用包埋脱水法冰冻保存小新月菱形藻

采用包埋脱水法研究了小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium minutissima)的超低温保存,探讨了影响存活率的内、外因素:藻细胞年龄、脱水速率、胶球含水量和化冻后的恢复方法等。结果表明,将处于静止初期的藻细胞包埋在含有0.5 mol/L蔗糖的3%褐藻酸钙胶球中,以含水量每小时减少0.9%的平均速率脱水至胶球含水量为40%,化冻后在冻存管中室温下暗恢复12 h的条件下冰冻存活率较高,可达到18.3%左右。与常规的两步法冰冻保存相比,包埋脱水法可大大简化操作程序,是保存小新月菱形藻的一种有潜力的方法。     

温度对2种饵料金藻保存效果的影响

研究了在室温25℃±2℃,4,-5,-22℃下绿色巴夫藻(Pavlova viridis)和球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)的保存效果,通过测定其存活率以及主要脂肪酸的变化情况筛选出了2种金藻的适宜保存温度。结果表明,绿色巴夫藻短期内(30~45 d)在-5℃下保存效果最好,较长期(45 d以上)保存则应在-22℃,而球等鞭金藻则在-22℃下保存效果最好。     

用包埋脱水法冰冻保存牟氏角刺藻

采用包埋脱水法研究了牟氏角刺藻(Chaetaceros muelleri)的超低温保存，探讨了影响存活率的内、外因素：藻细胞年龄、蔗糖浓度、脱水速率、胶球含水量等。结果 表明，将处于静止初期的藻细胞包埋在含有0．5mol／L蔗糖的3％褐藻酸钙胶球中，以平均速率0．9％含水量／h脱水至胶球含水量为40％的条件下冰冻存活率较高，可达到30％左右。与常规的两步法冰冻保存相比。包埋脱水法可大大简化操作程序，是保存牟氏角刺藻的一种有潜力的方法。     

包埋脱水法超低温保存萱藻(Scytosiphon lomentaria)丝状体的研究

以本实验室保存的萱藻(Scytosiphon lomentaria)丝状体为材料,用包埋脱水法超低温保存萱藻丝状体,研究了蔗糖预培养浓度和时间、胶球含水量、化冻温度以及胶球恢复时间对萱藻丝状体存活率和冻存后生长发育能力的影响。结果显示:(1)萱藻丝状体胶球在0.4mol/L的蔗糖溶液中预培养6h能获得最高的存活率;(2)萱藻丝状体胶球的最佳含水量较低,为15%左右,当含水量高于27%时,冻存后的存活率为0;(3)40°C为最适的化冻温度;(4)化冻后,将萱藻丝状体胶球在黑暗条件下恢复18h能显著提高存活率;(5)在最佳条件下,萱藻丝状体经冻存后的存活率最高可达54.79%,恢复后的丝状体与冻存前丝状体并无区别,且经诱导后能够产生正常的孢子囊,放散的孢子可以发育成叶状体。     

球等鞭金藻3011浓缩细胞低温保存技术的研究

为了探讨球等鞭金藻3011（Isochrysis galbana Parke）浓缩细胞的保存条件,通过研究其在不同温度条件下的长期保存效果来确定最佳的保存温度范围。实验结果表明,在0～10℃的低温下长期（2个月以上）保存后,球等鞭金藻3011获得较高的存活率（70％以上）,并且在恢复生长时保持较高的比生长率,因此0～10℃是球等鞭金藻3011浓缩细胞长期保存的最佳温度范围。     

包埋脱水法冷冻保存裙带菜配子体克隆的研究

将裙带菜配子体克隆包埋在含3%褐藻酸钙的胶球中,研究了预培养中的蔗糖浓度和培养时间,脱水过程中的脱水速率和胶球含水量以及化冻速度对配子体克隆的存活率和发育能力的影响,结果表明含裙带菜配子体克隆的胶球在0.3 mol/dm3的蔗糖培养基中培养9 h可以获得较高的存活率;胶球最适平均脱水速率为含水量的5%每小时,最适含水量为25%;较快的化冻速度可以显著提高配子体克隆的存活率,在优化条件下存活率可高达66%;经过冷冻保存的裙带菜配子体克隆在适合发育的条件下能够正常形成孢子体.     

