字时,美国突然拒绝加入。近期,奥巴马政府大力推动国会批准《公约》,包括美国国务院、军方和产业界在内的诸多力量积极支持加入《公约》。论文阐述了美国对《公约》的立场转变,总结了美国国内支持和反对加入《公约》的理由,详细分析了近期美国积极推动加入《公约》的原因,并对美国加入《公约》后可能产生的影响进行了深入研究。     

评联合国秘书长关于国际海底问题的磋商(一)

1 海底问题磋商的背景 1.1 《联合国海洋法公约》缺乏普遍性,第11部分和附件3阻碍一些工业化国家加入 依照1982年《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)第308条,“本公约应自第60份批准书或加入书交存之日后12个月生效”。尽管根据这项规定。《公约》已于1994年11     

《联合国海洋法公约》简介

1982年4月30日第三届联合国海洋法会议第十一次会议通过了新的《联合国海洋法公约》。《海洋法公约》规定,自1982年12月10日在牙买加的蒙特哥湾开放签字后可持续两年在公约上签字;公约也可在联合国总部签字,开放签字的截止期为1984年12月9日。1982年12月10日有119个国家和实体在公约上签字。到1984年12月9日公约的签     

深海采矿的环境影响

20世纪70年代以来,随着大洋多金属结核勘查和开发活动的日益频繁,深海采矿可能引起的环境问题亦引起了国际社会的广泛关注,联合国建立了多种临时委员会和常设委员会来研究开发海洋矿产资源的法律、经济、科学和技术方面的问题,《联合国海洋法公约》等有关法律和法规相继出台。而在《联合国海洋法公约》框架基础上成立     

迟至今日生效的《联合国海洋法公约》

今年11月16日《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称“公约”)生效,它标志着世界海洋新秩序的开始。“公约”是联合国为适应60年代以来拉美一些国家带头兴起反对海洋霸权、维护200海里海洋权斗争的历史潮流,于1970年第25届联合国大会通过决议,以通过一项公约来处理所有有关海洋法的事项和问题而产生的。从1973年开始,先后召开11期共15次会议,终于在1982年4月完成并通过了《联合国海洋法公约》。按“公约”规定,“公约”应经     

国际海洋渔业管理趋势

1 海洋法中的渔业规则 联合国第三次海洋法会议于1973年底召开,经过近10年的谈判和磋商,终于在1982年4月23日通过了联合国《海洋法公约》,公约于1982年12月10日开放签字,有119个国家立即签了字。到1985年11月为止,共有159个国家、地区或国际组织签了字。没有参加缔约的少数成员中有美国、英国和前西德。到1992年3月31日为止,已有51个国家批准了公约,但根据规定,公约应在第60份批准书或加入书交存之日后12个月才能生效,在缺少9份的情况下,该公约至今尚未正式生效。     

加速我国海洋立法进程

《联合国海洋法公约》(下简称《公约》)作为第三次联合国海洋法会议的结晶,是当时广大发展中国家反对海洋霸权主义、维护国家海洋权益,经过长期团结奋斗所取得的胜利成果。其中也包含着我国为之作出的不懈努力和重要贡献。《公约》采取一揽子解决国际海洋事务的办法,难免存在一些不尽人意之处,     

海上没有弹丸之地——从《联合国海洋法公约》诞生看海洋权益纷争

《联合国海洋法公约》是一部影响21世纪世界格局的海洋法典。它对世界的影响是全方位的,包括政治、经济、军事、文化以及空间利用等。本文试图通过这部法规的产生背景、主要内容以及围绕这部法律展开的种种斗争,来展示当今海洋权益纷争及其对未来的影响。一、《联合国海洋法公约》的诞生《联合国海洋法公约》是在联合国第三次海洋法会议上诞生的。 1982年12月10日,联合国第三次海洋法会议落下了帷幕。这次会议从1973年12月3日开     

《联合国海洋法公约》群岛制度及其发展趋势和启示

为系统梳理相关国际海洋法律制度的历史和发展情况,推动我国进一步维护国家海洋权益和依法解决海洋争端,文章基于《联合国海洋法公约》介绍群岛制度的谈判历史和发展趋势,并提出对我国群岛制度建设的启示。研究结果表明:对群岛问题的实质性讨论和群岛制度的初步形成始于联合国第三次海洋法会议;历经谈判和博弈,群岛国和群岛基线等内容被《联合国海洋法公约》确定;根据《联合国海洋法公约》,群岛国和非群岛国多通过国内立法行使和充实其群岛权利,推动群岛制度的发展,其中大洋群岛的权利是重要领域和趋势;我国应在遵守《联合国海洋法公约》的前提下加强研究,积极参与国际海洋事务及其规则制定,在充分考量自身实际情况的基础上,通过完善国内立法,构建群岛制度。     

人大常委会决定批准《联合国海洋法公约》

新华社北京5月15日电全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于批准《联合国海洋法公约》的决定。(1996年5月15日通过)第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十九次会议决定,批准《联合国海洋法公约》,同时声明如下:     

Public ocean literacy in the United States

The 2004 Pew Ocean Commission report suggests a need to improve public literacy about oceans. The authors of the report assume that enhancing public awareness and knowledge of oceans will lead to increased public support for ocean restoration efforts. Following this line of reasoning, our study investigates current levels of public knowledge and informedness concerning oceans, and also explores the correlates of knowledge holding. Using data gathered from a national random sample of 1233 citizens in Summer/Fall 2003, two hypotheses—trans-situational and situation-specific—are examined as explanations of public knowledge levels concerning ocean policy issues. The trans-situational hypothesis evaluates socioeconomic status (SES) as an explanation for levels of knowledge. The situation-specific hypothesis evaluates personal experiences and contexts that might overcome SES characteristics. We also examine the effect of information source use on knowledge holding. Findings suggest that both trans-situational and situation-specific hypotheses are useful in explaining knowledge levels. We also find that information sources, such as newspapers and the internet, are likely to improve citizen knowledge on ocean issues, while television and radio have a negative effect.     

The regional management of the seas around the United Kingdom

The development phases of management of the seas around the United Kingdom are classified in terms of a sequence of control, regulation and management extending from the 15th century to the present. The sectoral pattern of management is considered in terms of two groups of activities, namely private sector industries and public sector activities. Management trends identified include the drive towards integrated coastal management, the evolution of North West European sectorally based regional management, and national boundary delimitation.     

Silt heavy-mineral distributions off the Southeastern United States

Until recently heavy-mineral studies of marine sediments were largely restricted to sand fractions. New techniques permitting analysis of decalcified silt fractions have been applied to sediments off the southeastern United States. Our data, which confirm predictions from the basic relationship among grain size, specific gravity, and equivalent hydraulic transport behavior, show that concentrations and average diameters of the silt heavy minerals progressively decrease seaward. Heavy minerals always constitute a substantially greater weight percent of the silt than of the sand fraction. Despite corroded surface textures suggestive of extensive weathering and dissolution, spatial trends in the detrital heavy-mineral populations are predominantly controlled by source and hydraulic factors.     

联合国有关海洋综合管理的论述

当前世界各国越来越认识到海洋综合管理的重要性，本文重点介绍了《联合国海洋法公约》、联合国大会和联合国环境与发展大会及其他有关国际组织对海洋综合管理的文件和要求。     

Predicting significant wave height off the northeast coast of the United States

To develop a simple method to predict the significant wave height, we analyze 18 years of hourly observations from 12 different buoys that are off the northeast coast of the United States. Water depths ranged from 19 to 4427 m for these moored buoys. We find that, on average, all of these buoys exhibit a region of constant wave height for 10-m wind speeds between 0 and 4 m s⁻¹. That wave height does, however, depend on water depth. For wind speeds above 4 m s^–1, the wave height increases as the square of the wind speed; but the multiplicative factor is again a function of water depth. We synthesize these results in a prediction scheme that yields the significant wave height from simple functions of water depth and 10-m wind speed for wind speeds up to 25 m s^–1.     

Airborne Gravimetry Survey for the Marine Area of the United Arab Emirates

The Military Survey Department (MSD) of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) undertook an airborne gravity survey project for the marine area of the country in 2009, especially to strengthen the marine and coastal geoid in the near-shore regions. For the airborne gravity survey, 5 km spacing coast-parallel flight lines were planned and surveyed. These lines were supplemented by cross-lines in order to assess the quality of the airborne gravity surveys. The flight lines were extended 10 km, spacing lines further offshore. A Beech King Air 350 aircraft was used for the surveys, collecting data at a typical flight speed of 170 knots and a typical flight elevation of 900–1500 m, depending on weather conditions and topography. Gravity was measured with a ZLS-modified LaCoste and Romberg gravimeter (S-99), augmented with a Honeywell strap-down inertial navigation system unit. The estimated accuracy for the airborne gravity data is better than 2.0 mGal r.m.s., as judged from the airborne track crossovers. The new airborne gravimetry data changed the UAE coastal geoid by up to 30 cm in some regions, highlighting the importance of airborne gravity coastal surveys.     

Behavior of uranium in two estuaries of the southeastern United States

Soluble uranium concentrations in the Ogeechee and Savannah Rivers are 0.046 ± 0.005 and 0.026 ± 0.01 μg/l, respectively. Particulate concentrations are approximately similar in the Ogeechee River but are about four times the soluble concentration in the Savannah River. River end-member ²³⁴U/²³⁸U ratios range from 1.04 ± 0.04 to 1.08 ± 0.12. Observations suggest that uranium is removed from estuarine waters at low salinities during low discharge.     

美国的海洋科技计划

进入21世纪之际,沿海国家纷纷调整和改组本国的海洋管理机构和科研机构,制定新时期的国家海洋发展计划,为加速海洋经济发展争夺科技优势。从本期开始,本刊将陆续刊登一些国家的海洋科技计划,供读者参考。     

The tidal range energy potential of the West Coast of the United Kingdom

With concerns mounting over the UK’s energy future and the effects of climate change, it will soon become paramount that all viable sources of renewable energy are fully exploited. This study has examined the scope for reliable and fully predictable tidal electricity generation from the conjunctive operation of 5 major estuary barrages on the West Coast of the UK in an attempt to establish the potential scale of the extractable resources. Two levels of investigation have been undertaken: simple 0-D (‘two-tank’) modelling of barrage energy generation under different operational modes, using the hydraulic characteristics of turbine performance; and 2-D modelling of tidal hydrodynamics over a wide sea area in a computational grid incorporating the barrages with turbines and sluices. It has been demonstrated that more than 33TWh per year of electricity should be attainable, from 22GW of installed capacity, this representing close to 10% of present UK demand.