一株海洋金藻的18S rRNA 基因序列分析及分类

Isochrysis sp.strain HG是一株分离自福建长乐自然海区的金藻,是一种良好的西施舌育苗饵料藻。显微形态观察表明,Isochrysis sp.strain HG的形态特性与等鞭金藻属的球等鞭金藻(I.galbana)和湛江等鞭金藻(I.zhanjiangensis)比较接近。进一步克隆Isochrysis sp.strain HG的核糖体小亚基(small subunit,SSU)18S rRNA基因,获得了长度为1780bp的基因序列。同源性分析表明,该序列与在NCBI数据库中登录的等鞭金藻属的18S rRNA基因序列同源性最高,说明结果与形态鉴定的结果相一致。基于18S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析表明,Isochrysis sp.strain HG与等鞭金藻属的I.zhangjiangensis、Isochrysis sp.strain CCAP927/14、I.galbana和Isochrysis sp.strain Santou聚在一个分支类群上,其中I.zhangjiangensis与Isochrysis sp.strain CCAP927/14聚为一个独立的子类群,和I.galbana、Isochrysis sp.strain Santou以及目标菌株Isochrysis sp.strain HG形成4个并列独立的分支。根据形态及分子系统分析结果,Isochrysis sp.strain HG可能是不同于I.zhangjiangensis、I.galbana的等鞭金藻种类。     

超声波对湛江等鞭金藻生长和脂肪酸组成的影响

设计了一个超声频率、超声功率和处理时间三因素四水平的正交实验,研究了超声波对湛江等鞭金藻的生物学效应.实验结果表明,超声频率对湛江等鞭金藻的生物学效应显著,而超声功率和处理时间的影响相对较小.对于提高湛江等鞭金藻生长速率常数,最佳超声条件为20kHz,6W,10s3次;对于提高其脂肪酸不饱和度和主要不饱和脂肪酸百分比,最佳超声条件为20kHz,4～6W,30s.在最佳超声条件下,湛江等鞭金藻生长速率常数最高可达0.630d,是对照组的2.02倍,其脂肪酸不饱和度最高可达79.6%,比对照组提高7.8%,其中主要不饱和脂肪酸的百分含量均得到不同程度的提高.     

两种海洋单胞藻浓缩与保存效果的研究

研究了小球藻和球等鞭金藻分别用明矾和石灰水浓缩以及两种藻的浓缩液在常温(20 ±1℃)、低温(0—4℃)﹑冷冻(-30±1℃)三种温度条件下保存的结果,并对浓缩保存前后藻液的饵料效果进行了对比试验。 结果表明:(1)小球藻的浓缩以80±5ppm的明矾液及4%的石灰水效果最好;(2)球等鞭金藻的浓缩以100±10ppm的明矾液及6%的石灰水效果最好; (3)保存方法以加入保护剂甘油并置于-30℃ 冰箱中效果最好,小球藻和球等鞭金藻的存活率分别为95%和93%;(4)低温保存前后藻的脂肪酸分析结果表明高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)的含量变化不明显;(5)用浓缩保存藻投喂中国对虾和轮虫的效果与普通藻无显著差异。     

几种微藻对珠母贝面盘幼虫生长和存活的影响

研究了不同浓度的湛江等鞭金藻（Isochrysis zhanjiangensis Hu ＆Liu）、亚心形扁藻[Platymonas subcordiformis（Wille）Hazen]、小球藻（Chlorella sp.）以及这3种微藻以一定的比例混合后（简称混合藻）对珠母贝面盘幼虫生长和存活的影响.结果表明：幼虫对3种微藻都能摄食,但4种饵料相比,以湛江等鞭金藻和混合藻的饵料效果为好,亚心形扁藻在面盘幼虫发育到93μm时可以投喂,小球藻饵料效果较差,不宜单独作为面盘幼虫的饵料;湛江等鞭金藻、亚心形扁藻和混合藻的浓度对面盘幼虫生长和存活都有显著影响,小球藻对其没有显著的影响.湛江等鞭金藻和混合藻适宜的投喂浓度分别为1 000-1 500个/cm^3和1 500-2 000个/cm^3,在适宜浓度下,湛江等鞭金藻组面盘幼虫最大生长速度、存活率和壳初率以及幼虫进入壳初的时间分别为5.663μm/d、69.34%、63.68%、6d,混合藻组为6.28μm/d、69.46%、54.49%、5-6 d.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.